LIBRARY 

ill.'  THK 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES 


OF  THE 


TWO  DAKOTAS, 


ILLUSTRATED   WITH   ONE    HUNDRED   AND   SIXTY-THREE 
TABLES,    CHARTS,   AND   DIAGRAMS. 


BY 


JOITN 


NINTH  u.  s. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1893. 


[CONCURRENT   RESOLUTION.] 

Resolved  by  lite  Senate  (tlie  House  of  Representatives  concurring  therein),  That  5,000  copies,  comprising  the  necessary 
lest.  (aides,  and  charts,  be  printed  of  the  paper  entitled  "Certain  Climatic  Features  of  the  two  Dakotas,"  being  a 
presentation  of  special  information  collected  by  the  Weather  Bureau  for  a  long  series  of  years  as  to  temperature, 
rainfall,  winds,  barometric  pressures,  evaporation,  and  atmospheric  disturbances,  which  are  believed  to  have 
marked  influence  upon  agricultural  interests  in  the  said  States. 

Sue.  2.  That  1.000  copies  be  for  the  use  of  the  Senate,  2,000  copies  for  the  use  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  2,000  copies  to  be  distributed  by  the  Weather  Bureau. 

2 


LETTERS  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

OFFICE  OF  THE  SECRETARY, 

Washington,  D.  G.,  April  16,  1892. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  paper  entitled  "Certain  Climatic  Features 
dl  Hie  Two  Dakotas,"  called  for  by  joint  resolution  introduced  by  Mr.  Pettigrew  in  the  Senate 
February  26,  ISirJ. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

EDWIN  WILLITS, 

Acting  Secretary. 
The  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  SENATE. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

WEATHER  BUREAU, 
Washington,  D.  G.,  April  12,  1892. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  report  of  Lieut.  John  P.  Finley  on  "Certain 
Climatic.  Features  of  the  two  Dakotas,"  the  printing  of  which  was  authorized  by  concurrent  reso- 
lution of  Congress  February  26,  1892. 
Very  respect  fully, 

MARK  W.  HARRINGTON, 

Chief. 
I  ion.  EDWIN  WILLITS, 

Acting  Secretary. 


D".  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

WEATHER  BUREAU, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  April  5,  1892. 

SIR  :  In  accordance  with  your  verbal  instructions  1  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the 
manuscript  of  a  brief  special  report  on  the  climatology  of  the  Dakotas,  the  publication  of  which 
is  provided  for  by  a  joint  resolution  of  the  Fifty-second  Congress.  In  the  time  given  me  for  the 
preparation  of  thi's  report  I  have  attempted  to  accomplish  the  work  with  as  much  care  and  thor- 
oughness as  circumstances  would  permit. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

JNO.  P.  FINLEY, 

First  Lieutenant,  Ninth  U.  »S'.  Infantry. 
Prof.  M.  W.  HARRINGTON, 

Chief  of  Weather  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  0. 

8 


CONTENTS. 


LETTERS  OF  TRANSMITTAL -»• — 

INTRODUCTION ? 

PHYSICAL  FEATURES: 

Areas  of  two  Dakotas — River  systems — Mountain  ranges — Forest  areas 

METEOROLOGICAL  RECORDS: 

Army  medical  officers  the  meteorological  pioneers  of  the  Northwest — Work  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution— Establishment  of  first  station  by  Signal  Service  Bureau — Observations  from  1854  to  1891. .  9 
PRECIPITATION  : 

Amount  and  distribution  of  rainfall,  direct  or  through  instrumentality  of  irrigation — Long  and  short 
periods  of  observation — Marked  local  peculiarities — Important  features  revealed  by  study  of  accom- 
panying charts 12 

DROUGHT: 

Definition — Degree  of  dryness  to  which  plant  life  will  submit  without  destruction — Evaporation  and 
precipitation  as  related  to  drought — Effect  of  winds — Maximum  periods  without  rain — Cycles  of 
excess  and  deficiency  of  precipitation — Effect  of  modifications  of  land  surface— Testimony  of  resi- 
dents in  regard  to  decrease  of  rainfall  during  recent  years — Prairie  fires  augment  influence  of 
evaporation — Drought  statistics  extracted  from  Monthly  Weather  Review — The  great  drought  of 

1887-'91 18 

TEMPERATURE : 

Relation  to  other  meteorological  eletaents — Conclusions  from  study  of  average  temperature  and  dis- 
tinctive features  of  thermometric  conditions 30 

CONCLUSIONS  : 

Brief  statement  of  results  drawn  from  the  investigation  of  the  climatology  of  North  and  South  Dakota.  34 

LIST  OF  APPENDICES,  1-158 37 

5 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


By  JOHN  P.  FJNLEY,  First  Lieutenant,  Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  monograph  exhaustive  investigation  and  discussion  are  not 
attempted,  although  an  effort  has  been  made,  within  the  time  at  the  disposal  of  the  writer,  to 
examine  all  information  immediately  available  at  the  central  office  of  the  Weather  Bureau.  The 
analysis  of  the  data  has  largely  been  made  with  the  view  of  throwing  some  light  upon  the  funda- 
mental causes  of  the  occurrence  of  drought  on  the  Northern  Plains. 

The  subject  is  an  important  one  and  worthy  of  prolonged  study.  In  the  preparation  of  a  more 
extended  report,  methods  of  observation  should  be  carefully  examined,  results  made  comparable 
with  greater  precision,  and  due  weight  given  to  all  variations  from  an  accepted  standard  of  com- 
parison and  verification.  The  data  have  been  selected,  arranged,  and  analyzed  to  broadly  cover 
the  field  of  investigation,  and  suggest  lines  of  comparative  study  and  research  to  those  who  may 
desire  to  pursue  the  subject  specially,  in  certain  directions. 

Methods  of  treatment  are  explained  and  all  the  data  employed  in  analysis  and  discussion  are 
given  in  some  one,  of  three  forms,  viz:  tabulations,  diagrams,  and  charts.  The  opportunity  is 
thus  afforded  to  any  student  of  making  other,  more  varied,  and  more  exhaustive  applications  of 
1  lit- fundamental  values,  as  circumstances  may  suggest.  A  more  complete  analysis  of  the  data 
would  have  been  interesting  and  valuable,  especially  abnormal  peculiarities  in  precipitation,  tem- 
perature, and  barometric  pressure,  on  which  some  of  the  most  iinportant.climatic  features  depend. 
However,  the  work  submitted  Pn  this  direction  will,  it  is  hoped,  offer  the  means  of  extending 
research  in  various  lines  of  climatic  investigation  with  profit. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  base  for  all  temperature  and  precipitation  charts  employed,  only 
such  places  appear  as  have  been  stations  of  observation  for  a  mouth  or  more,  from  1857  to  1891, 
inclusive.  Therefore  every  station  upon  the  maps  has  some  meteorological  value  attached  to  it, 
the  data  from  which  appear  in  the  tables  wherever  a  satisfactory  monthly  value  could  be  obtained. 
Jn  a  few  cases  such  values  could  not  be  secured,  and  consequently  the  tabulated  list  of  stations 
will  not  exactly  coincide  with  the  face  of  the  charts.  The  base  map  is  of  particular  value  in  show- 
ing the  distribution  of  points  of  observation  over  the  territory  under  investigation,  and  to  this 
extent  marking  the  weight  to  be  given  to  certain  sections  as  compared  with  the  whole  Brea.  While 
South  Dakota  has  the  greatest  number  of  stations,  their  distribution  is  not  altogether  as  satis- 
factory as  over  North  Dakota.  The  construction  of  two  lines  of  railroads  entirely  across  Forth 
Dakota,  from  west  to  east,  one  over  the  southern  and  the  other  over  the  northern  portion  of  the 
State,  has  proved  of  great  benefit  in  the  establishment  of  weather  reporting  stations. 

In  South  Dakota  the  lines  of  railway  communication  are  confined  to  that  portion  of  the  State 
east  of  the  Missouri,  except  a  short  line  running  into  the  Black  Hills  from  northwestern  Nebraska. 
The  Sioux  Indian  Reservation  has  for  many  years  interfered  with  the  development  of  South  Dakota 
west  of  the  Missouri,  but  the  barrier  is  being  gradually  removed,  and  projected  lines  of  communi- 
cation will,  before  long,  open  up  a  vast  country  the  climatology  of  which  is  as  yet  practically 
unknown.  If  railroads  are  the  pioneers  of  civilization  and  material  prosperity,  they  are  certainly 
the  means  of  acquiring  those  benefits  in  no  small  degree,  through  the  opportunities  afforded  for 

7 


8  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA  S. 

the  establishment  of  reliable  meteorological  statistics,  upon  which  to  construct  climatologicnl 
values  of  the  utmost  importance  to  agricultural  and  commercial  interests. 

On  the  whole,  tins  monograph  will  present  to  the  public  the  most  complete,  comprehensive, 
and  accurate  collection  of  meteorological  and  climatological  data  ever  published  for  the  Dakotas. 
In  this  connection  it  is  important  to  note  that  the  records  include  the  year  1891,  thus  securing  a 
large  amount  of  additional  information,  the  accomplishment  of  which  has  entailed  much  labor. 
Data  are  furnished  from  stations  in  the  region  adjacent  to  and  immediately  surrounding  the 
Dakotas,  and  comparisons  are  made  with  records  from  selected  stations  at  more  distant  points,  in 
order  that  differences  in  climatic  effect  may  be  instructively  observed.  Certain  agricultural  values 
are  also  presented  in  tabular  form  from  careful  computations  made  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Dodge,  the 
Statistician  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  These  records  offer  means  of  useful  comparison 
with  climatological  data. 

The  scope  of  the  data  collected  in  this  report  will  afford  opportunity  for  valuable  study  in 
connection  with  the  subject  of  irrigation,  and  in  other  directions,  which  in  the  brief  discussion 
submitted  can  not  receive  more  than  a  passing ,  notice.  It  is  intended  that  the  value  of  this 
monograph  shall  rest  upon  an  accurate  presentation  of  all  available  records,  and  also  upon  a 
truthful  and  somewhat  extended  analysis  of  the  data.  The  methods  of  examination  and  classifi- 
cation are  believed  to  be  simple  and  practical,  and  it  is  expected  that  the  information  furnished 
will  be  within  reach  of  the  agricultural  and  commercial  classes.  The  actual  records  are  submitted, 
generally  in  detail  and  at  their  face  value.  If  the  method  of  treatment  in  any  case  does  not  appear 
to  meet  the  expectations  or  fancy  of  the  casual  reader,  or  the  careful  student,  the  opportunity  is 
afforded  of  applying  his  own  ideas  to  the  original  values.  In  the  discussion,  effort  is  made  to  avoid 
masking  the  truth  by  any  tendency  toward  exaggeration  or  concealment. 

Elaborate  and  involved  methods  of  reasoning  are  not  resulted  to  in  support  of  preconceived 
or  doubtful  theories.  Deductions  are  given  in  brief  form  and  reference  is  made  to  the  source  of 
information  with  directness.  Unfair  comparisons  have  not  been  designed  and  undue  advantage 
is  not  purposely  given  to  any  one  section  over  another.  Under  such  circumstances  no  unjustifi- 
able expectations  can  be  aroused  in  the  interest  of  any  agricultural  or  commercial  developments. 
Endeavor  has  been  made  to  present  the  actual  records  and  all  that  pertains  to  them  in  such  a 
manner  that  each  section  of  the  two  States  represented  will  stand  on  its  own  resources  and  be 
judged  accordingly.  Indications  will  be  set  against  certain  records,  but  the  reader  will  be  able  to 
measure  the  accuracy  and  usefulness  of  the  application. 

• 

PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 

The  region  under  discussion  in  this  report  embraces  over  150,000  square  miles,  an  area  about 
five  times  as  great  as  the  whole  of  New  England.  Its  northern  limit  is  49°  north  latitude,  wliiHi 
parallel  forms  the  boundary  between  the  United  States  and  the.  Dominion  of  Canada  west  of  the 
ninety-fifth  meridian.  Its  southern  limit  is  marked  by  the  forty-third  parallel  of  north  lati tin le 
:iiid  its  eastern  and  western  limits  by  the  meridians  of  90°  20' and  104°  west  from  Greenwich. 
Its  extreme  length  from  north  to  south  is  about  430  miles  and  the  width  from  east  to  west  is 
about  350  miles.  The  entire  region  is  divided  into  two  irregular  portions  by  the  course  of  the 
Missouri,  from  northwest  to  southeast,  and  much  the  larger  part  of  the  two  States  is  drained  by 
this  great,  river,  which  has  a  length  within  their  boundaries  of  about  1,300  miles,  when  its  tortuous 
course  is  entirely  considered.  The  Red  River  of  the  North  forms  the  dividing  line  between  North 
Dakota  and  Minnesota  and  has  a  very  devious  course  of  about  (500  miles  before  entering  into  Lake 
Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  The  valley  of  this  river  embraces  an  area  of  about  23,00(1  square  miles, 
about  8,000  of  which  are  in  North  Dakota.  The  soil  of  this  valley  is  very  fertile  and  is  said  to 
make  the  "finest  wheat  land  in  the  world." 

The  river  systems  of  the  Dakotas  are  very  extensive  and  of  considerable  value  to  the  agricul- 
tural and  commercial  interests  of  the  States.  Within  the  valley  of  the  James,  or  Dakota  River, 
the  greatest  artesian  wells  in  the  world  have  been  found,  the  possibilities  of  which  for  the  purposes 
of  irrigation  are  enormous.  The  extraordinary  supply  of  motive  power  along  the  rapid  descent 
of  the  Big  Sioux  River  furnishes  opportunities  for  manufacturing  and  other  industries  of  great 
commercial  value.  The  two  Dakotas  are  estimated  to  have  a  water  surface  of  about  J,.r.OO  square 


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CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  & 

miles  (about  oiie  one-hundredth  of  the  entire  territory),  considering  the  rivers  and  the  large  num- 
ber of  small  lakes,  the  latter  being  practically  confined  to  the  country  east  of  the  Missouri  and 
predominating  in  South  Dakota.  The  largest,  Devils  Lake,  about  400  square  miles,  lies  in  north- 
east North  Dakota. 

The  general  contour  of  the  whole  territory  is  a  vast  undulating  plain,  sloping  gradually  from 
west  to  east.  The  accompanying  profile  sketch  shows  approximately  the  characteristic  contour 
features  of  the  two  States. 

There  are  two  mountain  regions  in  the  territory,  one  in  north-central  North  Dakota,  called 
the  Turtle  Mountain,  covering  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles  and  having  an  altitude  varying 
from  1,000  to  about  1,500  feet  above  sea  level.  The  other  region,  known  as  the  Black  Hills,  lies  in 
southeast  South  Dakota,  and  embraces  an  area  of  about  3,500  square  miles,  with  an  elevation 
varying  from  3,000  to  nearly  10,000  feet  above  sea  level.  In  northeast  South  Dakota  is  an  elevated 
plateau  or  range  of  hills,  known  as  Coteau  des  Prairies,  which  reach  a  maximum  elevation  of 
about  2,000  feet  above  sea  level.  A  similar  range,  but  of  larger  extent,  called  the  Coteau  du  Mis- 
souri, extends  along  the  river  of  that  name,  the  banks  of  which,  near  the  central  portion  of  the 
territory,  are  about  1,500  feet  above  sea  level.  In  some  places  these  hills  have  a  width  of  45  miles 
and  their  general  trend  is  from  northwest  to  southeast,  for  a  distance  of  several  hundred  miles. 

They  form  very  nearly  the  western  limit  of  the  area  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes  in  both 
States,  though  the  opportunity  afforded  for  grazing  has  a  considerably  greater  limit  to  the  westward. 
In  the  report  of  the  United  States  Northern  Boundary  Commission,  Capt.  Twining  states  that: 

The  surface  of  the  Coteau  consists  of  an  irregular  collection  of  pointed  hillocks,  growing  more  and  more 
irregular  in  design  anil  contour  until  they  are  merged  in  the  Bad  Lands.  These  Bad  Lauds,  or  •'  mauvaises  terres," 
as  they  are  termed  by  tin;  lialf-li reeds,  set  at  defiance  all  rules  of  topography,  as  well  as  all  adequate  description. 
Lacking  even  the  continuous  lines  of  drainage  on  which  the  eye  may  rest  and  which  give  form  and  system  to  an 
ordinary  terrain,  they  stretch  in  an  endless  and  tiresome  succession  of  arid  and  treeless  hills  and  ridges,  a  tumult- 
uous expanse  of  baked  mud. 

The  surface  of  the  whole  lerritory  is  greatly  varied,  but,  with  the  exception  of  the  Black  Hills, 
an  outlying  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  there  are  no  important  summits  in  the  two  Dakotas. 
A  very  considerable  portion  of  the  country  is  composed  of  irregular  plateaus  of  moderate  eleva- 
tion, scattered  over  which  are  numerous  isolated  buttes  (peaks)  having  an  elevation  above  the 
plains  of  from  500  to  1,500  feet. 

The  topographical  and '  geological  surveys  of  the  Dakotas  are  yet  far  too  incomplete  to  fur- 
nish data  upon  which  to  base  more  than  a  very  general  and  rather  imperfect  description  of 
their  physical  characteristics.  It  is  evident  from  the  limited  information  now  obtainable  that 
marked  local  peculiarities  abound  in  spite  of  what  appears  to  be  a  general  sameness  of  surface. 
Under  such  circumstances  corresponding  vagaries  of  climatic  condition  maybe  expected  which 
can  only  be,  satisfactorily  known  by  the  most  extensive  and  thorough  system  of  meteorological 
observations,  and  by  an  accurate  hydrographic  survey  of  the  two  States. 

The  only  considerable  areas  of  forest  are  to  be  found  in  the  two  mountain  regions  above 
described.  In  the  Black  Hills  there  is  estimated  to  be  about  1,500  square  miles  of  wooded 
area.  Along  the  river  botlomsand  about  the  lakes  are  occasionally  heavy  growths  of  timber. 
TLe  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  1889  estimated  the  approximate  area,  in  square  miles,  of  timber 
land  in  North  Dakota  (river  bottoms)  as  200;  in  South  Dakota,  2,800  square  miles,  only  400  of 
which  embraced  merchantable  timber.  The  cultivation  of  forest  trees  began  in  both  Dakotas 
in  1884,  in  accordance  with  the  observance  of  Arbor  Day,  and  very  satisfactory  results  have 
followed  this  enterprise. 

METEOROLOGICAL    1{  F,<  '<  )Rt>S. 

Meteorological  observations  in  the  Dakotas  do  not  cover  the  vast  area  in  a  satisfactory  manner, 

but  this  statement  need  not  create  surprise  if  the  undeveloped  condition  of  the  country  is  fully 

realized  and  its  pecularities  of  topography  are  understood.    Most  of  the  work  accomplished  has 

naturally  been  confined  to  the  territory  east  of  the  Missouri  and  principally  in  South  Dakota. 

S.  Ex.  157 2 


10  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA8. 

It  is  progressing  quite  rapidly  with  the  march  of  civilization  westward  and  the  opening  of  new 
lines  of  railway  communication. 

To  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Army  must  be  accorded  the  credit  of  being  the  meteoro- 
logical pioneers  throughout  the  region  of  the  great  Northwest.  The  medical  officers,  at  the 
various  military  posts  established  in  the  Dakotas,  began  observations  of  temperature,  rainfall, 
wind  direction,  and  state  of  weather  in  1854,  the  first  station  being  opened  at  Fort  Pierre, 
S.  Dak.,  in  January  of  that  year.  The  next  post  was  at  Fort  Randall,  S.  Dak.,  the  observations 
beginning  in  November,  1856.  At  other  posts  meteorological  records  began  as  follows:  Fort 
Abercrombie,  N.  Dak.,  February,  1859 ;  Yankton  Indian  Agency,  S.  Dak.,  November,  1859;  Fort 
Berthold  and  Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak.,  September,  1866;  Fort  Stevenson,  N.  Dak.,  August,  18G7; 
Fort  Totten,  N.  Dak.,  August,  1869.  This  distribution  of  stations  of  observation  excluded  south- 
west Dakota,  where  meteorological  records  did  not  commence  until  1878,  by  the  establishment  of 
a  Signal  Service  station  at  Deadwood  in  January  of  that  year,  followed  in  July,  1879,  by  observa- 
tions at  Fort  .Meade,  in  the  Black  Hills,  a  short  distance  east  of  Dcadwood.  Altogether  seven 
stations  have,  been  established  in  the  Black  Hills  for  various  periods  of  time  since.  January,  1878, 
four  of  which  are  now  in  operation. 

Following  the  initiatory  work  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Army  came  that  of  the 
voluntary  observer,  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  first  station 
so  established  was  at  Yankton,  S.  Dak.,  in  January,  1860;  the  next  at  Mouth  Cherry,  S.  Dak., 
April,  1861.  Other  early  stations  opened  as  follows:  Bon  Homme,  S.  Dak.,  .A  I  arch,  1872;  Fargo, 
N.  Dak.,  December,  1872;  Morriston,  S.  Dak.,  February,  1875;  Webster,  S.  Dak.!  June,  1.SS2; 
Richardton,  N.  Dak.,  February,  1884.  Voluntary  observers  began  their  work  at  places  convenient 
to  established  lines  of  communication,  but  yet  they  were  well  advanced  to  the  outposts  of  civil- 
ization, and  their  work  manifests  a  very  creditable  appreciation  of  the  practical  value  of  clima- 
fological  data. 

The  Signal  Service  Bureau  was  established  by  Congress  in  the  early  part  of  1870  and  in 
November  of  that  year  a  number  of  regular  stations  of  observation  were  opened.  This  Bureau 
entered  Dakota  in  1872,  establishing  its  first  station  at  Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak.,  on  May  7  of  that 
\ear.  The  next  at  Pembina,  N.  Dak.,  November  1, 1872;  Yankton,  S.  Dak.,  April],  1873;  Mismarck, 
N.  Dak.,  September,  15,  1874;  Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak.,  February,  1879. 

From  January,  1854,  to  December,  1891,  meterological  observations  have  been  taken  at,  50 
stations  in  North  Dakota  and  75  stations  in  South  Dakota,  a  total  of"  125  stations  in  both  .States. 

The  length  of  records  at  these  stations  has  varied  from  a  month  at  a  few  points  to  10  years  at 
Fort  Vates  and  Fort  Rice,  N.  Dak.,  and  at  Deadwood  and  Webster,  S.  Dak.;  about  11  years  at 
Huron,  S.  Dak.;  18  years  at  Fort  Meade,  S.  Dak.;  15  years  at  Fort  Stevenson,  N.  Dak.;  17  years 
at  Mismarck  and  Fort  Abercrombie,  N.  Dak. ;  18  years  at  Fort  Abraham  Lincoln,  N.  Dak.:  19. years 
at  Vankton,  S.  Dak.;  20  years  at  Fort  Sissetou,  S.  Dak.,  and  Fort  Pembina,  N.  Dak.;  21  years 
at  Fort  Totten.  N.  Dak.;  23  years  at  Fort  Sully.  S.  Dak.;  20  years  at  Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak.:  and 
:;.">  years  at  Fort  Randall,  S.  Dak.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  average  period  over  which  observa- 
tions have  been  taken  is  very  nearly  the  same  in  both  States,  being  about  18  years  in  North 
Dakota  and  about  19  years  in  South  Dakota.  The  maximum  record  of  ::.">  years  occurs  in  extreme 
southeastern  South  Dakota.  The  next  highest,  26  years,  occurs  in  extreme  northwestern  North 
Dakota — a  rather  singular  comparison  between  the  two  States. 

The  hours  of  observation  have  been  most  varied  at  Signal  Service  stations.  From  November  1 , 
1870,  to  December  31,  1884,  observations  were  made  at  the  following  hours  daily,  Washington 
time:  7,  7:35,  and  11  a.  m.;  12  noon;  3,  3:35,  4:35,  7, 11,  and  11  :35  p.  m.  On  January  1,  1885,  time 
was  changed  to  the  seventy-fifth  meridian,  eight  minutes  faster  than  Washington  time.  From 
that  date  to  June  30,  1888,  the  hours  of  observation  were  7  and  11  a.  m.;  3,  7, 10,  and  11  "p.  in.  On 
July  1,  isss.  the  hours  were  changed  and  reduced  to  8  a.  m.  and  8  p.  m.  Those  now  mentioned 
formed  the  telegraphic  series  of  observations.  Observations  at  local  time  were  taken  at  7  a.  m., 
u  and  9  p.  m.,  from  November  1,  1870,  to  July  1,  1881. 

At  voluntary  stations  the  observations  of  temperature,  wind  direction,  wind  force  (estimated), 
and  cloudiness  have  been  generally  taken  at  7  a.  in.,  2  and  9  p.  m.,  local  time.  At  some  stations 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  11 

the  hours  were  shortened  to  two  of  the  same  name,  usually  8  a.  m.  and  8  p.  m.,  or  9  a.  m.  and  9  p. 
m.  The  amount  of  precipitation  was  observed  once  daily,  unless  abnormally  heavy,  at  the  most 
convenient  hour. 

At  military  posts  the  hours  of  observation  were  changed  from  7  a.  m.,  2  and  9  p.  m.,  in  the 
autumn  of  1888,  to  8  a.  m.  and  8  p.  m.,  or  to  any  two  hours  of  the  same  name  from  7  a.  m.  to  9  a.  m., 
inclusive.  At  both  voluntary  and  at  military-post  hospital  stations  observations  have  always  been 
taken  at  local  time.  The  mean  temperature  from  three  observations  has  been  determined  by 
taking  one-fourth  of  the  sum  of  the  7  a.  m.,  2  p.  m.,  and  twice  the  9  p.  m.  The  mean  from 
two  observations  of  the  same  name  has  been  obtained  by  taking  one-half  of  their  sum.  These 
rules  apply  to  the  local  and  two-hour  observations  of  the  same  name  at  Signal  Service  and 
Weather  Bureau  stations. 

The  means  of  pressure,  temperature,  humidity,  aad-dew-point,  computed  from  the  synchronous 
tridaily  telegraphic  observations,  taken  at  Signal  Service  stations,  at  7:35  a.  m.,  4:35  and  11:35 
p.  m.,  or  7  a.  m.,  3  and  11  p.  m.,  or  7  a.  m.,  3  and  10  p.  m.,  have  been  obtained  by  taking  one-third 
of  the  sum  of  the  three  observations.  Precipitation  was  measured  three  times  daily  from  Novem- 
ber 1, 1870,  to  June  30,  1888,  and  thereafter  twice  daily  at  the  telegraphic  observations.  At  Cana- 
dian stations  the  hours  of  observation  have  been  the  same,  with  corresponding  changes,  as  the 
tri-daily  and  twice-daily  telegraphic  observations  at  Signal  Service  and  Weather  Bureau  stations. 

From  what  lias  preceded  it  will  be  seen  that  the  records  of  temperature  and  precipitation  given 
in  Appendices  Nos.  4  and  40  combine  the  work  of  three  classes  of  observers,  the  most  accurate 
and  systematic  of  which  have  been  those  of  the  Signal  Service  and  Weather  Bureau.  The 
observations  vary,  not  only  as  to  character  of  work  performed,  but  as  to  methods  pursued  and  as 
to  quality  of  instruments  employed.  Such  results  have  been  combined  in  monthly  and  annual 
averages  at  those  stations  where  it  was  necessary  to  do  so  in  order  to  secure  a  continuous  record 
of  the  maximum  period  for  which  observations  had  been  taken.  This  method  gives  less  satisfactory 
results  for  precipitation  than  for  temperature.  In  order  that  comparison  may  be  made  with  more 
uniform  observations^  and  perhaps  more  accurate  and  acceptable  computations,  in  the  case  or 
temperature,  three  sets  of  monthly  and  annual  temperature  normals  for  different  periods,  of  eight, 
nine,  and  ten  years  each,  prepared  exclusively  from  Signal  Service  and  Weather  Bureau  obser- 
vations, are  furnished  in  Appendices  Nos.  42,  43,  and  44.  The  results  from  combined  records  are 
expected  to  vary,  because  of  different  causes,  there  being  present  in  the  determinations  varying 
hours  of  observation,  different  periods  of  time,  quality  of  .work,  and  quality  and  kind  of  instru- 
ments employed.  From  a  cursory  examination  it  would  seem  that  the  longest  record  gives,  gen- 
erally, the  best  result  in  spite  of  the  want  of  uniform  methods  of  work.  Comparison  made  with 
the  standard  normal  values  shows  the  pronounced  effect  from  warm  and  cold  periods,  of  few 
years'  duration,  or  even  one  season,  as  occurred  in  the  abnormally  warm  winter  in  1891. 

In  the  case  of  precipitation  two  sources  of  error  appear  in  the  records  from  voluntary  observers 
and  military-post  hospitals,  but  greater  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter,  viz:  (1)  imperfect 
measurement  of  snowfall  and  its  reduction  to  rain;  (2)  defective  apparatus  for  the  measurement  of 
rainfall  and  want  of  care  in  measuring  and  recording  the  amount  collected  in  the  gauge.  The  Signal 
Service  and  Weather  Bureau  records  are  more  uniform  and  more  accurate  in  these  respects  than 
those  obtained  from  other  sources.  The  degree  of  this  accuracy  can  only  be  spoken  of  in  a  general 
way  and  will  doubtless  vary  v.ith  every  station,  being  more  at  some  and  less  at  others.  But, 
aside  from  such  a  result,  it  must  be  conceded  that  the  influence  of  locality  and  topography  demand 
the  most  careful  consideration  in  applying  any  correction  for  supposed  erroneous  methods  of  work 
in  the  measurement  of  precipitation.  It  is  well  known  that  the  distribution  of  rainfall  is  subject 
to  many  and  sometimes  seemingly  inexplicable  variations,  due  to  the  conditions  of  exposure  of 
the  collecting  apparatus  and  to  the  peculiarities  of  local  topography.  This  fact  being  conceded,  it 
becomes  necessary  to  increase  the  number  of  stations  of  observation,  as  far  as  possible,  and 
accept  all  records,  even  though  each  and  every  one  can  not  be  subjected  to  the  same  standard 
of  criticism.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  other  things  may  not  be  equal,  the  longer  the  record  of  pre- 
cipitation the  more  satisfactory  the  monthly  and  average  values  become.  In  the  case  of  isolated 
records  showing  abnormal  variations  the  data  must  become  of  considerable  value. 


12  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

In  accordance  with  these  views  the  precipitation  records  in  Appendix  No.  4  have  been 
combined  from  all  sources  at  each  station,  in  order  to  secure  the  maximum  continuity  of  obser- 
vations. The  precipitations  and  temperature  records  in  Appendices  Nos.  4  and  40  have  been 
employed  as  the  basis  of  construction  of  all  charts  of  these  elements,  also  diagrams,  and  in  the 
preparation  of  supplemental  tables  in  extending  the  analysis  of  meteorological  data. 

PRECIPITATION. 

An  accurate  knowledge  of  the  rainfall  of  any  considerable  region  of  country  is  indispensable  to 
a  satisfactory  estimate  of  its  productiveness.  The  fundamental  source  of  material  prosperity  and 
commercial  supremacy  in  any  country  lies  in  the  products  of  the  soil,  the  development  of  which 
depends  upon  the  amount  and  distribution  of  atmospheric  precipitation,  direct,  or  through  the 
instrumentality  of  irrigation.  It  is  the  most  important  element  for  discussion  in  this  monograph, 
aside  from  evaporation,  and  also  the  most  difficult  for  thorough  treatment.  The  immense  area 
embraced  by  the  Dakotas,  the  limited  number  of  stations  of  observation,  and  the  lack  of  uniform 
and  continuous  methods  of  work  at  all  places  render  the  data  submitted  inadequate  for  a  satis- 
factory representation  of  the  rainfall,  especially  west  of  the  Missouri  River. 

Precipitation  has  received  consideration  in  the  preparation  of  twenty-nine  charts,  forty-two 
diagrams,  and  nineteen  tabulations,  published  in  this  monograph.  The  fundamental  data  for 
classification  and  analytical  study  have  been  obtained  from  the  records  published  in  Appendix 
No.  4.  The  cartographical  representation  of  the  monthly  and  annual  average  values  has  been 
prepared  without  the  usual  employment  of  isometric  lines.  The  thirteen  charts  here  referred  to 
will  be  found  in  Appendices  Nos.  27  to  39,  inclusive.  Recourse  has  been  had  to  this  rather 
novel  and  perhaps  doubtful  method  of  representation  because  of  the  rather  remarkable  differ- 
ences in  isohyetal  values,  the  small  number  of  stations  from  which  normal  values  could  be 
obtained,  and  the  large  scale  of  the  charts.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  plan  adopted  will 
better  serve  to  convey  the  truth  than  the  employment  of  uncertain  methods,  of  perhaps  more 
graphic  illustration.  The  values  for  each  station  are  entered  in  very  large  figures,  to  aid  the  eye 
in  locating  them  quickly  and  in  making  comparisons  with  surrounding  stations.  Peculiarities 
are  thus  prominently  set  forth,  and  with  a  degree  of  accuracy  that  prohibits  criticism  and  pre- 
vents an  unfair  distribution  of  theoretical  curves.  Isolated  stations  are  not  neglected,  and  large 
areas  are  not  given  a  shading  of  supposititious  value.  By  the  methods  pursued  due  weight  is 
given  to  stations  of  long  and  short  records  and  consideration  had  for  the  influence,  of  local  topog- 
raphy. The  charts  have  entered  upon  them  monthly  and  annual  values  of  from  three  to  thirty- 
five  years,  and  in  the  extremes,  on  the  average,  from  five  to  seventeen  years,  obtained  from  a 
total  of  forty  stations.  The  agreement  between  the  longest  records  is,  on  the  whole,  better  than 
between  the  long  and  short  ones,  as  might  be  expected;  yet  this  disagreement  is  much  less  marked 
from  April  to  September,  inclusive,  than  during  the  remainder  of  t  lie  \  ea  r,  from  October  to  March, 
inclusive. 

The  hyetography  of  the  Dakotas  presents  peculiar  features  of  local  divergence  that  seem 
inexplicable  from  topographical  influences  alone.  From  a  general  view  of  the  face  of  the  country 
one  would  expect  to  find  a  remarkable  uniformity  of  precipitation  expressed  in  the  monthly  aver- 
age values  of  three  years  or  more,  and  especially  in  the  annual  values.  While  the  precipitation 
records  are  a.  little  more  complete  and  of  somewhat  greater  length  than  those  of  mean  tempera 
ture,  yet  the  corresponding  increase  in  value  is  extremely  small  because  of  the  much  greater 
length  required  for  precipitation  records  in  order  to  secure  satisfactory  normal  values.  The. 
advisability  of  charting  three-year  records  of  rainfall  may  be  questioned;  yet  those  of  ten  year's 
and  over,  aggregating  twenty  stations,  were  not  sufficient  in  number,  when  properly  distributed, 
to  cover  the  territory.  Moreover,  considerable  differences  were  found  among  the  long  records, 
and  in  some  cases  they  were  greater  than  those  found  to  exist  bet  ween  the  long  and  short  records, 
where  reasonable  comparison  could  be  made.  However,  the  averages  show  that  the  differences 
between  the  short  records  in  North  Dakota  in  the  winter  months  (dry  season)  are  about  65  per  cent 
greater  than  those  existing  between  the  long  records,  the  mean  difference  being  about  one-third 
of  an  inch.  On  the  contrary,  in  South  Dakota,  the  differences  between  I  he  long  reci  >rds  are  about 
10  per  cent  greater  than  between  the  short  records,  the  mean  difference  being  about  one-tenth 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  13 

of  an  inch.  For  the  summer  months  (wet  season)  the  average. differences  are  about  45  per  cent 
greater  for  the  short  records  in  North  Dakota,  the  mean  difference  being  about  seven-tenths  of 
an  inch.  In  South  Dakota  the  average  differences  for  the  short  records  are  about  35  per  cent 
greater,  the  mean  difference  being  about  four-tenths  of  an  inch. 

Considering  the  long  records  by  themselves  the  average  differences  in  South  Dakota  during  I  he 
\vinler  months  (dry  season)  are  about  70  per  cent  greater  than  exist  in  North  Dakota,  the  mean 
difference  being  about  four-tenths  of  an  inch.  During  the  summer  months  (wet  season)  the 
average  differences  in  South  Dakota  are  about  55  per  cent  greater  than  in  North  Dakota,  the 
mean  difference  being  about  1.2  inches. 

Considering  the  short  records  in  similar  periods  it  is  found  that  the  average  differences  in 
South  Dakota  during  the  winter  months  (dry  season)  are  about  35  per  cent  greater  than  those  in 
North  Dakota,  the  mean  difference  being  about  half  an  inch.  In  the  summer  months  (dry  season) 
the  average  differences  in  North  Dakota  are  about  30  per  cent  greater  than  in  South  Dakota,  the 
mean  difference  being  about  1.3  inches. 

From  these  comparisons  it  is  evident  that  the  short  records  show  considerable  uniformity 
although  the  observations  were  made  for  quite  widely  different  years.  It  is  important  to  state, 
however,  that  most  of  the  short  records  are  confined  to  the  period  between  1887  and  1891.  There  is 
also  developed  such  a  relation  to  the  long  records  as  to  warrant  the  belief  that  the  distribution  of 
rainfall  over  the  Dakotas  is  subject  to  rather  marked  local  peculiarities,  which  can  only  be  fully 
appreciated  by  largely  extending  the  present  system  of  rainfall  observers.  If  the  greater  vari- 
ations in  rainfall  in  South  Dakota,  as  disclosed  by  the  records,  are  due  in  part  to  the  greater 
number  of  stations  and  the  larger  area  covered,  it  is  simply  additional  evidence  in  support  of  the 
existence  of  decided  local  features.  In  this  connection  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  invite  particular 
attention  to  the  records  at  Kichardton,  N.  Dak.,  and  Webster,  S.  Dak.,  the  former  covering  a 
period  of  nearly  five  years  and  the  latter  about  ten  years.  The  precipitation  at  both  stations  ap- 
pears excessive  and  much  at  variance  with  surrounding  points.  It  was  first  assumed  that  errors 
were  made  in  measuring  and  reducing  the  snowfall,  but  throughout  the  year  the  excess  is  main- 
tained at  both  stations,  although  somewhat  greater  in  winter  than  in  summer.  There  has  been 
no  change  in  observers  and  both  have  reported  to  the  Weather  Bureau  that  their  observations 
were  properly  made  and  recorded  from  standard  instruments.  These  instruments  were  furnished 
to  the  observers  by  the  Signal-Service  Bureau.  Peculiarities  are  also  manifested  in  the  records 
from  Alexandria,  Olivet,  and  Parkston,  S.  Dak.,  and  also  at  Fort  Seward,  N.  Dak.  At  the  large 
majority  of  voluntary  stations  in  both  Dakotas  standard  Weather  Bureau  instruments  have  been 
employed,  which  fact  seems  to  justify  the  expectation  of  fairly  reliable  observations,  as  the  in- 
struments so  furnished  carry  with  them  specially  prepared  instructions  as  to  their  use. 

Perhaps  the  most  unsatisfactory  work  in  rainfall  observation  arises  from  broken  and  incomplete 
records,  seriously  interfering  with  the  determination  of  reliable  monthly  and  annual  normal 
values.  The  results  met  with  in  this  respect  have  certainly  been  very  unfortunate,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  in  succeeding  years  the  great  importance  of  accurate  and  complete  precipitation  records  may 
be  more  fully  appreciated  by  all  classes  of  observers. 

It  is  not  to  be  assumed,  however,  that  the  rainfall  records  at  Weather  Bureau  stations,  whether 
long  or  short,  give  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  precipitation  over  any  region  simply 
because  of  their  greater  accuracy.  These  regular  stations  are  necessarily  few  in  number  in  any 
State  and  are  not  always  located  to  the  best  advantage  for  representing  the  distribution  of  rainfall. 
Moreover,  their  small  number  essentially  prohibits  such  a  result.  The  efforts  of  voluntary  observ- 
ers must  be  relied  upon  to  support  the  work  of  the  regular  stations,  which  can  never  be  considered 
more  than  a  nucleus  of  standard  value  around  which  the  former  may  be  gathered  for  comparative 
study  and  the  development  of  distinctive  features.  The  records  from  regular  stations  are  indis- 
pensable to  the  study  and  forecasting  of  daily  weather  changes  because  the  daily  observations 
are  concentrated  at  suitable  points  for  immediate  consideration,  through  the  aid  of  the  electric 
telegraph. 

A  further  study  of  charts  and  tables  reveals  some  important  features,  as  follows: 

1.  The  month  of  least  precipitation  is  November,  followed  next  in  order  by  January. 

2.  The  month  of  greatest  precipitation  is  June,  followed  next  in  order  by  May  or  July. 


14  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

3.  Precipitation  increases  from  an  average  of  about  one-tialf  inch  in  November  to  nearly  4 
inches  in  June,  the  increase  in  South  Dakota  being  about  5  per  cent,  greater  than  in  North  Dakota. 

4.  The  mean  annual  precipitation  in  North  Dakota  varies  from  about  13  inches  at  Fort  Buford 
to  about  26  inches  at  Richardton  and  20  inches  at  Fort  Pembina;  the  average  for  the  whole  State, 
computed  from  14  stations,  being  about  17  inches. 

5.  The  mean  annual  precipitation  in  South  Dakota  varies  from  a>bout  17  inches  at  Fort  Sully  to 
over  28  inches  at  Deadwood  and  over  38  inches  at  Webster;  the  average  for  the  whole  State,  com- 
puted from  21  stations,  being  about  22  inches. 

6.  Aside  from  the  rather  doubtful  record  at  Webster,  S.  Dak.,  the  region  of  greatest  precipit  a- 
t  ion,  considering  both  States,  is  found  in  the  Black  Hills.    This  applies  not  only  to  the  snowfall  o! 
winter,  but  to  the  rainfall  of  spring  and  summer.    In  this  connection  it  is  important  to  bear  in 
mind  that  the  Black  Hills  are  the  heaviest  wooded  region  in  either  State. 

7.  The  mean  annual  precipitation  of  the  Red  River  Valley  varies  from  about  15  inches  at  Fort 
Kice,  N.  Dak.,  to  23  inches  at  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  and  24  inches  at  Moorhead,  Minn.;  the  average 
computed  from  6  long-record  stations  being  about  20  inches. 

8.  The  mean  annual  precipitation  of  extreme  eastern  South  Dakota  varies  from  about  16 
inches  at  Brookings  to  about  22  inches  at  Fort  Sisseton  and  38  inches  at  Webster;  the  average 
being  about  25  inches. 

9.  The  mean  annual  precipitation  of  the  James  River  Valley  varies  from  15  inches  at  Fort 
Sewanl,  N.  Dak.,  to  about  26  inches  at  Olivet  and  Yankton  and  27  inches  at  Morriston,  S.  Dak. 
The  average;  computed  from  8  stations  is  about  22  inches,  the  portion  in  North  Dakota  giving  an 
average  of  over  16  inches,  while  that  in  South  Dakota  rises  to  over  25  inches. 

10.  The  mean  annual  precipitation  of  the  Missouri  River  Valley  varies  from  about  13  inches 
at  Fort  Buford  to  over  20  inches  at  Fort  Randall,  the  average  for  the  whole  valley,  computed  from 

0  stations,  being  17  inches.    The  portion  in  North  Dakota  has  an  average,  of  16  inches  and  that 
in  South  I  )akota  over  18  inches. 

11.  The  monthly  and  annual  average  precipitation  from  selected  stations  given  in  Appendix 
No.  6  furnishes  interesting  and  valuable  comparisons  with  surrounding  territory,  having  both 
greater  and  less  rainfall  than  occurs  within  the  Dakotas.     It  is  evident  that  the  region  of  least, 
rainfall  between  the  forty-  first  and  fifty-fifth  parallels  and  west  of  the  ninetieth  meridian  (annual 
average  about  9  to  13  inches)  lies  in  northern  Wyoming  and  eastern  Montana.     The  Dakotas  lie 
to  the  eastward  of  this  arid  region  and  make  the  nearest  approach  to  it  in  northwestern  North 
Dakota. 

12.  In  Appendix  No.  7  will  be  found  the  monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  snow- 
fall at  certain  stations  in  I  lie  Dakolas.    The  records  are  not  altogether  satisfactory,  owing  to  the 
imperfect  manner  in  which  I  lie  measurements  of  unmelted  snow  have  been  made  and  the  uncertainty 
in  separating  this  element  from  rainfall.     Prior  to  1885,  at  Signal  Service  stations,  the  snowfall  was 
not  recorded  separately  and  without  reduction.     The  exceedingly  small  amount  of  snow  is  one  of 

1  lie.  most,  striking  features  of  the  tabulation  and  reveals  one  of  the  unfavorable  points  in  the  clima- 
tology of  the  Dakotas.     The  Black  Hills  show  the  largest  amount  of  snowfall,  as  was  also  thecase 
with  rainfall.    The  records  appear  to  show  that  the  snowfall  is  heaviest  in  South  Dakota  and 
least  in  North  Dakota.     It  is  also  generally  heavy  in  the  Red  River  Valley  and  in  extreme  east- 
ern South  Dakota.    As  to  the  months  of  heaviest  fall  the  maximum  is  reached  in  February  in 
North  Dakota  and  in  March  in  South  Dakota. 

13.  Considering  the  distribution  of  snow  over  that  portii f  the  United  States  and  Canada 

where  it  usually  falls,  the  Dakotas  lie  within  the  region  of  the  minimum  amount  (annual  average, 
1  to  2£  feet),  which  includes  Wyoming  and  eastern  Montana.    The  regions  of  maximum  amount 
(annual  average  10  to  30  feet)  are  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  northeastern  California  and  the 
I  'rovince  of  Quebec  in  Canada. 

14.  The  amount  of  unmelted  snow  on  the  ground  at  the  end  of  month,  as  shown  in  Appendix 
No.  8,  discloses  the  fact  that  the  snowfall  of  the  Dakotas  disappears  quite  rapidly.    But  as  the 
low  temperatures  of  the  snowfall  season  would  preclude  much  melting  it  is  perhaps  fair  to  assume 
that  the  high  winds  of  winter  are  largely  responsible  for  the  disappearance.     Moreover,  the  vast 
plains  in  both  States  afford  great  advantage  to  the  sweeping  high  winds  in  removing  the  snow. 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


15 


The  snowfall  disappears  most  rapidly  in  the  interior  of  both  States,  and  least  rapidly  in  the  Black 
Hills  and  in  the  Bed  River  Valley. 

15.  In  Appendices  Nos.  15  ;md  16  are  tabulated  the  occurrences  of  excessive  precipitation  in 
both  Dakotas.  Monthly  amounts  equaling  or  exceeding  10  inches  have  occurred  only  twice  in  North 
Dakota  and  but  eight  times  in  South  Dakota  since  1871.  The,  heaviest  monthly  rainfall  in  either 
State.  (14.05  inches)  was  reported  from  Webster,  S.  Dak.,  in  June,  1884.  The  heaviest  in  North 
Dakota  (10.93  inches)  was  reported  from  Fort  Abraham  Lincoln  in  June,  1890.  The  largest  24-hour 
rainfall  in  cither  State  (8  inches)  was  reported  from  Morriston,  S.  Dak.,  on  July  22  and  23,  1878. 
The  largest  2-1-hour  rainfall  in  North  Dakota  (5.10  inches)  was  reported  from  Fort  Totten,  on 
August  '2~>  and  20,  1880.  The  greatest  rainfall  in  less  than  two  hours  in  either  State  (4.84  inches) 
was  reported  from  Webster,  S.  Dak.,  on  July  2, 1881,  as  occurring  in  one  hour  and  forty-five  min- 
utes. The  greatest  rainfall  iu  less  than  two  hours  in  North  Dakota  (4  inches)  was  reported  from 
Steele  on  June  14, 1891,  as  occurring  in  one  hour  and  twenty  minutes.  It  is  evident  from  these 
records  that  the  Dakotas  are  not  liable  to  severe  loss  from  flood,  although  the  contour  of  the 
country  is  such,  in  some  localities,  as  to  drain  off  both  the  extreme  and  also  the  average  excessive 
precipitation  with  detriment  to  the  land,  and  with  liability  to  damage  other  property  to  a  degree 
that  deserves  to  lie  guarded  against. 

1C).  A  fundamental  consideration  of  any  periodical  distribution  of  precipitation  in  the  Dakotas 
is  impracticable  without  correlative!}'  discussing  the  distribution  of  atmospheric  pressure  over  these 
States  and  the  immediately  adjacent  region.  In  order  that  this  important  relation  may  be  appre- 
ciated as  far  as  the  purposes  of  this  monograph  will  permit,  a  graphic  presentation  has  been 
made  by  the  preparation  of  monthly  charts  of  areas  of  low  barometric  pressure  (see  Appendices 
Nos.  137  to  1  IS,  inclusive)  and  by  the  use  of  diagrams  to  show  the  comparative  curves  of  monthly 
deviations  from  normal  values  (see  Appendices  No.  !>!)  to  138,  inclusive). 

17.  The  charts  of  tracks  of  centers  of  low  pressure  show  that  the  Dakotas  lie  in  the  path  of  all 
barometric  depressions  moving' eastward  over  the  country  from  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  black 
lines  represent  the  direction  of  progressive  movement  of  the  low  centers  by  connecting  the  plotted 
points  designating  those  centers,  at  certain  times  each  twentv-four  hours. 

IS.  The  distribution  of  precipitation  over  the  continent  between  the  fortieth  and  fifty-fifth 
parallels  north  latitude,  shows  that  the  areas  of  low  pressure  drop  the  maximum  amount  of  their 
moisture,  west  of  the  one  hundred  and  twentieth  meridian,  and  that  from  there  eastward  the  rain- 
fall diminishes  rapidly  to  a  minimum  between  the  one  hundred  and  fifth  and  one  hundred  and 
tenth  meridians,  and  thence  increases  again  to  a  second  maximum  between  the  ninetieth  and 
seventy-fifth  meridians,  but  south  of  the  fort  ieth  parallel.  The  source  of  the  first  maximum  is 
found  in  the  moisture  gathered  by  cyclonic  circulation  from  the  warm  waters  of  the  Japan  cur- 
rent in  the  North  Pacific.  The  source  of  the  second  maximum  is  obtained  in  a  similar  manner 
from  the  Gulf  and  Gulf  Stream.  The  probable  cause  of  the  minimum  average  annual  precipi- 
tation between  the  one  hundred  and  fifth  and  one  hundred  and  tenth  meridians  is  found  in  the 
fact  of  the  great  distance  of  this  district  from  the  two  regions  of  maximum  moisture  supply  to  the 
continent  of  North  America,  viz:  the  Japan  current  and  the  Gulf  and  Gulf  stream. 

19.  The  major  portion  of  the  Dakotas  appears  to  lie  too  far  west  and  north  of  the  path  of 
northward  air  movement  and  the  moisture  supply  from  the  Gulf.    The  bulk  of  the  supply,  under 
the  influence  of  cyclonic  circulation,  tending  northward  is  deposited  east  of  the  one  hundredth 
meridian  and  south  of  the  forty-third  parallel. 

20.  The  low-pressure  areas  are  nearly  drained  of  their  moisture  at  the  very  coast  line  on  the 
Pacific,  and  during  the  remainder  of  the  journey  to  the  great  continental  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
no  source  of  moisture  supply  can  be  drawn  upon,  except  the  snow  beds  of  the  great  mountain  sys- 
tems between  the  one  hundred  and  twentieth  and  one  hundredth  meridians,  which  in  any  event 
could  furnish  but  a  limited  and  uncertain  amount.     In  this  connection  it  is  well  to  state  that  a 
significant  relation  seems  to  exist  between  the  snowfall  of  the  most  elevated  mountain  ranges  and 
the  rainfall  of  summer,  over  the,  Northern  plains.     A  deficiency  in  snowfall  appears  to  correspond 
with  a  deficiency  iu  rainfall,  and  vice  versa.     In  order  to  illustrate  the  importance  of  this  matter 
from  a  practical  standpoint  typical  charts  of  barometric  pressure  have  been  prepared  to  show  the 
conditions  under  which  a  deficiency  of  snowfall  occurs  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Sierra  Nevada 


16  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

regions,  and  also  in  a  similar  manner  to  show  the  distribution  of  mean  atmospheric  pressure  under 
which  an  excess  of  snowfall  occurs  over  the  same  regions.  These  charts  have  been  prepared  from  a 
consideration  of  all  the  monthly  values  of  mean  barometric  pressure  since  1872  as  published  by  the 
Signal  Service.  The  ideal  character  of  the  charts  is  explained  on  pages  17  and  IS  with  those  sub- 
mitted on  the  occurrence  of  variations  in  rainfall.  An  examination  of  the  typical  chart  for  defici- 
ency of  snowfall  reveals  the  fact  that  the  mountain  regions  west  of  the  one  hundred  and  second 
meridian  are  under  the  influence  of  a  preponderance  of  cold,  dry  air  of  high  density.  Such  a  pre- 
vailing characteristic  in  the  distribution  of  mean  atmospheric  pressure  indicates  that  a  majority 
of  all  low-pressure  areas  have  been  diverted  away  from  the  region  under  the  control  of  this  High, 
and  that  they  will  continue  to  be  so  diverted  until  a  decided  change  occurs  in  the  mean  pressure. 
When  the  Lows  are  thus  prevented  from  passing  over  the  mountain  regions  in  question  the  distri 
hution  of  precipitation  is,  of  course,  very  materially  modified  and  reduced  to  a  minimum.  A  notable 
example  under  this  type  chart  is  found  in  January,  1889,  and  reference  to  the  deficiency  in  snow- 
fall is  made  in  the  Monthly  Weather  Review  as  follows : 

While  in  some  portions  of  the  country  (viz,  northern  New  York  and  the  northern  portion  of  the  Upper  Lake 
region)  the  monthly  snowfalls  have  been  heavy,  and  have   prohahly  equaled  or  exceeded  the  January  average, 
as  a  whole  the  snowfalls  of  January,  like  those  of  the  two  preceding  months,  have  hern  unusually  small.     There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  winter  snowfall  to  the  close  of  January  over  much  oi'  tin-  country,  particularly  the  (in 
tral  and  southern  portions,  i»  the  smallest  that  has  occurred  for  a  number  of  years. 

In  the  following  month  (February,  1889)  precipitation  remained  considerably  below  the  normal 
in  the  Plateau  and  Pacific  coast  regions.  In  March,  1889,  the  Monthly  Weather  Review  state*  as 
follows : 

To  the  northward  of  the  fortieth  parallel  the  line  indicating  the  snow  limit  over  the  western  part  of  the  coun- 
try curves  southeastward  over  the  Plateau  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  forming  an  enlongated  area,  within  which 
no  snow  was  reported,  extending  from  Washiugton  and  the  northeastern  part  of  Oregon  to  western  ( 'olnrado. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  summer  of  1889  was  a  remarkably  dry  one  in  the  I  >a kolas.  By  ref- 
erence to  Appendix  No.  14  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  deficiency  in  precipitation  over  the  Dakotas 
for  1889  was  over  65  inches  (about  7,500  tons  of  water  to  the  acre)  computed  from  the  records  of 
nineteen  stations. 

21.  The  following  typical  chart  showing  the  conditions  under  which  excess  of  snowfall  occurs 
over  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Sierra  Nevada  regions  discloses  a  distribution  of  mean  monthly  atmos- 
pheric pressure,  directly  opposite  to  that  displayed  on  the  typical  chart  for  deficiency  of  snowfall. 
The  conditions  for  excess  of  snowfall  indicate  that  the  areas  of  low  barometric  pressure  from  the 
Pacific  ocean  have  passed  eastward  directly  over  the  mountain  regions,  and  that  they  will  continue 
to  do  so  until  a  decided  change  has  been  effected  in  the  mean  pressure  over  those  regions.  An  im- 
portant example  under  this  head  is  found  in  February,  1891.  The  Monthly  Weather  Review  for 
that  month  records  the  occurrence  of  unusual  snowfalls  in  the  southern  and  western  portions  of 
the  United  States.  Snow  fell  as  far  south  as  Meridian,  Miss.,  for  the  first  time  in  three  years. 
It  reached  a  depth  of  120  inches  at  Cisco,  Cal.,  and  104  inches  at  Alta,  Utah.  An  unusually  heavy 
snowstorm  prevailed  in  the  middle  Missouri  Valley  and  the  extreme  Northwest,  seriously  inter- 
rupting railroad  traffic  and  causing  the  death  of  large  numbers  of  cattle  on  the  ranges.  Precipi- 
tation was  in  excess  of  the  normal  as  follows:  Northeast  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  130  per 
cent;  Northern  plateau,  129  per  cent;  Middle  plateau,  108  per  cent;  Southern  plateau,  219  per  cent; 
Middle  Pacific  coast,  250  per  cent.  In  March,  1891,  the  Monthly  Weather  Review  reports  excess  of 
precipitation  as  follows :  Northeast  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  270  percent;  Middle  Eastern 
slope,  253  per  cent;  Middle  plateau,  208  per  cent;  Southeast  slope,  140  per  cent.  The  summer  of 
1891  in  the  Dakotas  was  marked  by  a  notable  excess  of  precipitation.  By  reference  to  Appendix 
No.  14  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  excess,  as  computed  from  sixteen  long-record  stations,  amounts 
to  over  40  inches  (about  4,600  tons  of  water  to  the  acre).  The  reports  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  show  that  the  year  1891  was  an  extremely  favorable  one  for  crop  production  generally 
throughout  the  Dakotas,  or  at  least  for  that  portion  of  them  east  of  the  Missouri  River. 

It  is  believed  that  from  a  study,  of  the  distribution  of  mean  atmospheric  pressure  depicted 
on  these  typical  charts  information  can  be  obtained  which  \\ill  permit  of  some,  long  range  fore- 
casting as  to  the  probable  occurrence  of  excesses  and  deficiencies  in  precipitation  over  the  North- 
ern plains. 


t/7rt  Icfe&lTyjoical  Chart  of  </fvercipc  fJfert£hlyJ2arorne^r~zc  Pressure  Jneftcetdtrf 

qf  Snorrfalf.  in  the  ftocfCy  <Moitnta.irt    cuncf  $ierra  iWevaccfa  fieyions ,   /  to  2  mo 

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8  El     A'X      62  1 


CEKTAIN  CLIMATIO  FEATUKES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  17 

22.  An  examination  of  storm-track  charts  of  the  Dakotas  for  a  long  series  of  years  reveals 
monthly  and  annual  fluctuations  from  the  average  path  of  easterly  movement  which  bear  impor- 
tant relation  to  the  distribution  of  both  precipitation  and  temperature.  These  deviations  arc  only 
in  two  directions,  viz,  north  and  south.  The  former  corresponds  to  warm,  dry  weather  and  the 
latter  to  cold,  wet  weather.  Illustrations  of  these  results  are  given  in  Appendices  Nos.  21  to  26, 
inclusive,  and  in  Nos.  58  to  01.  inclusive. 

2.'!.  The  study  of  the  storm-track  charts  in  relation  to  the  wet  and  dry  seasons  furnishes  very 
interesting  and  valuable  comparisons.  The  amount  of  precipitation  over  any  area  depends  not 
so  much  upon  the  number  of  storm  centers  passing  over  it  as  upon  the  rate  of  progressive  velocity 
of  those  centers.  The  number  of  low-pressure  areas  as  shown  in  Appendix  No.  143  is  greatest 
during  autumn  and  winter  and  least  during  spring  and  summer.  The  following  monthly  average 
progressive  velocities,  in  miles  per  hour,  of  the  centers  of  both  low  and  high-pressure  areas, 
computed  from  records  for  five  years  (1887  to  1S!U),  show  that  the  lowest  velocities  occur  during 
the  season  of  greatest  precipitation. 

ArcriKji'  riloeity  of  loirs.— January,  39;  February,  37 ;  March,  33;  April,  33;  May,  26;  June, -5, 
.July,  24;  August.  27;  September,  27 ;  October,  2!);  November,  35;  December,  39. 

Average  velocity  of  highe. — Januiry,  25;  February,  20;  March,  25;  April,  25;  May,  21;  June, 
19;  July,  18;  August,  21;  September,  21 :  October,  22;  November,  25;  December,  26. 

This  amounts  to  saying  that  the  more  slowly  a  storm  center  moves  the  more  moisture  it  will 
deposit  upon  the  earth  if  the  supply  remains  practically  constant.  The  distribution  of  mean  atmos- 
pheric pressure  over  the  interior  of  continents  during  the  summer  season  is  favorable  to  the 
sluggish  movement  of  all  large  disturbances. 

24.  A  comparison  of  the  storm-track  charts  for  the  various  months  discloses  a  remarkable 
change  in  the  curvature  of  the  paths  of  low  pressure  areas  across  the  Dakotas.     During  the  dry 
season  the  deviations  from  a  direct  east  and  west  line  are  very  small,  showing  rapid  progressive 
movement.    But  in  the  wet  season  (April  to  August  inclusive)  convolutions  become  extremely 
frequent,  so  that  the  five-year  chart  record  for  the  month  of  June  (month  of  greatest  rainfall) 
becomes  a  labyrinth  of  winding  lines. 

25.  A  further  application  of  the  relation  of  barometric  pressure  to  the  occurrence  and  distri- 
bution of  precipitation  is  shown  in  the  preparation  of  the  following  typical  dry  and  wet  weather 
charts.    They  are  termed  "ideal"  because  their  composite  structure  is  not  the  result  of  the  reduc- 
tion of  actual  mean  values  for  a  large  number  of  months,  but  rather  the  reduction-  of  isometric 
lines;  the  former  method  is  preferable  because  more  accurate,and  would  have  been  followed  in  this 
report  but  for  the  large  amount  of  labor  involved.     It  seems  reasonable,  however,  to  assume  that 
the  charts  will  be  found  suggestive  in  t  heir  present  form,  to  a  degree .that  may  give  practical  results 
in  long  range  forecast  ing.     If,  for  example,  the  mean  barometric  pressure  for  April  or  May  should 
disclose  a  wet  weather  type,  an  excess  of  precipitation  may  reasonably  be  ex  peeled  for  the  next 
month  or  two.     Under  favorable,  conditions  for  its  existence  it  would  appear  to  take  that  long  for 
the  type  and  its  effect  to  disappear.     An  examination  of  the  wet-weather  type  chart  reveals  the 
existence  of  a  sort,  of  barometric  trough   of  low  pressure  embracing  the   Kocky  Mountain  region 
and  extending  from  British  America,  to  Mexico.      During  the  prevalence  of  such  a  distribution  of 
mean  atmospheric  pressure  the  areas  of  low  barometer  from  the  Pacific  are  found  to  pass  eastward 
over  the  Dakotas,  and  at  a  much  lower  latitude  than  in  the  event  of  a  period  of  dry  weather,  I  he 
condition  of  the  atmosphere  as  to  moisture  and  density  being  most  favorable  to  a.  prevailing  south- 
erly air  movement.     It  is  generally  found  that  lows  tend  to  move  in  the  direction  of  greatest,  mois- 
ture and  towards  the  region  where  the  existing  atmospheric  circulation  most  readily  conforms  to 
the  requirements  of  the  passing  storm  center.      In  wet  weather  the  lows  trend  southward  but  in 
dry  weather  their  deviation  from  the  average  course,  is  decidedly  northward.     An  example  of  wet- 
weal  her  deviation  is  shown  in  Appendices  Nos.  25  and  20,  where  the.  total  excess  of  precipitation 
as  compared  with  normal  values  for  many  years,  amounted  to  82.87  inches  (about  9,400  tons  of 
water  to  the  acre),  computed  from  the  records  of  fifteen  stations. 

20.  The  dry-weather  type  chart  shows  a  disposition  of  mean  atmospheric  pressure  north  of  the 
fortieth  parallel  which  has  been  found  to  be  decidedly  unfavorable  to  the  development  of  low- 
pressure  areas.     Such  a  condition  of  atmospheric  pressure  not  only  aflects  the  latitude  of  theeast- 
S.  Ex.  157 3 


18  CKHTAIN  CLIMATIC-  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

erly  movement  of  lows  from  the  Pacific,  but  it  tends  to  materially  redu.ro  the  number  of  such  dis- 
turbances and  to  increase  their  progressive  velocity,  all  of  which  are  agencies  in  the  reduction  of 
precipitation  over  the  Dakotas.  Examples  of  dry-weather  periods  are  given  in  Appendices  Nos. 
L'l  to  24,  inclusive.  During  one  of  these  periods  the  deficiency  of  precipitation,  as  compared  with 
normal  values  for  many  years,  shows  a  total  loss  of  72.93  inches  (about  8, .">()()  tons  of  water  to  the 
acre)  over  the  Dakotas,  computed  from  the  records  of  twenty  stations.  Another  dry  period  shows 
a  total  deficiency  of  5(1.05  inches  (about  5,700  tons  of  water  to  the  acre)  computed  from  the  records 
of  fourteen  stations. 

27.  If  the  employment  of  these  typical  charts  can  be  depended  upon,  the  foreknowledge  to  be 
obtained  from  their  study  is  of  such  a  character  that,  even  when  expressed  with  a  moderate  degree 
of  certainty,  and  properly  distributed  to  the  public,  will  prove  of  considerable  value  to  agricultural 
and  commercial  interests.  The  success  or  failure  of  the  most  valuable  crops,  fruits,  vegetables,  or 
cereals  very  often  depends  upon  the  occurrence  of  a  few  days  of  abnormal  weather  changes,  and 
especially  so  at  the  critical  period  of  growth.  Accurately  prepared  composite  type  charts,  for 
various  sections  of  the  country,  subjected  to  revision  in  order  to  take  advantage  of  every  confirma- 
tory occurrence,  should  be  made  the  subject  of  careful  study  by  the  forecast  officials  of  the  Weather 
Bureau.  The  wet  and  dry  weather  type  charts  submitted  relate  especially  to  the  wet  season  in 
the  Dakotas.  Similar  types  but  not  so  strongly  marked  will  exhibit  the  conditions  which  give  rise 
to  corresponding  changes  in  precipitation  during  the  remainder  of  the  year.  This  explanation 
will  apply  to  the  type  charts  concerning  snowfall  and  also  temperature. 

DROUGHT. 

Liability  to  a  marked  deficiency  in  rainfall  over  any  region  is  a  matter  of  the  utmost  practical 
value  to  both. agricultural  and  commercial  interests.  Damage  from  excess  of  precipitation  is  not, 
so  great  and  can  be  more  easily  provided  against.  The  limits  of  agriculture  and  horticulture  are 
determined  by  the  dry  season  for  any  region.  In  discussing  the  distribution  of  precipitation  over 
large,  areas  of  country  Dr.  Hellman  has  made  known  the  fact  that  in  Spain  marked  differences  in 
social  and  agricultural  conditions  have  appeared  between  sections  where  the  rainfall  is  in  excess 
and  where,  it  is  deficient.  The  differences  are  of  such  a  degree  that  they  appear  to  control  the 
character  and  mode  of  life  of  the  inhabitants. 

In  the  discussion  of  this  question  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  have  exhaustive  experiments 
and  observations  made  to  ascertain  what,  degree  of  dryness  the  various  food  forms  of  plant  life  will 
submit  to  without  destruction,  and  what  amount  of  moisture  will  secure  the  best  results  in  the  full 
development  of  each  variety.  The  scope  of  work  to  be  assigned  to  the  Agricultural  Experiment 
Stations  might  profit  ably  embrace  investigation  of  this  character.  The  field  is  a  broad  and  rather 
difficult  one  for  it  includes  the  whole  subject  of  atmospheric  pressure,  evaporation,  and  condensa- 
tion, in  which  meteorology  must  have  the  cooperation  of  botany,  chemistry,  and  geology  to  satis- 
factorily contend  with  the  problems  involved. 

In  the  limited  investigation  made  in  this  monograph  research  has  been  confined  to  such  meteoro- 
logical data  as  could  be  made  most  readily  available  from  the  records  of  the  Weather  Bureau. 
The  method  of  treatment  has  been  gradually  developed  by  .suggestions  arising  from  a  study  of  the 
fundamental  data  embraced  in  the  tabulations,  charts,  and  diagrams. 

References  to  various  authorities  on  climatic  changes  and  the  distribution  of  precipitation 
developed  the  fact  that,  as  a  meteorological  condition,  drought  has  apparently  been  considered 
only  as  a  variation  of  the  occurrence  of  rainfall,  to  such  a  degree  as  to  injure  vegetation.  It  would 
appear  that  drought,  in  the  full  meteorological  sense  of  that  term,  has  never  been  defined.  In  the 
New  Century  Dictionary  the  following  definition  appears:  "Want  of  rain  or  of  moisture;  such  a 
continuance  of  dry  weather  as  injuriously  affects  vegetation."  This  is  true  as  far  as  it  goes,  but 
the  definition  falls  considerably  short  of  completeness  and  does  not  touch  the  source  of  the  essen- 
tial atmospheric  conditions  involved  in  the  occurrence  of  drought. 

Drought  as  it  has  been  studied  in  this  report,  and  as  the  results  of  the  investigation  seem  to 
show,  has  a  closer  relation  to  evaporation  than  to  precipitation,  and  is  more  dependent  upon  the 
distribution  of  atmospheric  pressure  than  upon  the  variation  of  any  other  meteorological  element. 
Drought  may  therefore  be  brielly  defined  as  that  state  of  the  weather  over  any  region,  within  and 


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CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  1!» 

about  which  the  distribution  of  atmospheric  pressure  is  most  favorable,  for  the  occurrence  of  Hie, 
minimum  amount  of  precipitation  and  the  maximum  degree  of  evaporation;  a  strong- component 
being  wind  force,  the  result  of  which  is  to  cause  injury  to  both  animal  and  plant  life  by  the  devel- 
opment of  a  high  degree  of  aridity. 

The  actual  precipitation  of  a  district  might  be  entirely  adequate  for  its  industrial  needs  were 
it  not  for  the  influence  of  abnormal  evaporation.  To  discuss  the  nature  and  extent  of  this 
influence  involves  a  consideration  of  all  the  elements  which  enter  into  the  process  of  evaporation 
and  which  retard  or  accelerate  it.  Evaporation  from  land  areas,  both  cultivated  and  uncul- 
tivated, as  well  as  from  bodies  of  water,  is  here  referred  to.  The  elements  may  be  briefly 
enumerated  as  follows:  Temperature  of  the  air,  force  of  the  wind;  direction  of  the  wind,  accord- 
ing to  the  humidity  of  the  locality  from  whence  it  blows;  atmospheric  pressure,  aridity  of  the  air, 
degree  of  cloudiness,  character  and  extent  of  vegetation,  proximity  and  extent  of  forests,  char- 
acter of  .surface  soil,  temperature  and  humidity  of  soil,  character  of  subsoil,  area  and  depth  of 
water  forming  the  evaporating  surface,  radiation,  of  surrounding  bodies;  dryuess,  stillness  and 
density  of  the,  air  over  the  evaporating  surface. 

Prof.  Russell  says  that — 

The  amount  of  evaporation  depends  principally  on  the  dryness  of  the  air  and  the  velocity  of  the  wind  blowing 

over  Hie,  evaporating  surface.  The,  measure,  of  the  dryness  of  the  air  is  the  difference  in  vapor  tension  correspond- 
ing l.o  Hie  temperature  of  the  air  and  that  corresponding  to  the,  temperature  of  the  dew  point. 

As  to  the  values  given  in  Appendix  No.  83,  Eussell  states  that  they  only — 

Represent  possibilities  of  evaporation  and  not  actual  evaporation  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  country.  If  a 
set  of  figures  were  prepared  from  the  various  parts  of  the  country  which  would  represent  the  opportunities  of 
evaporation,  which  depend  on  the  relative  amount  of  land  and  water  surface,  and  on  the  wetness  or  dryness  of  soil, 
and  the  amount  and  character  of  vegetation,  the  product  of  the  two  sets  of  figures  would  be  the  absolute  evaporation. 

Stelling  determines  evaporation  from  a  combination  of  yalues  which  express  the  amount  of 
vapor  in  the  air  corresponding  to  the  temperature  of  the  evaporating  surface,  the  amouftt  of  vapor 
indicated  by  the  dew  point  of  the  air  at  the  time,  and  lastly  the  vapor  tension  for  the  existing' 
wind  velocity.  To  obtain  the  depth  of  evaporation  by  this  method  would  involve  the  preparation 
of  constants  based  upon  carefiil  computations  from  records  for  many  years. 

Maj.  Powell  says  that — 

Kvaporatiou  from  standing  bodies  of  water  will  vary  from  .">!>  to  Xl>  inches  per  annum,  depending  upon  exposure 
to  winds  and  upon  altitude.  The  higher  the  altitude  the  less  the  evaporation  ;  I  lie  greater  the  exposure,  to  wind  the 
greater  the  evaporation.  A  large'  stream  may  come  from  the  mountains  of  Colorado  which  may  lie  lost  before  it 
rear  he-  the  ( 'olorado  Kansas  line,  and  no  water  whatever  pass  beyond  that  line.  Out,  into  the  sands  on  either  side 
the  water  may  run  for  miles  and  is  rapidly  evaporated.  What  is  not  lost  by  evaporation  disappears  by  infiltration. 

In  further  lest  imony  on  this  subject  before  the  Senate  Committee  011  Irrigation  and  Kecla 
mat  ion  of  Arid  Lands,  Powell  says  that — 

From  waters  flowing  from  irrigated  land  about,  30  per  cent  is  evaporated.  Growing  plants  evaporate  300  times 
their  own  weight  of  growth  annually.  \Vhatev  er  I  he  crop  may  lie.  whet  her  corn,  grass,  or  wheat,  that  grows  in  one 
year,  it  will  evaporate  :MKI  limes  its  own  weight  of  water.  If,  then,  a  crop  is  raised  on  a  field  which  is  irrigated 
and  a  farmer  is  careless  to  such  an  extent  thai  the  field  is  covered  not  only  with  the  corn  or  other  crop  he  desires  to 
raise,  but  also  with  a  dense  growth  of  weeds,  the  evaporation  from  that  surface  will  be  enormous.  Hut  if  his  field 
of  corn  is  well  cultivated,  and  if  speedily  after  each  irrigation  he  turns,  with  a  harrow  or  raking  tool,  the  ground 
bet  ween  I  he  rows,  so  as  to  have  the  ground  mulched  with  a  thin  surface  of  soil,  the  evaporation  is  at  a  minimum. 

('apt.  Diilton.  of  the  IJ.  S.  (Jeological  Survey,  says: 

Hie  e\lcul  of  evaporation  is  always  in  proportion  to  the  surface,  other  filings  being  equal.  \Ve  consider  that 
evaporation  depends  on  three  <|nantities:  The  first  is  the  f  einperal  urc  of  the  water:  the  second  is  the  absolute 
humidity  of  the  air.  There,  is  still  a,  third,  the,  rate  at  which  the  wind  is  blowing,  the  wind  factor  being  really  the 
most  important  .ni.l  the  most  difficult  to  handle. 

Tate  established  by  careful  experiments  the  following  laws  of  evaporation  in  1862:  (1)  Other 
things  being  the  same  the  r.ite  of  evaporation  is  nearly  proportional  to  the  difference  of  the,  tem- 
perature indicated  by  the  \vet  and  dry  bulb  thermometers,  (li)  Other  things  being  the  same 
the  augmentation  of  evaporation,  due  to  air  in  motion,  is  nearly  proportional  to  the  velocity  of  the 


20  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

wind.    (3)  Other  things  being  the  same  the  evaporation  is  nearly  inversely  proportional  to  the 
pressure  of  (he  atmosphere. 

Observations  show  that  one  third  of  the  water  falling  in  the  Seine  is  taken  by  that  river  to 
the  sea.  the  balance  passing  oil'  by  evaporation  and  percolation.  A  measure  of  flic  exfeni  of 
evaporation  over  any  region  is  indirectly  given  by  the  flowing  waters  of  rivers  and  all  other 
streams,  which  represent  substantially  the  amount  by  which  the  precipitation  exceeds  the  evapo- 
ration, less  a  small  amount  permanently  lost  by  infiltration. 

Irrigation  will  diminish  the  inflow  to  lakes,  ponds,  and  rivers,  but  increase  the  active  area  of 
evaporation. 

Clarence  King  found  an  observed  evaporation  of  one-half  inch  per  day  in  the  (Ireat  liasin 
during  the  dryest  period  of  the  year.  Anstead  gives  the  same  rate  of  evaporation  for  the  lied 
Sea  during  the  summer. 

Prof.  Russell  found  the  observed  evaporation  at  Keeler,  CaL,  for  the  year  ending  .June  .">0, 
1888,  to  be  100.6  inches;  Fort  Grant,  Ariz.,  101.12  inches;  Yu ma,  Ariz.,  i)5.7  inches,  and  Fort 
Davis,  Tex.,  96.4  inches.  Bergland  gives  the  annual  evaporation  at  Cumana,  Vcne/ncla,  as  130 
inches,  and  the  Dead  Sea,  96.  Moncrief  reports  the  annual  evaporation  at  Madrid  as  05  inches, 
which  corresponds  very  closely  with  the  rate  of  evaporation  in  the  California  valleys. 

The  total  precipitation  of  any  region  is  carried  away  by  evaporation,  surface  and  underground 
drainage,  and  underground  storage,  and  the  only  means  of  regaining  it,  except  from  the  clouds, 
is  by  the  development  of  an  artesian  supply  and  thus  increase  the  total  amount  of  water  available 
for  irrigation. 

From  what  has  already  preceded  we  find  that  the  relation  of  drought  to  evaporation  is  most 
intimate  and  important.  So  strong  is  the  agency  of  evaporation  in  this  respect  that  we,  might, 
conceive  of  a  region  where  the  prevailing  climatic  conditions  were  such  as  to  make  the  occurrence 
of  drought  entirely  independent  of  rainfall.  That  is,  no  matter  how  great  the.  precipitation,  oppor 
t  unities  for  evaporation  would  dispose  of  all  the  water  on  the  surface  not  lost  by  infiltration.  It 
can  not  be  said  that  any  portion  of  the  United  States  (a  region  where  the  average  annual  rainfall 
varies  from  less  than  1!  inches  to  over  100)  is  absolutely  free  from  the  occurrence  of  such  a  deli 
ciency  iii  rainfall  and  such  an  excess  of  evaporation  as  to  result  in  injury  to  vegetation  and 
animal  life.  The  same  may  be  said  of  British  India,  where  the  average  annual  rainfall  varies  from 
about  10  inches  to  500,  but  where  the  density  of  population  is  many  times  greater  than  in  the 
United  States. 

Where  the  average  annual  rainfall  is  over  40  inches  there  are  times  when  irrigation  becomes 
necessary,  especially  under  abnormal  conditions  of  evaporation. 

Moncrief,  in  his  work  on  irrigation  in  southern  Europe,  cites  cases  of  the  employment  of 
irrigation  where  the  annual  rainfall  was  about  40  inches.  Similar  cases  may  be  found  in  the 
United  States  when  systems  of  irrigation  become  better  understood  and  more  readily  applied, 
and  their  advantages  fully  appreciated  in  the  protection  of  crops.  Where  the  annual  rainfall 
equals  or  exceeds  40  inches  the  average  cloudiness  is  Sufficiently  high  to  place  a  decided  check 
upon  evaporation,  and  therefore  a  large  amount  of  moisture  is  saved  to  the  soil  and  vegetation. 
By  reference  to  Appendix  No.  83  it  will  be  seen  that  evaporation  in  the  Dakotas  is  least  in  the, 
lied  River  Valley  and  is  greatest  in  the  Missouri  Valley.  The  values  of  average  cloudiness  given 
in  Appendix  No.  s.">  show  that  the  largest  region  of  high  percentage  embraces  the  Red  River  Val- 
ley and  eastern  South  Dakota.  Another  very  important  point  to  be  noted  in  this  connection  is 
the  fact  that  the  greatest  average  cloudiness  in  the  Red  River  Valley  and  in  eastern  South 
Dakota  occurs  during  the  spring  and  autumn,  when  crops  need  most  protection  from  evaporation 
and  plenty  of  sunshine  during  the  wet  and  growing  season. 

Many  cases  can  be  cited  of  remarkable  evaporation  under  the  influence  of  peculiar  winds. 

liefening  to  the  occasional  "hot  northers"  of  the  California  valleys,  Abbot  Kinney  says: 

Orchards  planted  along  the  edge  of  the  Sierras,  and  also  the  cultivated  area  planted  up  to  and  during  1880, 
suffered  a  great  deal  from  the  hot,  dry,  desert  winds.  I  have  seen  the  bark  of  the  trees  and  the  fruit  frequently 
excoriated  by  the  sand  carried  by  the  wind,  so  that  the  tree  and  fruit  gave  the  appearance  of  having  been  subjected, 
on  the  windward  side  to  asand  blast.  The  hot  desert  winds  have  been  undoubtedly  lessened  in  force  iu  our  valleys, 
and  so  also  have  what  we  call  trade  winds. 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  21 

The  Chinook  winds  of  the  Northern  Plateau  and  Saskatchewan  Valley  are  attended  with 
remarkable  excesses  of  temperature  and  evaporation.  During  the,  prevalenceof  these  winds,  which 
occur  most  frequently  in  winder  and  spring:,  the  thermograph  records  at  wea..ier  bureau  stations 
show  almost  a  vertical  ascent  of  the  pen  tracing  to  the  extent  of  from  40°  to  50°.  Reports  show 
that  an  increase  of  70°  to  80°  in  six  to  eight  hours  is  not,  unusual.  At  Fort  Assinaboine,  Mont., 
during  the  prevalence  of  a  remarkable  Chinook  wind  on  January  19,  1892,  the  thermograph 
record  exhibited  a  rise  in  temperature  of  about  42°  in  fifteen  minutes,  and  of  about  49°  in  less  than 
three  hours.  The  Fovhn  of  Switzerland  is  a  hot,  dry  wind,  peculiar  to  the  mountains  and  val- 
leys of  that  country,  and  during  its  prevalence  remarkable  rises  in  temperature,  take,  place, 
attended  with  an  astonishing  rate  of  evaporation.  The  southeast  trade  which  descends  the  west- 
ern slopes  of  the  Andes  from  the  pampas  of  Brazil,  becomes  such  a  dry  wind  over  Peru  that  1'res- 
cott  says  the  ancient  Peruvians  preserved  their  dead  by  exposing  the  bodies  to  its  action.  The 
northwest  anti-trade  of  New  Zealand  becomes  a  hot,  dry  wind  when  it  crosses  the  mountains,  and 
its  evaporating  power  is  very  great.  The  southeast  trade  on  ilie  African  coast,  and  in  Sicily, 
called  the  Sirocco,  is  attended  with  very  high  temperatures  and  causes  great  injury  to  vegetation 
by  evaporation.  Scott  says  that  the  Tlarmattan  of  the  west  coast  of  Africa  is  a  hot,  east  wind, 
which  coming  off  the  desert  brings  with  it  clouds  of  reddish  dust  which  cover  the  sails  and  decks 
of  ships  far  out  in  the,  Atlantic.  In  Egypt  the  hot  winds  from  the  desert  known  as  the  Khamsin, 
or  "fifty,"  from  the  idea  that  it  blows  for  that  number  of  days,  causes  much  damage  to  ve^eta 
tion  by  an  excess  of  evaporal  ion.  The  Zouda,  the  northeast  trade  of  Argentine  Republic,  and 
called  the  Sirocco  of  South  America,  prevails  during  the  months  of  July,  August,  and  September, 
generally  beginning  about  8  a.  m.,  and  continuing  until  sundown,  during  which  time  "the  heat, 
is  almost  suffocating  and  the  air  is  a  cloud  of  dust,"  says  Mr.  E.  L.  Baker,  United  States  consul, 
I.nenos  Ayres.  The  Zonda,  however,  is  always  followed  by  a  south  wind,  which  at  once  causes 
a  sudden  fall  of  the  temperature,  and  reestablishes  the  atmospheric  equilibrium. 

.M.  Perez,  United  States  consul,  Cadi/,  Spain,  says: 


An  si^fiit  wliidi  considerably  modifies  the  damp  character  of  the  climate  of  northern  S]tnin  is  the  peculiar 
south  wind  of  Ilial.  region.  It  acts  like  an  enormous  sponge  to  absorb  the  humidity,  and  us  a  natural  stove  where 
botli  Hit-  air  and  the  soil  are  speedily  dried  up.  The  atmosphere  acquires  then  such  transparency  that  scarcely  any 
gradual  lines  or  shadows  of  varying  distances  on  the  horizon  are  perceived.  It  is  peculiar  to  the  south  wind  that 
immediately  it  ceases  to  blow  it  is  generally  followed  with  rain  and  that  while  it  is  blowing  on  the  coast  rain  will 
most  likely  be  falling  on  the  elevated  plateau  of  Old  Castile.  The  winds  which  prevail  longest  in  the  year  come 
from  the  west-northwest,  succeeding  the  periods  from  the  south. 

The  dry,  hot  southerly  winds  of  the  Dakotas,  which  we  will  call  Hot  Southers,  are  attended 
with  extreme  heat  and  a  high  degree  of  evaporation,  the  extent  of  which  has  never  been 
accurately  measured.  The  destructive  effect  upon  vegetation,  however,  is  well  known.  The 
occurrence  of  the  Hot  Souther  is  mostly  con  lined  to  late  summer  and  autumn,  except  when  abnor- 
mal deficiencies  in  precipitation  occur  earlier  in  the  year.  It  is  important  to  note,  in  connection 
with  the  occurrence  of  these  high-power  evaporating  winds,  that  they  result  from  peculiarities  in 
the  distribution  of  atmospheric  pressure,  modified  to  a  certain  extent  by  both  general  and  local 
topography. 

A  marked  deficiency  in  precipitation  over  the  Dakotas  in  any  month  arises  whenever  the 
number  of  low-pressure  areas  become  greatly  reduced,  or  when  the  majority  of  them  pass  eastward 
north  of  the  forty  eighth  parallel.  The  latter  condition  operates  most  frequently  as  the  determin- 
ing cause,  and  thereby  develops  a  preponderance  of  southerly  winds  attended  with  excessive 
dryness  and  high  temperatures.  Atmospheric  circulation  in  low-pressure  areas  moves  toward 
the  place  of  least  pressure,  and  vice  versa  in  the  case  of  high-pressure  areas.  The  air  drawn  north- 
ward over  the  Dakotas  in  low-pressure  areas  starts  with  the  moisture  of  the  Gulf  and  adjacent 
regions  to  the  north,  but  precipitates  the,  vapor  over  the  intervening  country,  getting  rid  of  the 
water  but  retaining  the  heat  and  obtaining  more  of  the  latter  as  the  currents  progress  northward 
over  the  hot  plains  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  In  the  case  of  high-pressure  areas,  when  the  lows 
pass  eastward  south  of  the  forty-fifth  parallel,  they,  the  highs,  start  southward  with  the  cold  and 
dryness  of  the  interior  of  British  America  and  give  the  Dakotas  the  benefit  of  "first  choice,"  the 
intensity  of  the  disturbances  becoming  ameliorated  as  they  progress  to  lower  latitudes. 


22  CUllTAIX  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Under  such  distribution  of  atmospheric  pressure  the  Dakotas  are  frequently  subjected  to 
extremes  <>f  cold,  heat,  and  aridity,  according  to  the  latitude  and  velocity  of  the  progressive 
movement  of  the  disturbances.  As  these  conditions  of  occurrence  depend  upon  fundamental  and 
general  changes  in  the  atmosphere  over  extended  regions  of  country,  and  as  it  is  generally 
accepted  that  permanent  climatic  changes  are  not  taking  place,  it  must  be  conceded  that  the  pre- 
vailing characteristics  of  atmospheric  pressure  over  the  Dakotas,  as  shown  by  the  records  in  this 
monograph  will  continue  in  the  future  as  they  have  occurred  in  the  past. 

The  conditions  under  which  abnormal  cold  weather,  warm  weather,  dry  weather,  and  wet 
we.ii  her  are  developed  in  the  Dakotas  are  shown  in  Appendices  Nos.  21  to  2(5,  inclusive,  ami  in  58 
to  (51,  inclusive. 

As  to  protection  from  the  deleterious  influences  of  evaporation,  Prof.  Fernow  says: 

Summer  and  winter  drought,  viz.  rapid  evaporation,  is  the  bane  of  the  farmer  mi  Hie  plains,  ami  this  is  due 
to  the  continuous  dry  winds,  which  can  be  checked  by  rationally  disposed  timber  belts.  Another  merely  mechanical 
influence  which  needs  no  argument  or  discussion  with  the  observer  of  natural  phenomena,  is  lhat  which  the  forest 
cover  oil  the  mountain  sides  exerts  in  retarding  the  melting  of  the  snow  anil  the  drainage  of  the  water,  thus  prolong- 
ing tlie  period  during  which  the  same  may  be  made  available.  Complaints  that  the  snows  do  not  lie  as  long  into  I  he 
summer  as  they  used  to,  before  the  forest  cover  was  removed,  may  be  heard  all  along  the  eastern  Colorado  slop,-, 
where  irrigation  has  been  practiced  in  the  most  rational  manner  and  the  water  flow  the  best  observed. 

Absence  of  precipitation  does  not  always  mean  drought,  especially  when  the  soil  is  moist  and 
evaporation  is  retarded  by  cloudiness  and  unfavorable  wind  conditions.  Therefore  the  maximum 
period  without  rainfall,  as  a  measure  of  the  intensity  of  the  drought  must  be  considered  accord- 
ingly. In  Appendix  No.  82  are  presented  data  from  a  long  series  of  years  expressing  the  drought 
period  as  measured  by  the  total  absence  of  rain,  for  the  longest  consecutive  period,  also  by  that 
absence  plus  the  time  during  which  there  were  but  "traces"  of  precipitation,  which  could  have 
little  or  no  effect  upon  vegetation.  A  comparison  of  the  records  from  North  Dakota  and  South 
Dakota  show  that  the  former  is  subject  to  the  longest  average  consecutive  period  without  rain, 
about  23  days,  the  extremes  varying  from  22  days  (September  to  May,  inclusive,  1874,  1884,  1890) 
in  the  lied  River  Valley  to  45  days  (January  and  February,  1877)  in  the  James  River  Valley,  and 
54  days  (Aiigust  to  October,  inclusive,  1883)  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  Missouri  Valley,  to 
59  days  (January  to  March,  inclusive,  1877)  in  the  northwestern  portion.  In  South  Dakota  the 
average  consecutive  period  without  rain  is  about  19  days,  the  extremes  varying  from  19  days 
(September  to  November,  inclusive,  1885, 1891)  in  the  Black  Hills,  to  31,  days  (( )ctobcr  to  1  (ecember. 
inclusive,  1887, 1888)  in  the  James  River  Valley,  and  45  days  (November  to  March,  inclusive,  1804, 
1887)  in  the  Missouri  Valley.  Considering  the  greatest  consecutive  period  without  rain,  including 
"traces,"  the  average  for  North  Dakota  is  about  32  days,  the  extremes  varying  from  :.".>  days 
(November  to  January,  inclusive,  1885,  1889,  1890)  in  the  Red  River  Valley  to  54  days  (February 
and  March,  1880)  in  the  James  River  Valley,  to  113  days  (January  to  April,  inclusive,  1880)  in  the 
Missouri  Valley.  In  South  Dakota  the  average  period  without  rain,  including  "traces,"  is  about 
27  days,  the  extremes  varying  from  24  days  (January,  1879)  in  the  Black  Hills,  to.'W  days  (November 
and  December,  1888)  in  the  James  River  Valley,  to  61  days  (October  to  December,  inclusive,  1804, 
1875,  1880)  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  Missouri  Valley,  and  67  days  (February  to  April,  inclu- 
sive, 1887)  in  the  northern  portion. 

The  maximum  periods  without  rain  are  almost  entirely  confined  to  autumn,  winter,  and  spring 
in  both  Dakotas,  and  appear  to  be  most  frequent  from  September  to  December,  inclusive,  during 
which  latter  period  the  average  path  of  areas  of  low  pressure  (storm  centers)  is  north  of  1  lie  forty- 
seventh  parallel,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  reference  to  Appendices  Nos.  155  to  158.  inclusive;  another 
striking  confirmation  of  the  relation  of  precipitation  and  evaporation  to  the  distribution  of  atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

A  further  illustration  of  this  important  relation  is  shown  diagrammatically  in  Appendices 
Nos.  99  to  138,  inclusive,  where  both  the  actual  and  the  reduced  barometric  pressure  have 
been  considered,  to  compare  principally,  the  corresponding  effects  of  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold,  and  the  deficiencies  and  excesses  of  precipitation.  The  fluctuations  appear  to  be  nearly 
identical,  although  perhaps  slightly  the  greatest  in  reduced  pressure,  and  most  marked  in  both 
during  periods  of  extremes  of  drought  and  excesses  of  precipitation^the  latter  being  attended  with 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTA S.  23 

the  greatest  variations.  Prof.  Hazen  has  shown  from  a  study  of  the  observations  at  the  summit 
and  base  of  Mount  Washington,  for  the  months  of  January,  February,  and  March,  during  a  period 
of  sixteen  years.  1871  to  1886,  inclusive,  that  the  fluctuations  of  both  pressure  and  temperature  are 
almost  exactly  identical.  ".Occasionally  the  change  in  temperature  at  the  summit  has  preceded 
that,  in  pressure  to  such  an  extent  as  to  cause  the  pressure  phases  to  lag  behind  at  the  summit." 

In  Appendices  No.  80  and  81  will  be  found  the  normal  values  of  dry  periods,  excluding  "traces" 
of  rain,  and  including  them.  These  data  are  computed  from  a  combination  of  the  long  and  short 
periods,  during  a  long  series  of  years.  Comparing  these  values  with  those  for  cloudiness  and 
sunshine  given  in  Appendices  85  and  86,  it  will  be  observed  that  the  normal  dry-period  values 
(August  to  December,  inclusive)  reach  their  maximum  during  the  maximum  period  of  sunshine  and 
the  minimum  period  of  cloudiness;  another  confirmation  of  the  influence  of  barometric  pressure  on 
these  conditions.  Tate  says  that  when  the  temperature  of  the  evaporating  surface  is  higher  than 
that  of  the  surrounding  air  the  resulting  ascensional  current  of  vapor  will  facilitate  the  process  of 
evaporation  only  during  continued  sunshine.  In  the  case  of  heavy  cloudiness  the  temperature 
of  the  evaporating  surface  is  lower  than  that  of  the  surrounding  air,  resulting  in  little  or  no 
ascensional  current  of  vapor  and  a  retardation  of  evaporation. 

Comparing  the  normal  values  of  sunshine,  cloudiness,  and  dry  periods  with  the  average  hourly 
velocity  of  the  wind  (see  Appendix  No.  87)  we  find  the  maximum  value  of  the  force  occurring 
from  September  to  April  inclusive.  The  highest  of  the  average  maximum  -wind  velocities  (see 
Appendix  No.  90)  occur  also  from  September  to  April  inclusive. 

Secular  change  in  precipitation,  as  shown  in  Appendix  No.  14,  appears  to  afford  some  evidence 
of  a  regular  recurrence  of  eleven-year  periods  of  excess  and  deficiency  in  the  Dakotas.  Perhaps 
failure  to  satisfactorily  establish  such  periods  may  be  due,  in  a  measure,  to  broken  records  and 
want  of  a  longer  period  of  continuous  observations.  Considering  the  whole  territory  together,  we 
find  an  eleven-year  period  of  excess  from  1875  to  1885  inclusive,  which  is  also  fairly  well  marked 
at  some  of  the  stations  of  longest  record.  If  the  records  at  Fort  Randall,  S.  Dak.,  were  complete 
for  the  years  1864,  18(>."»,  isoo,  they  might  show  an  eleven-year  period  of  deficiency  in  precipitation, 
ending  with  1874  and  immediately  preceding  the  eleven-year  period  of  excess,  just  referred  to. 
During  these  missing  years  there  was  a  rather  marked  deficiency  of  rainfall,  especially  in  18C6,  at 
Fort  Abercrombie,  N.  Dak.;  but  this  would  hardly  justify  the  assumption  of  a  deficiency  at  Fort 
Randall,  particularly  as  in  1807  and  continually  thereafter  to  include  1870,  a  marked  excess  in 
rainfall  was  reported  from  Fort  Abercrombie,  during  which  time  marked  deficiencies  prevailed  at 
Fort  Randall.  The  records  at  Fort  Randall,  which  are  complete  from  1857  to  1891  inclusive 
(except  1804  to  1866  inclusive)  show  a  twelve-year  period  of  excess  (except  a  deficiency  in  1884) 
from  187.")  to  1886  inclusive. 

The  combined  records  for  both  Dakotas  show  a  thirteen-year  period  of  deficiency  (except  an 
excess  in  1872)  from  1862  to  1874  inclusive.  A  twenty-year  continuous  record  at  Fort  Totten,  N. 
Dak.,  shows  an  eleven  year  period  of  excess  (except  deficiencies  in  1884  and  18S6)  from  1S77  to 
1887  inclusive.  A  twenty-three-year  continuous  record  at  Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak.,  shows  an  eleven 
year  deficiency  (except  excesses  in  1883  and  1885)  from  1880  to  1891  inclusive.  An  eighteen-year 
continuous  record  at  Yankton,  S.  Dak.,  shows  a  thirteen-year  period  of  excess  (except  deficiencies 
in  1879,  1880,  1882,  and  1884)  from  1875  to  1887  inclusive.  A  twenty-one-year  record  at  Fort 
Buford,  N.  Dak.,  shows  a  thirteen-year  period  of  excess  (except  deficiencies  in  1882,  1883,  1884, 
1886,  and  1889)  from  1879  to  1891  inclusive.  A  seventeen-year  continuous  record  at  Bismarck,  N. 
Dak.,  shows  an  eleven-year  period  of  deficiency  (except  excesses  in  1882, 1884,  and  1891)  from  1881 
to  1891  inclusive.  A  fifteen-year  record  at  Fort  Abraham  Lincoln,  N.  Dak.,  and  a  sixteen-year 
record  at  Fort  Pembina,  N.  Dak.,  are  too  much  broken  to  be  considered  independently.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  a  twelve-year  record  at  Fort  Sisseton,  S.  Dak.  The  six-year  record  at  Fort  Rice, 
N.  Dak.,  has  not  been  used  in  computing  the  mean  annual  deviations  for  obvious  reasons. 

Blauford  sought  to  establish  the  occurrence  of  an  eleven-year  cycle  in  the  Caruatic  rainfall  of 
India,  from  1864  to  1885  inclusive,  through  the  intervention  of  harmonic  analysis  to  secure  greater 
precision  in  the  character  of  the  periodical  fluctuations  than  appeared  on  the  face  of  the  records, 


24  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC!  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

but  without  success.     General  Straehey.  in  criticism  of  this  method  (Nature,  July  21.  1887),  set 
forth  the  statement  that — 

Such  ;i  scries  of  calculated  values  has  no  physical  signification  whatever.  The  greater  or  less  degree  of  differ- 
ence between  the  observed  and  calculated  quantities  only  indicates  how  far  the  sums  of  the  terms  of  the  harmonic 
series  employed  coincide  with  the  series  of  observed  quantities,  which  the  calculated  series  was  designed  to  repre- 
sent. The  mean  variation  of  the  series  of  observed  values,  from  the  mean  of  all  of  them,  will,  of  course,  lie  greater  than 
the  mean  variation  of  those  observed  values  from  a  scries  deliberately  calculated  so  as  to  correspond  with  them,  such 
as  that  obtained  by  aid  of  the  harmonic  scries. 

Mr.  Elan  ford  shortly  after  admitted  the  correctness  of  the  above  criticism. 

Considering  all  of  the  annual  deviations  of  precipitation  lor  1891  collectively,  as  shown  in 
Appendix  No.  14,  for  each  State,  the  data  would  appear  to  indicate  that  North  Dakota  is  entering' 
upon  a  period  of  excess,  beginning  with  that  year.  The  same,  can  be  said  of  South  Dakota,  but 
to  a  less  degree,  the  excess  for  1891  being  about  four-fifths  less  than  in  the  case  of  'North  Dakota. 
On  the  contrary,  during  the  period  of  thirty-one  consecutive  years  from  1JSC1  to  1891,  for  North 
Dakota,  and  during  a  period  of  thirty-two  years  from  1857  to  1891  inclusive.  (18G4,  1865,  and  1866 
missing)  for  South  Dakota,  the  former  shows  an  absolute  excess  about  one-third  less  than  appears 
for  the  latter.  In  other  words,  South  Dakota  seems  to  show  the  greatest  tendency  to  a  period  of 
excess  from  and  after  1891. 

The  mean  annual  deviation  of  precipitation  for  the  Dakotas  is  about  22  per  cent,  for  North 
Dakota  about  23  per  cent,  and  for  South  Dakota  about  21  per  cent.  Blanford  has  shown  that  in 
British  India  severe  droughts  occur  in  regions  where  the  mean  annual  rainfall  is  less  than  50  inches 
with  a  mean  annual  deviation  of  more  than  12  per  cent.  The  ravages  of  drought  in  any  region 
must  depend  very  largely  upon  the  density  of  population.  Therefore  drought  in  India  or  China 
becomes  severe  with  a  much  larger  rainfall  and  a  much  smaller  variability  in  precipitation  than 
in  any  portion  of  the  United  States.  It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  with  a  mean  annual  rain- 
fall of  about  20  inches  and  a  mean  annual  deviation  of  about  22  per  cent  the  conditions  appear 
to  be  favorable  for  the  frequent  occurrence  of  drought  in  the  Dakotas,  being  most  marked  in 
North  Dakota  and  in  the  central  and  northwestern  portions  of  both  States.  The  least  mean 
annual  deviations  are  found  in  the  Black  Hills  and  in  the  Red  River  valley. 

Capt.  Wheeler,  in  his  report  upon  the  U.'S.  Geographical  surveys  west  of  the  one  hundredth 
meridian,  says  that — 

While  farming  without  irrigation  may  doubtless  "be  safely  carried  on  where  the  rainfall  exceeds  20  inches, 
yet  for  the  whole  interior  basin,  and  indeed  for  much  of  the  western  mountain  legion,  especially  that  part  south  of 
the  fortieth  parallel,  and  particularly  not  including  the  more  humid  northwest,  crops  may  be  at  least  doubled  from 
its  use  and  ordinarily  the  soil  be  fertilized  from  silt  deposited.  A  rainfall  of  from  12  to  14  inches,  properly  distrib- 
uted, would  produce  cereal  crops  without  irrigation,  while  in  the  case  of  a  much  greater  precipitation,  recurring 
irregularly,  it  would  be  requisite.  As  a  rule  irrigation  implies  that  the  increased  production  results  from  a  lesser 
area  than  that  whereupon  the  necessary  amount  of  rain  utilized  actually  falls. 

A  study  of  secular  changes  as  shown  in  Appendix  No.  14,  and  of  the  general  distribution  of 
precipitation  as  exhibited  in  the  various  charts,  diagrams,  and  tabulations  of  this  monograph, 
seem  to  warrant  the  belief  that  no  important  climatic  change  has  taken  place  in  the  Dakotas 
during  the  past  forty  years,  or  is  likely  to  occur  in  as  many  years  to  come.  Local  a?id  temporary 
changes,  effected  through  the  employment  of  systems  of  irrigation  and  reforestation,  are  not  con- 
sidered in  the  above  statement  because  independent  of  it. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Hall,  of  Dickey  County,  N.  Dak.,  testified  in  1889,  before  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Irrigation  and  Reclamation  of  Arid  Lauds,  as  follows: 

This  is  the  driest  year  we  have  had  for  eight  years.  My  acquaintance  with  this  part  of  the  country  commenced 
in  August,  1881.  In  that  year  the  condition  of  the  country  was  very  much  the  same  with  regard  to  drvness  that  it 
now  is.  The  Cottonwoo/1  was  dried  up  and  only  some  of  the  lakes  remained  full.  In  1881  and  in  1X82  there  was  an 
immense  fall  of  snow,  and  the  next  spring  the  country  was  full  of  water  and  the  crops  were  the.  liesl  that  were  ever 
known  in  that  section.  But  since  that  time  the  country  has  dried  up.  At  times  the  whole  country  will  get  wet 
through  and  then  it  will  gradually  dry  up. 

Mr.  L.  R.  Casey,  of  Jamestown,  N.  Dak.,  testified  as  follows: 

Farming  in  Dakota  was  begun  in  1875  by  a  few  venturesome  parties  in  the  Re'd  River  Valley,  but  it  was  1878 
before  confidence  was  established  in  Dakota  sufficient  to  induce  emigration  to  North  Dakota.  In  ten  years,  from  1877 
to  1887,  the  population  of  Dakota  as  a  whole  increased  from  less  than  100,000  to  (something  over  000,000.  Of  that  pop- 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  2f> 

ulation  North  Dakota  in  1877  had  not  more  than  20,000.  In  1887  it  had  about  two-fifths  of  the  -whole.  The  basis  of 
that  large  emigration  to  North  Dakota  was  the  great  success  of  cropping  lands,  and  the  emigration  to  the  country 
was  almost  entirely  east  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian.  That  success  continued  until  1883.  During  that  summer 
the  precipitation  was  deficient.  For  the  year  it  was  about  as  usual,  but  while  in  other  years  there  had  been  good 
rains  in  June  or  July,  that  season  it  was  not  so.  And  in  every  year  when  there  has  been  such  lack  of  rain,  crops 
have  not  been  so  good.  In  the  year  1886  there  had  been  scarcely  any  rainfall  in  the  first  part  of  the  season  in  North 
Dakota.  The  crops  were  languishing  and  discouragement  began  to  come  over  the  people.  On  the  3d  day  of  July 
there  was  a  copious  rain,  lasting  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  in  the  James  River  Valley  and  for  three  hours  in  the  Red 
Hi  ver  Valley.  The  farms  in  the  Red  River  Valley  that  had  been  cropped  eleven  years  without  rest,  the  reports  show, 
g-»ve  larger  crops  that  season  than  ever  before,  and  it  all  turned  on  that  great  rain  of  the  3d  day  of  July. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Burt,  of  Huron,  S.  Dak.,  testified  as  follows: 

I  first  went  to  Dakota  in  the  fall  of  1881,  and  moved  there  to  live  in  the  spring  of  1882.  At  that  time  there  was 
little  or  no  settlement  in  that  conutry.  During  the  winter  of  1880  and  1881  there  was  in  that  country  what  might 
In-  1'iillcd  an  abnormal  snowfall.  That  snow  melted  and  filled  all  the  lake-beds  and  low  places  with  water.  During 
tin-  summer  of  1882  we  had  frequent  and  heavy  rains.  That  season,  what  little  crops  there  wen:  became  fully  matured 
ami  were  good.  The  vegetables  of  every  description  grew  to  mammoth  size.  We  were  all  well  satisfied  that  the 
soil  of  Dakota  was  very  fertile.  In  1883  it  was  a  drier  season;  still  we  had  plenty  of  moisture  on  the  surface,  and 
good  crops.  The  summer  of  1884  came,  and  it  was  <lrier  still,  and  since  that  time  it  has  continued  to  grow  drier  until 
the  supply  of  water  obtained  iu  1881  and  1882  became  exhausted.  The  soil  of  Dakota  is  black  and  from  1C  to  20 
inches  deep.  Underneath  this,  esperiallv  in  the  central  portion  of  the  Territory,  lies  a  bed  of  red  clay,  hard  and 
almost  impe.rvious  to  water.  When  the  water  falls  upon  the,  surface  it  penetrates  to  this  subsoil  and  is  held  there,  so 
tliat  when  the  rains  are  over  vegetation  may  draw  from  this  supply.  The  only  thing  is  to  get  the  water  into  the 
ground.  We  of  Dakota  dislike  to  have  our  country  referred  to  as  an  arid  country.  We  have  always  insisted  that 
we  had  one  of  the  grandest  countries  in  the  world,  yet  to-day,  while  still  clinging  to  that  belief,  we  must  admit  that 
the  farming  of  that  country  is  substantially  reduced  to  a  question  of  luck. 

As  to  the  occurrence  of  permanent  changes  in  climate,  Prof.  Upton  lias  shown  from  a  study 
of  long  meteorological  records  in  Xew  England  that  great  fluctuations  occur  in  different  years, 
with  some  indications  of  periodicity,  but  no  progressive  change.  The  universal  popular  belief  that 
the  climate  is  changing  can  only  be  explained  by  the  short  and  defective  memories  of  people  who 
recall  a  few  seasons  only  and  who  exaggerate  the  frequency  of  some  special  event;  by  the  fact  that, 
the  fluctuations  are  large  and  often  in  the  same  direction  for  several  successive  years,  or  by  the 
difference  between  the  impressions  of  the  child  and  the  adult. 

Mr.  Gannett  has  compared  the  observations  from  twenty-six  stations,  covering  periods  of  from 
six  to  twenty-six  years,  for  the  western  and  northern  plains,  and  found  some  show  of  an  apparent 
tot  al  increase  of  GO  inches  of  rainfall,  or  a  mean  of  0.40  inch  per  year.  Other  series  of  observations 
were  compared,  of  from  ten  to  forty  years,  in  the  Central  States  and  in  New  England,  in  con- 
uectiou  with  the  influence  of  forest  areas,  and  it  was  found  that  any  difference  in  the  amount  of 
rainfall,  as  affected  by  the  forests,  was  too  slight  to  be  of  material  importance. 

Schott  has  shown,  in  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  Atmospheric  Temperature, 
and  Atmospheric  Precipitation,  that — 

There  is  nothing  in  the  meteorological  curves  to  countenance  the  idea  of  any  permanent  change  iu  the  climate 
having  taken  place,  or  being  about  to  take  place,  in  the  last,  ninety  years  of  thermouietric  records,  the  mean 
temperatures  showing  no  indication  whatever  of  a  sustained  rise  or  fall.  The  same  conclusion  has  been  reached  in 
the  discussion  of  the  secular  change  in  rainfall,  which  appears  also  to  have  remained  permanent  in  amount  as  well 
as  iu  annual  distribution. 

While  there  appears  no  important  change  in  the  amount  of  precipitation  over  the  Dakotas, 
from  an  examination  of  the  longest  record,  yet  the  inhabitants  of  both  States  report  from  various 
sections  evidences  of  a  gradual  diminution  in  the  amount  of  rainfall,  by  the  drying  up  of  lakes, 
ponds,  rivers,  and  the  failure  of  crops. 

Mr.  W.  N.  Potter,  of  Lamoure,  X.  Dak.,  testified  before  the  Senate  Committee  on  Irrigation 
and  Reclamation  of  Arid  Lands,  1889,  as  follows: 

Six  years  ago  sloughs  nearly  impassable  by  teams  were  scattered  in  a  majority  of  the  townships,  but  they  are 
now  all  dry.  The  Twin  alkali  lakes,  3  miles  from  the  town  of  Lamoure,  nearly  2  miles  north  and  south  and 
from  10  to  12  feet  deep — now  one  is  dry  and  the  other  nearly  so.  Cottonwood  Lake,  1  mile  long  and  one-half  mile 
wide,  9  miles  southwest  of  Lamoure,  is  now  a  shallow  pond  6  feet  lower  than  it  was  live  years  ago.  This  is  about 
all  the  surface  water  except  the'james  River  in  the  entire  1,152  square  miles  of  the  county.  The  James  River  has 
been  only  a  shadow  of  its  former  self  most  of  the  time  during  the  present  season.  The  disappearance  of  these  pomls 

S.  Ex.  157 4 


26  CKHTAIN   CLIMATIC   FKATI'I.'KS  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

has  been  gradual,  more  or  less  from  year  to  year,  in  ilie  face  of  the  generally  received  theory  that  cultivation  of  the 
land  increases  rainfall.  Probably  the  cultivation  of  the  surface,  has  one  eii'ect,  viz,  to  arrest  the,  falling  water  before 
it  reaches  the  water  courses.  At  the.  same  time  it  is  evident  that  the  supply  has  diminished  and  that  our  farmers 
have  been  suffering  more  and  more  from  year  to  year.  What  is  true  of  Lamourc  (loiintyin  these  respects  is  also 
true  of  nearly  all  the  present  occupied  portion  of -the  two  Dakotas. 

These  evidences  as  to  the  disappearance  of  shallow  bodies  of  water  and  the  drying  up  of  the 
ground  are  not  necessarily  indicative  of  the  actual  falling  off  in  the  amount  of  rainfall  over  a  vast 
region  like  the  Dakotas.  To  develop  a  permanent  deficiency  in  rainfall  would  require  some  catas- 
trophic change  iu  the  atmosphere  itself  rather  than  in  the  surface  of  the  country.  If  there  is 
really  an  eleven-year  cycle  of  precipitation  in  the  Dakotas,  a  continued  deficiency  for  such  a  period 
of  lime  would  undoubtedly  result  in  diminishing  the  amount  of  surface  water  very  considerably. 
But  as  a  marked  deficiency  in  rainfall  means  an  excess  of  sunshine  and  warm  winds,  the  strongest 
influence  in  the  disappearance  of  the  surface  wafer  is  evaporation. 

If  the  amount  of  rainfall  has  not  essentially  varied  during  a  long  series  of  years,  then  th"  dis- 
appearance of  moisture  from  the  soil  and  of  water  from  the  surface  must  be  due  to  some  modifica- 
tion of  that  land  surface  which  accelerates  evaporation.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  cultivation 
of  the  soil  in  the  Dakotas  has  hastened  evaporation,  and  it  maybe  that  the  disappearance  of 
the  moisture  has  been  largely  influenced  by  the  character  of  the  soil,  which  is  a  black  loam  that 
very  readily  absorbs  the  heat.  Before  cultivation,  the,  hard  prairie  sod  sheds  the  rain  like  a 
••duck's  back,"  the  water  running  oft' rapidly  and  gathering  in  the  nearest  depressions,  keeping  the 
ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers  well  supplied.  With  the  advance  of  the  conditions  of  civilization,  extend- 
ing farther  and  farther  westward  the  limits  of  agriculture,  decided  and  permanent  modifications 
have  been  made  of  the  sin  lace,  of  the  country,  which  have  increased  the  opportunity  of  the  soil  to 
absorb  the  rainfall  and  at  the  same  time  to  give  it  off  gradually  to  the  atmosphere  through  the 
process  of  evaporation.  Tlfcsc  changes  have  taken  place  most  decidedly  where,  the  primitive  con- 
ditions of  the  country  have  been  most  completely  modified  by  changes  incident  to  settlement. 

Prof.  Fernow  says: 

It  can  no  longer  be  doubted  that  while,  the  destruction  of  forests  was  the  chief  agency,  yet  the  pastoral  huhil  nf 
the  people  of  western  Asia  and  other  oriental  countries,  once  so  fertile  but  now  so  barren,  was  one  importiinl  factor 
in  producing  the  present  dry  and  barren  condition  of  those  countries.  Xo  country  in  the  interior  of  a  continent, 
unless  supplied  with  numerous  lakes,  or  numerous  and  permanent  rivers,  can  remain  permanently  fertile  and  pro- 
ductive if  given  up  largely  to  pasturage  of  sheep,  gouts,  and  cattle,  without  cultivation.  The  rapid  destruction  of 
mountain  forests  and  pasturing  their  slopes  and  bordering  plains  will  most  certainly  have  a  tendency  to  render  that 
portion  of  onr  country  mure  dry  and  barren. 

Mr.  Tate  says  that — 

The  rate  of  evaporation  from  different  substances  mainly  depends  upon  the  roughness  or  inequalities  of  their 
surfaces.  Evaporation  is  must  rapid  from  the  roughest  or  most  uneven  surfaces.  In  fact,  the  best  radiators  of  beat 
arc  the  best  vaporizers  of  moisture. 

The  loss  of  moisture  would  appear  to  be  greatest  from  water  in  commotion  than  when  the 
surface  is  quiet;  from  cultivated  land  than  from  unbroken  sod;  from  soil  frequently  cultivated 
I  han  from  that  occasionally  so;  from  bodies  of  water  exposed  to  the  winds  than  when  protected 
by  forests. 

Capt.  Twining,  as  chief  astronomer  of  the  Northern  Boundary  Survey,  1872  to  1876,  states  in 
his  report  that  — 

The  streams  between  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  excepting  only  the  mountain  tor- 
rents llo wing  to  the  north  into  the  How  River  and  thence  into  the  Saskatchewan,  are  merely  prairie,  streams,  to  which 
the  name  "river''  is  only  given  by  sufferance.  Many  of  them  are  most  insignificant  of  rivulets,  which,  during  the 
melting  of  snows  in  the  early  spring  may  carry  a  reasonable  volume  of  water,  but  in  the  summer  consist,  for  the 
most  part,  of  a  series  of  pools,  more  or  less  stagnant,  and  with  no  appreciable  current.  The  Mouse  River  and  the 
Milk  River  are  the  most  considerable  of  those  along  the  northern  boundary,  and  may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  all  the 
prairie,  streams  of  Dakota  and  Montana.  Tints,  the  Mouse  River,  though  having  a  length  of  a,s  much  as  400  miles, 
and  draining  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Coteau  of  the  Missouri,  from  north  of  Woody  Mountain  to  the  bend  of  the 
.Missouri  below  Fort  Stevenson,  yet  carries  an  insignificant  volume,  of  water,  being  reduced  to  almost  nothing  during 
August  ami  September.  In  like  manner,  the  Milk  River,  rising  near  tin-  Rocky  Mountains,  ceases  to  flow  during  the 
month  of  August.  As  these  rivers  are  not  fed  by  springs,  the  lack  of  rain  and  the  rapid  evaporation  reduces  the 
volume  of  their  flow  in  proportion  to  the  distance  from  their  sources. 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  27 

Prairie  tires  are,  without  doubt,  a  considerable  detriment  to  the  agricultural  development  of 
the  Dakotas  because  of  augmenting  the  influences  of  evaporation.  They  appear  to  occur  most 
frequently  in  autumn  when  the  atmospheric  conditions  are  most  favorable  for  the  loss  of  mois- 
ture from  the  soil,  and  to  the  occurrence  of  drought.  Capt.  Twiniug  refers  to  these  tires  in  Sep- 
tember, 187:5,  as  follows: 

The  prairie  tires,  which  for  some  days  had  been  buruing  brightly  in  every  direction,  had  swept  every  vestige  of 
grass  from  these  plains,  except  ill  the  immediate  vicini-ty  of  the  ponds,  leaving  the  ground  covered  willi  a  light  film 
of  ashes.  Our  march  from  this  point  was  most  distressing,  owing  to  this  cause.  A  strong  east  wind  raised  the  dust 
and  ashes  in  clouds,  filling  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  with  an  irritating  alkali  which  bit  and  smarted  with  undying 
zeal.  We  reached  Fort  Totteii  on  the  20th  of  October. 

The  Monthly  Weather  Review  of  September,  1890,  refers  to  prairie  and  forest  fires  as  follows: 

In  the  region  about  Etta  Mine,  southwest  South  Dakota,  and  Bismarck,  prairie  and  forest  fires  caused  wide- 
spread damage. 

Iii  September,  1891,  as  follows: 

On  the  17th  and  18th  extensive  prairie  fires  were  reported  in  parts  of  North  Dakota,  near  Rapid  City,  S. 
Dak.,  and  in  the  northern  portion  of  South  Dakota. 

The  lapse  of  time  and  the  many  changes  consequent  upon  advancing  civilization  seem  to  hnve 
little  effect  upon  this  element  of  danger  to  the  agricultural  interests  of  a  vast  territory. 

The  following  information  oil  the  subject  of  drought  in  the  Uakotas  is  extracted  from  the 
Monthly  Weather  Review : 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

June,  18S3. — Bismarck:  Crops  suffering  from  drought. 

July,  18S3, — Bismarck:  Little  rain  in  the  immediate  vicinity  since  Juno  23.  Crops  suffering  seriously  for  rain. 
Jamestown:  Crops  injured  by  previous  drought.  Kaiu  of  13th  will  insure  fair  yield  of  wheat. 

June,  1SSG. — Fargo:  Extensive  and  severe  drought  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Territory.  Maudau:  Continued  dry 
weather  seriously  injured  wheat  <  rop. 

Surrtiilii-i;  1XS6. — The  following  extracts  are  from  a  report  prepared  by  the  observer,  Signal  Service,  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  on  the'  drought  which  has  prevailed  throughout  the  Northwest  during  I  lie  past  summer  and  autumn: 

"  The  severe  drought  which  has  prevailed  over  the  western  portion  of  the  country  during  the  summer  of  1886  has 
left  its  devastating  effects  on  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Northwest.  Its  influence  was  mostly  felt  in 
northwestern  Minnesota  and  northeastern  Dakota,  being  most  severe  and  longest  in  the  latter  section.  Other  areas 
which  suffered  for  shorter  periods  were  northern  Iowa,  western  Wisconsin,  southeastern  Minnesota,  southwestern 
Dakota,  and  eastern  Montana. 

"  This  paper  will  treat  mainly  on  its  effects  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota. 

"  In  these  States  the  usual  copious  rainfall  of  May  was  lessened  so  considerably  that  the  drought  literally  began 
to  be  appreciable  in  that  month.  The  temperature  was  abnormally  high,  with  a  deficiency  in  rainfall  of  nearly  1 
inch. 

"In  the  month  of  June  the  temperature  was  about  normal,  while  the  precipitation  was  nearly  H  inches  below 
the  average  in  Minnesota,  and  about  2  inches  below  in  Dakota. 

"In  July  the  rainfall  continued  In-low  the  average,  with  the  greatest  deficiency  occurring  in  eastern  Min- 
nesota and  southern  Dakota.  At  Dulutu,  Minn.,  the  deficiency  was  2.42  inches;  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  3.08  inches; 
Huron,  Dak,  3.26  inches;  and  Yaukton,  Dak.,  3.28  inches.  The  temperature  in  Dakota  was  decidedly  above 
the  normal,  at  Huron  being  f>-.-l  above,  and  Bismarck  6°  above.  In  Minnesota  it  was  also  above  the  normal,  with 
the  mean  temperature  of  the  State  7C.2,  while  the  average  of  the  minimum  temperatures  was  50-.5.  The  tempera- 
ture was  phenomoually  high  during  nearly  the  entire  month, While  at  Sherbnrne  and  .Spring  Valley  the  maximum 
temperature  was  respectively  107°  and  104°,  which  is  about  the  greatest  heat  ever  observed  in  this  State. 

"  In  August  there  was  an  excess  of  over  2  inches  oi' rainfall  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  Dakota,  while  in 
northern  Dakota  and  Minnesota  the  rainfall  was  below  the  average:  the  deficiency  being  3.1  inches  at  St.  Vin- 
cent and  2.5  inches  at  Moorhead.  The  temperature  continued  above  the  average  with  the  maximum  above  100° 
north  to  St.  Vincent,  where  it  rose  as  high  as  103°.2. 

September  in  eastern  Minnesota  brought  an  excess  of  rainfall,  while  there  was  a  deficiency  in  western  Minnesota 
and  northern  Dakota.  The  temperature,  was  markedly  below  the  normal  at  Dnlutli,  while  it  was  slightly  above  in 
southeastern  Dakota. 

"In  October  the  rainfall  was  slightly  below  the  average,  while  the  temperature  was  decidedly  above.  For  Min- 
nesota the  mean  temperature  was  8°. 7  above  the  mean  of  the  corresponding  month  of  1S85.  The  greatest  depart- 
ures from  the  normal  were  8°  above  at  Dnluth,  6°  above  at  Moorhead,  St.  Vincent,  St.  Paul,  and  Vankton,  and  5° 
above  at  Huron. 

"Pastures  became  burned  and  brown  early  in  the  season  and  caught  lire  readily  from  sparks  of  passing  trains. 
Those  crops  which  yielded  fairly  well  were  favored  with  early  rains  and  were  past  danger  when  the  dry  season  be- 


28  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THK  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

gan.     Tin"  effect  on  iiewiv  seeded  grass   fields   has  been   unusually  severe,  in   many  ruses  rendering   the  seeding  of 
t-arlv  spring  worthless.     Tree  seeds  in  northern  Dakota  have  become  very  scarce  and  are  in  great  demand. 

"Sloughs,  lakes,  and  rivei-s,  which  had  the  appearance  of  having  been  in  existence  for  ages,  have  become  dry, 
leaving  the  alluvial  soii  found  in  their  bottoms  to  be  baked  by  the  burning  sun,  thus  causing  it  to  be  cracked  over 
an  inch  wide  and  many  inches  deep  in  Nome,  localities.  Regions  where  there  was  but  a  thin  layer  of  soil  upon  a 
gravel  or  stone  bottom  suffered  far  more  from  the  drought  than  those  favored  by  ground  of  clay  formation. 

"Prairie  fires  were  much  more  frequent  and  did  greater  damage  than  in  previous  years.  The  removing  of  the 
grass  covering  from  the  earth  by  these  tires  exposed  its  surface  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  thus  allowing  undue 
absorption  of  the  moisture  from  the  soil  and  leaving  it  in  a  dry  condition.  In  localities  well  favored  with  forests 
the  tli'eets  of  the  drought  were  largely  modified  and  showers  were  generally  more  frequent,  thus  showing  the  great 
necessity  of  protecting  those  woodlands  which  so  materially  assist  in  moderating  droughts  and  floods.  Rain  was 
also  more  frequent  near  large  bodies  of  water  and  along  large  streams. 

"During  the  fall  of  1885  and  winter  of  1885  and  1886  the  fall  of  snow  and  rain  was  very  light,  and  was  followed 
by  a  summer  marked  by  a  decided  deficiency  of  precipitation,  which  had  the  effect  of  drying  sloughs,  hikes,  and 
rivers  to  an  almost  unprecedented  extent,  causing  the  ground  in  many  localities  to  be  as  dry  as  dust  to  the,  depth  of 
8  or  9  feet.  This,  together  with  the  lack  of  water  all  through  the  West  and  Northwest,  could  supply  the  at- 
mosphere with  but  little  moisture  to  be  precipitated.  The  universally  high  temperatures  which  prevailed  added 
very  materially  to  the  injurious  effects  of  the  dry  weather. 

"  Were  it  not  for  the  great  number  of  lakes  found  in  this  region,  there  being  7,000  to  10,000  alone iu  Minnesota, 
with  an  average  of  S'20  acres  and  upward,  and  the  forests  and  woodlands  which  cover  one-third -of  the  Stale,  tin-re 
is  no  doubt  but  that  the  damage  would  have  been  far  greater. 

"In  some  localities  there  seems  to  be  a  period  of  increase  and  decrease  in  the  ai mt  of  water  in  lakes  and 

rivers,  while  in  other  localities  there  seems  to  be  a  yearly  decrease  in  the  amount  of  water. 

"In  Minnesota  the  drought  began  in  May  and  ended  in  August,  ami  September  in  the,  central  and  southern  poi 
lions,  while  in  the .northern  it  continued  quite  severe  until  November  1.     In   length   it  ranged   from  forty-one  da_\s 
in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  State  to  over  five  mouths  in  the  northern   portion. 

********  #  *  *  * 

"  In  Dakota  the  drought  began  generally  during  the  latter  portion  of  June  and  was  still  existing  November  1. 
It  seemed  more  severe  in  the  western  portion  of  the  State;  Wells  and  Stark  counties  reported  the  rainfall  to  be  far 
below  the  average  since  July,  1S85.  The  State  has  also  suffered  severely  from  prairie  tires,  which  devastated  vast. 
tracts  of  land;  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  State  forest  fires  have  done,  irreparable  damage.  In  some  portions  of 
the  State  trees  planted  several  years  ago  are  in  a  flourishing  condition,  showing  that  t imber  can  b«  grown  ami  \\ill 
prove  valuable  both  as  a  commercial  article  and  as  an  assistant  preventive  of  drought." 

October,  1SSS. — Bismarck:   Weather  very  dry.     No  rain  since  September  1!'. 

Mai/,  /SJ*/.— Drought  prevailed.  Crops  in  bad  condition  previous  to  18th  and  19th.  Drought  broken  on  these 
dates. 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

July,  1877. — Olivet:  Drought  injurious  to  vegetation. 

April,  1S79. — Yankton:  Wheat  suffering. 

l''<briiary,  1S8S. — Deadwood:  Small  precipitation  of  past  two  months  has  caused  scarcity  of  water  in  city  and 
rural  districts. 

•filly,  1S8G. — Aberdeen:  Hot  winds  and  unusually  warm  weather  have  prevailed  in  this  vicinity  for  past  week. 
Much  damage  to  wheat.  Estimated  crop,  not  more  than  half  the  average,  as  very  little  rain  has  fallen  during  past 
month.  Huron:  Ground  dry;  grain  and  grass  suffering. 

May,  1887.—  ParKston :  Month  has  been  hot  and  dry.     Grain  crop  seriously  injured. 

July,  1887. — Parkston:  Rain  unevenly  distributed  during  month.  Some  places,  abundant;  others,  only  a  few 
miles  distant,  little  rain.  Fort  Sully:  Extremely  dry  weather  has  done  considerable  injury  to  crops. 

October,  1SS7. — Parkstou:  Precipitation  unusually  small  and  ground  very  dry.  Webster:  Very  dry,  rainfall 
about  70  per  cent  below  the  normal.  Fort  Randall :  Rainfall  over  70  per  cent  below  the  normal. 

General  remarks  on  drought  of  past  six  months:  The  very  serious  drought  which  prevailed  from  May  to  Sep- 
tember in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri  was  slightly  ameliorated  in 
northern  Wisconsin  during  October,  but  the  condition  of  affairs  at  the  end  of  the  month  was  still  serious,  as  appears 
from  extracts  elsewhere.  The  commencement  of  this  drought  was  in  April  last,  during  which  month  less  than  .">() 
per  cent  of  the  average  precipitation  fell  in  southern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  northern  Illinois,  the  southwestern 
part  of  Iowa,  and  the  northwestern  part  of  Missouri. 

During  May  a  precipitation  slightly  above  the  average'  fell  over  a  holt  of  country  about  60  miles  wide,  extending 
from  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  Frankfort,  Ky.,  westward  to  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  including  the  immediate  valley  of  the 
Missouri  River  as  far  as  Jefferson  City;  elsewhere  in  the  States  previously  named  Hie  precipitation  was  largely 
delicient,  especially  in  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  the  northern  half  of  Michigan,  where  the  percentage  ranged  from  20  to  .".(I 
of  the  average  rainfall. 

In  June  the  area  over  which  less  than  half  the  usual  rain  fell  comprised  Iowa,  Illinois,  southern  Wisconsin, 
southwestern  Michigan,  and  northwestern  Indiana.  Throughout  the  section  named  only  from  one-tenth  to  one-fifth 
of  the  usual  rainfall  for  June  occurred  in  many  places. 


CEKTAIN  (JLIMATIC  FEAT[TRES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  29 

During  July  a  slight  excess  of  rainfall  fell  over  the  northern  half  of  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  and  cen- 
tral Wisconsin,  but  throughout  the  rest  of  the  drought-stric.ken  States,  the  precipitation  generally  ranged  from  r>0 
to  80  per  eent  of  the  average,  except  in  Ohio,  southern  Indiana,  southeastern  Illinois,  the  western  parts  of  Iowa,  and 
Missouri,  where  the  amount  of  rain  in  some  cases  was  only  from  !."">  to  :!0  per  cent  of  the  mean. 

During  August  slight  excesses  fell  in  western  Iowa,  western  Wisconsin,  and  tin-  northern  part  of  Illinois; 
throughout  the  rest  of  the  drought  district  the  rainfall  was  generally  from  one  half  to  three-fourths  of  the  average, 
but  in  the  greater  part  of  Michigan,  as  well  as  in  the,  southern  part  of  Illinois,  the  amount  was  less  than  one-half 
the  mean. 

In  September  the  greater  part  of  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  and  northern  Illinois,  and  the  extreme  southern  part  of 
Michigan  was  relieved  by  rainfall  slightly  in  excess  of  the  average,  but  the  remaining  States  still  suffered  from  a 
deficiency  for  the  month,  which  in  the  northern  part  of  Michigan  ranged  from  one-sixth  to  one-half  the  usual  amount. 

The  condition  of  a  Hairs  has  improved  materially  in  Wisconsin  during  October,  where  a  slight  excess  of  precipi- 
tation has  fallen.  In  Michigan,  Iowa,  the  greater  part  of  Illinois,  and  Indiana  the  drought  is  aggravated,  as  the 

precipitation  has  only  been  from  ".-third  to  three-fourths  of  the  usual  amount,  while  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  and 

of  the  Mississippi,  from  Cairo  to  (Jnincy,  the  amount  of  rainfall  has  been  exceedingly  small,  not   averaging  more 
than  20  per  eent  for  that  district  and  ranging  from  10  to  SO  per  cent. 

During  the  six  months  from  May  to  October,  inclusive,  the  rainfall  has  been  largely  deficient  over  Minnesota, 
Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Iowa.  Missouri,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  parts  of  Minnesota  and  Dakota,  and  eastern 
Nebraska  and  southeastern  Kansas.  Less  than  one-half  the  usual  amount  of  rainfall  during  these  mouths  has  fallen 
in  central  Ohio  and  at  certain  points  on  the  immediate,  banks  of  the  Ohio  River,  from  Louisville  lo  ( 'airo.  inclusive. 
Similar  local  deficiencies,  averaging  more  than  50  per  cent,  occurred  near  Springfield,  111.,  Webster,  Dak.,  and  La 
crosse.  Wis.  Less  than  three-fourths  of  the  average  amount  of  rain  has  fallen  during  these  live  months  from  Mich- 
igan, Ohio,  and  Kentucky  westward  to  include  Missouri  and  Iowa. 

Unless  an  excess  of  ra.infa.ll  occurs  during  November  these  Stales  must  sutler,  owing  to  the  small  amount,  of 
water  which  fell  during  the  first  of  the  season,  as  streams  and  wells  must  fail  and  the  ground  itself  bo  in  such  a  dry 
condition  as  to  interfere  more  or  less  materially  with  the  winter  wheat  or  the  early  spring  crops. 

April,  7.S',9.V. — Yankton  :   Kain  of  L'Tth  benefited  crops,  which  were  Millering  from  ilrought. 

July,  18S8. — Yankton:  Protracted  drought  caused  damage  to  small  grain.  Drought  broken  by  heavy  rains 
on  13th. 

Xi/ili'mbcr,  1SS$. — Huron:  Kain  much  needed  for  fall  work.  Ground  has  not  been  dry  to  such  great  depth  in 
nine  years. 

October,  1888. — Woonsockot;  Owing  to  very  dry  weather  plowing  has  been  delayed  to  greater  extent  than  dur- 
ing the  last  eight  years. 

.iuiii',  1NR9. — ParUslon:  Clronnd  intensely  dry  :  all  vegetation  withering.  Such  drought  has  not,  existed  in  this 
section  since  its  settlement.  Spearlish  :  Last  half  of  month  very  hot  and  dry.  Where  there  was  no  irrigation  crops 
of  small  grain  Buffered  considerably.  Wolsey:  Rainfall  for  month  below  the  average;  vegetation  suffering.  Wnon- 
socket:  Continued  dry  weather;  wheat  and  oats  materially  damaged. 

Am/iiKl,  1SS9. — Fort  Sully:  Continued  dry  weather  has  injured  corn,  oats,  and  other  late  crops.  WoonsocUct: 
Ground  drier  than  for  past  eight  years.  Corn,  that  promised  a  full  crop  on  1st  of  month,  will  not  yield  more  than 
one-third.  Oats  and  barley  suffered  considerable  damage.  Huron:  Long,  protracted  drought,  felt  on  5th,  has 
lie. nine  very  serious.  Late  crops  much  injured.  Corn  can  not  mature.  Wells  running  dry.  Dakota  Kiver  lower 
than  ever  known  before. 

Si'itlrmhcr,  Ifif!!). — Fort  Sully:  Corn  crop  completely  parched  by  continued  dry  weather. 
t/n-il,  JNO/i.  —  Huron  :   Continued  drought  damaging  sprouting  grain. 

•July,  1S90. — Woonsocket:  ({round  exceedingly. dry.  Wells  becoming  dry.  All  crops  unusually  light.  Huron: 
Drought  and  hot  winds  had  a  bad  effect  upon  late  crops.  Webster:  Vegetation  suffering. 

.-liif/nxl,  1X90. — Late  crops  reported   injured. 

Hi'lilcniliri-,  1SHO. — Wolsey  and  Woonsocket :  Streams  and  wells  reported  going  dry;  ground  drier  than  in  ten 
years. 

October,  1800. — Woonsockot:  Drought  continued  during  month.     Very  little  plowing  was  done. 

Mai/,  1891. — Drought  prevailed.  Crops  in  bad  condition  previous  to  18th  and  19th.  Drought  broken  on  those 
dates. 

./«///,  W'/. — East  central  South  Dakota :  Month  very  dry.     Crops  damaged. 

September,  1891. — Very  dry  weather  prevailed. 

The.  following  .statement  relative  to  "the  great  drought,"  from  1SS7  to  1891  over  the  western 
and  northern  plains,  is  extracted  from  the  Sioux  City  Journal,  Sioux  City,  Imv;i,  December,  18!)  1 : 

It  may  now  be  said  that  the  great  drought,  which  for  several  years  afflicted  the  interior  of  the  continent,  a,  large 
portion  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  as  well  as  the  whole  Mississippi  Valley,  has  been  broken.  The  extent  and 
severity  of  the  great  drought  have  not  been  generally  understood. 

The  drought  began  as  early  as  1887  and  was  not  generally  chocked  till  the  winter  of  1890  and  1891.  It  reached 
its  climax  in  the  season  of  1890,  when  the  wheat  crop  of  the  United  States  was  cut  down  almost  100,000,000  bushels 
below  the  preceding  year,  which  latter  itself  had  been  greatly  shortened  by  drought;  the  corn  crop,  600,000,000 
bushels;  the  oat  crop,  230,000,000  bushels,  and  other  great  crops,  like  hay,  potatoes,  etc.,  in  similar  degree. 


;}< )  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Tin1  drought  was  felt  through  all  these  years,  in  varying  degrees  of  severity,  from  the  Gulf  const  northward  over 
:ill  tin-  States  bordering  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers  far  into  the  British  Possessions.  It  shortened  crops  in 
Illinois  and  Iowa  materially,  and  it  was  more  severe  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  especially  in  Arkansas  and  large 
portions  of  Missouri. 

But  tin-.  tierce  brunt  of  the  drought  fell  upon  that  vast  strip  of  plain  country  which  lies  west  of  the  ninety-sev- 
enth meridian  of  longitude,  including  the  western  two-thirds  of  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas, 
Indian  Territory,  New  Mexico,  and  the  major  portion  of  Jthe  great  Stale  of  Texas.  Throughout  this  region  the 
drought  was  general,  although  much  more  severe  in  one  locality  than  in  another.  In  extensive  areas  crops  were 
total  failures,  and  even  in  other  areas  which  are  exclusively  devoted  to  grazing  grass  was  almost  burned  up  and 
water  disappeared.  In  many  places  where  the  Government  surveys  have  marked  the  mean  derings  of  extensive  lakes 
or  marshes,  as  in  some  localities  in  South  Dakota,  and  where  such  had  been  known  to  exist  up  to  1887,  the  water 
tolally  disappeared. 

It  was  the  greatest  drought  which  the  record  of  half  a  century  in  that  region  gives  any  intimation  of.  There  has 
been  nothing  comparable  with  it.  Its  results  were  far-reaching.  They  were  the  more  serious  because  for  a-  period 
of  several  years  prior  to  18S7  immigration  had  been  pouring  into  the  region  west  of  the  ninety-seventh  meridian. 
Nearly  all  the  settlers  were  poor,  the  majority  very  poor.  They  had  come  in  quest  of  Government  land,  in  most  cases 
with  barely  means  more  than  to  effect  a  settlement.  They  were  borrowers.  For  a  period  of  several  years  loan  com- 
panies sold  an  immense  number  yf  loans  on  these  settlements  to  people  living  in  all  the  States  to  the  East,  and  very 
largely  to  people  living  in  New  England.  The  loans  went  into  improvements,  into  farm  machinery,  and  into  other 
means  for  cultivating  the  land. 

Under  such  circumstances,  even  if  there  had  not  been  others  to  aggravate  the  situation,  a  drought  extending 
over  a  series  of  years  could  not  fail  to  be  disastrous.  Year  after  year  in  some  localities  the  settlers  suffered  total 
loss  of  crops  and  were  deprived  not  only  of  the  means  of  repaying  the  money  they  had  borrowed,  but  even  of  sub- 
sistence. At  length  some  became  so  discouraged  as  to  abandon  their  settlements.  Those  who  had  loaned  mone\  to 
the  settlers  suffered  with  them,  often  neither  principal  nor  interest  being  paid.  It  was  not  understood  in  the  Kasl 
that  an  extraordinary  drought  was  in  progress,  and  the  country  got  a  hard  name,  which  attached  not  only  to  the 
st  ricken  districts,  but  also  to  regions  whore  the  effect  was  not  so  severely  felt.  Capital  .eased  to  move  towards  t  ho 
settlers  and  began  to  be  withdrawn  to  the  extent  possible. 

In  Missouri,  Illihois,  and  Iowa,  and  in  similar  communities,  whore  for  the  most  part  the  drought  was  not  so 
severe,  the  people,  by  their  longer  establish  men  t  and  aerunmlat  ions,  were  incomparably  bet  (IT  prepared  to  end  in  v 
it.  There  were  some  regions,  of  course,  which  were  more  fortunate  than  the  country  -generally.  The  one  which 
suffered  least  in  the  United  States  was  a  comparatively  narrow  belt  on  both  sides  of  the  Missouri  River  in  north- 
western Missouri  and  extending  north  along  the  boundary  between  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  gradually  broadening  to  its 
greatest  width,  which  included  the  northeastern  counties  of  Nebraska  and  a  number  of  counties  of  Dakota  and 
northwestern  Iowa,  the  central  point  of  which  is  Sioux  City.  Drought,  indeed,  shortened  crops  even  here,  but  the 
peculiarity  of  the.  soil,  the  great  depth  of  the  line,  spongy,  friable  soil,  free  from  stratilied  rocks,  greatly  modified 
the  injurious  ellccls,  so  that  nowhere  else  in  all  those  years  was  there  so  high  an  average  yield  as  here. 

Outside,  of  southwestern  Texas  and  extensive  portions  of  New  Mexico,  this  ex  t  .ra  ordinary  drought  was  broken  in 
the  winter  of  1S!IO-'91.     There  were  copious  rains,  followed  by  a  heavy,  general  snowfall,  which  melted   awa\  grad 
nally  late  in   the  spring,      Frequent  rain  showers  occurred  all  through  the  season,  tilling  up  the  old  marsh   and  lake 
beds.     The  result  was  the  prodigious  crops  of  every  kind  which  the  whole  interior  of  the  continent,  the  legion  west 
as  well  as  the  region  cast  of  the  ninety-seventh  meridian,  produced  in  1S!H. 

Heavy  rains  last  fall  and  early  in  the  winter, have  not  onl\  again  saturated  the  earth  throughout  the  \\Yst.  and 
made  absolutely  sure  a  crop  this  year,  hut  have  also  shown  that  the  last  vestige  of  the  drought  period  has  disappeared 
and  the  West  has  entered  upon  a  cycle  of  abundant  moisture. 

TEMPERATURE. 

The  distribution  of  temperature  and  its  relation  to  other  meteorological  elements  in  forming 
part  of  the  subject-matter  of  the  brief  climatologica]  study  in  tliis  report  is  treated  of  in  fifteen  eharts, 
forty-two  diagrams,  and  twenty-one  separate  tabulations,  referred  to  as  Appendices  Nos.  I4>  to  79 
inclusive,  and  !t!)  to  1 10,  inclusive.  The  data  in  Appendices  10  to  45  and  l>7  to  7!>,  inclusive,  con- 
stitute, the  basis  of  analytical  study  under  this  head.  The  monthly  and  annual  means  are 
expressed  iii  the  nearest  decree  and  this  rule  lias  been  followed  in  the  preparation  of  all  tables  of 
temperature  values.  Fractions  of  a  degree  to  the  amount  of  five-tenths  or  less  have  been  neg- 
lected, but  those  equaling  or  exceeding  six-tenths  have  been  considered  as  integers.  (Jreater 
refinement  is  not  justified  by  the  character  of  the  data  or  the  scope  of  the  discussion. 

In  the  presentation  of  monthly  means  and  extremes  of  temperature  broken  records  of  a  month 
or  mote  are  given,  in  addition  to  those  of  long  and  continuous  periods  of  observation.  The  latter, 
of  course,  are,  the  mote  valuable,  but  within  a  region  of  such  vast  extent  as  that  embraced  by  the 
Dakotas.  and  where  I  lie  distribution  of  stations,  together  with  the  length  of  records,  Ins  been  so 
inadequate,  it  has  seemed  very  desirable  and  even  absolutely  necessary  to  submit  all  data  of  sum- 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  31 

dent  value  to  fairly  determine  a  single  monthly  mean  or  extreme.  In  publications  of  this  character 
it  lias  usually  been  the  policy  to  neglect  temperature  and  precipitation  values  where  the  records  at 
any  station  fell  short  of  a  complete  year.  The  thirteen  charts  of  monthly  and  average  temperatures 
have  been  prepared  without  the  usual  employment  of  isometric  lines.  The  reason  for  this,  as  set 
forth  under  precipitation  (see  page  12),  regarding  the  monthly  and  annual  charts  of  rainfall,  will 
apply  in  the  case  of  temperature. 

Temperature  data  are  submitted  from  selected  stations  (see  Appendix  No.  41)  from  regions  sur- 
rounding the  Dakotas.  especially  to  the  north  and  south.  Comparisons  under  such  conditions 
serve  to  disclose  some  of  the  peculiarities  of  climatology  characteristic  of  the  Northern  Plains. 
From  a  study  of  the  distribution  of  average  temperature  in  the  Dakotas,  as  shown  upon  the  monthly 
charts,  and  from  an  investigation  of  the  distinctive  features  of  thermometrie  conditions  as  exhib- 
ited by  the  various  tabulations,  the  follow  ing  are  suuie.  of  the  conclusions  and  statements  which 
may  be  otl'ered: 

1.  The  higher  average  temperature  of  (South  Dakota,  due  to  latitude  and  independent  of 
elevation. 

2.  The  high  average  temperature  of  the  Black  Hills  in  winter  and  the  low  average  of  summer, 
as  compared  with  the  remainder  of  South  Dakota.     This  mountain  region  is  protected  by  heavy 
forests  from  the  high  and  dry.  cold  winds  which  sweep  the  more  exposed  portions  of  the  territory. 
These  differences  apply  also  to  the  maximum  and   minimum  temperatures,  and  to  the  ranges, 
monthly,  annual,  and  mean  annual. 

3.  The  average,  monthly  temperature  of  North  Dakota,  computed  from  fifteen  stations,  ranges 
from  3"  in  January  to  7(P  in  .Inly,  the  extremes  varying  from  — 3°  at  Kichardton  and  Fort  I'embina 
(St.  Vincent,  across  the  river,  — (>°)  in  January  to  71°  at  Fort  Stevenson  and  75°  at  Fort  Rice  in 
July.     The  Red  River   Valley  is  both  the  warmest  region  in  summer  and  the  coldest  in  winter 
in  North  Dakota.     The  James  Kiver  Valley  comes  next,  followed  by  the  Missouri  Valley. 

4.  The  average,  monthly  temperature  in   South    Dakota,  computed   from   eighteen    stations, 
ranges  from  i:>°  in  January  to  72°  in  July,  the  extremes  varying  from  3°  at  Fort  Sisseton  and  4° 
at  Webster  in  January  to  75'!  a'  Fort  Sully  and  70°  at  Fort  Randall  and  Vermillion  in  July.     The 
coldest   portion  of  South  Dakota  is  found  in  the  extreme  nort heast  and  the  warmest   in  the  Mis- 
souri Valley.     The  extreme  eastern  portion  of  the  State  is  colder  in  winter  and  spring  than  in  the 
Black  Hills,  but  much  warmer  in  the  summer.     The  James  River  Valley  is,  next  after  the  Missouri 
Valley,  the  wannest  portion  of  South  Dakota. 

5.  North  and  South  Dakota  approach  within  about  1'    of  each  other  during  t  lie  summer,  but 
diverge  to  the  extent  of  4°  to  IIP  in  autumn  and  winter.  North  Dakota  being  colder.     In  the  dry 
season,  October  to   March,  inclusive,  they  diverge  about  7°,  and  in  the  wet.  season,  April  to  Sep 
tember,  inclusive,  they  are  about  equal.    Considering  the  dry  season  to  include  Sept  ember  to  March, 
inclusive,  the  divergence  is  still  7 "',  but  in  the  wet  season,  April  to  August,  inclusive,  they  change 
from  equality  to  a  difference  of  2°.     Narrowing  down  the  dry  season  to  tour  months,  November  to 
February,  inclusive,  the  divergence  is  still  about  7°.     Extending  the  wet  season  to  eight  months, 
April  to  March,  inclusive,  the  divergence  increases  to  about  4°.     Comparing  the  wet  lest  period  of 
the  year,  May  to  August,  inclusive,  the  divergence  remains  steady  at  about  2°.     It  is  then  evident 
that  the  mean  temperature  of  the  dry  season  is  controlled  by  the  four  winter  months  (Novem- 
ber to  February,  inclusive),  the  driest  period  of  the  year,  and  that  the  mean  temperature  of  the  wet 
season  is  controlled  by  the  four  summer  months  (May  to  August,  inclusive),  the  wettest  period  of 
the  year.     (See  Appendices  Nos.  .">,  40,  41,  and  54  to  57  inclusive.) 

(i.  The  mean  annual  range  of  temperature  in  North  Dakota  varies  from  132°  at  Bismarck  to 
141°  at  Fort  Buford.  The  extremes  vary  from  IKJo  at  Fort  Buford  to  151°  at  Fort  Yates  and  Fort 
I'embina,  and  154°  at  Fort  Buford.  In  South  Dakota  the  mean  annual  range  of  temperature 
varies  from  116°  at  Deadwood  and  119°  at  Yankton  to  132°  at  Fort  Sully,  and  13S  nt  Webster. 

The  extremes  vary  from  lo:-r  at  Fort  Randall  and  10<i°  afc  Deadw 1  to  1 4.V  at  Fort  Randall,  and 

14(i°  at  Webster.  The  annual  ranges  of  temperature  are  greatest  in  North  Dakota,  reaching  a 
maximum  in  the  Red  River  Valley  and  in  the  extreme  northwest  portion.  The  least  ranges  are  in 
the  Black  Hills  and  the  Missouri  Valley  of  South  Dakota.  Compared  with  adjacent  regions  it  is 
found  that  the  district  of  maximum  annual  range  embraces  northeastern  Montana  and  the  Saskat- 


32  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

c,hcwan  Valley.    The  largest  ranges  are  reported  from  Poplar  River,  Mont.,  159°,  Medicine  Hat, 
British  America,  158°;  and  Fort  Assumiboine,  Mont.,  157°.     (See  Appendix  No.  47.) 

7.  The  mean  monthly  range  of  temperature  in  North  Dakota  varies  from  47°  at  Fort  Totten  in 
July  to  80°  at  Fort  Buford  in  January.     In  South  Dakota^  the  range  varies  from  45°  at  Yankton 
and  47°  at  Dead  wood,  in  July,  to  83°  at  Webster  and  86°  at  Fort  Meade,  in  February.     The 
monthly  ranges  during  winter  are  considerably  the  highest  in  South  Dakota  and  occur  later  in  the 
season.    (See  Appendix  No. .48.) 

8.  The  mean  daily  temperature  ranges  are  quite  uniform  in  both  States  and  throughout  the 
year.    The  least  ranges  are  found  in  the  Black  Hills  with  a  mean  annual  of  21°,  and  the  extremes 
varying  from  18°  in  December  and  19°  in  April  to  23°  in  January.     Generally  the  highest  daily 
ranges  occur  in  both  States  from  July  to  October  inclusive,  and  vary  from  20°  to  29°,  the  highest 
being  in  northwest  North  Dakota  and  the  lowest  in  the  Black  Hills.     (See  Appendix  No.  49.) 

9.  The  maximum  daily  ranges  of  temperature  vary  in  North  Dakota  from  30°  at  Bismarck,  in 
.1  nly,  to  57°  at  the  same  station  in  January,  and  55°  at  Fort  Buford  in  February.     In  South  Dakota 
i  hev  vary  from  25°  at  Deadwood  in  March  and  27°  at  Yankton  in  June  to  54°  at  Huron,  in  De- 
cember, and  55°  at  Deadwood  in  January.     (See  Appendix  No.  50.) 

10.  The  minimum  daily  ranges  in  North  Dakota  vary  from  1°  at  Bismarck  in  December  and 
at  Fort  Buford  in  May  to  18°  at  Bismarck  in  June  and  21°  at  Fort  Yates  in  August.     In  South 
Dakota  they  vary  from  1°  at  Fort  Sully  in  December  to  13°  at  Deadwood  in  June  and  17°  at 
Huron  in  the  same  month.     (See  Appendix  No.  51.) 

11.  The  mean  daily  variability  of  temperature  (the  change  which  takes  place  in  the  daily  mean 
temperature  from  one  day  to  another,  independent  of  increase  or  diminution  of  temperature,  and 
the.  best  test  of  equability)  varies,  on  the  average,  in  both  States  from  4°  during  June  to  August 
inclusive,  to  9°  in  January  and  February.    The  extremes  vary  from  4°  in  the  Missouri  Valley, ,)  line 
to  August,  inclusive,  to  10°  in  the  Red  River  Valley  hi  January  and  February.     (See  Appendix 
No.  53.) 

12.  The  extreme  maximum  temperatures  in  North  Dakota  range  from  101°  at  Fort  Feinbina 
in  August,  1S86,  to  110°  at  Fort  Rice  in  July,  1871,  and  at  Fort  Abraham  Lincoln  in  August,  187<i. 
In  South  Dakota  they  range  from  101°  at  Brookings  in  July,  1888,  to  112°  at  Fort  Randall  in  July, 
1ST  I,  Forest  City,  August,  1891,  and  Smithville,  August,  1881,  to  114°  at  Fort  Sully  in  July,  1S71. 
In  both  States,  the  maximum  temperatures  rise  above  100°  from  June  to  September,  inclusive, 
occurring  most  frequently  in  South  Dakota  and  in  the  central  portion  of  that  State.     The  lowest 
extreme,  maximum  temperatures  are  found  in  the  Red  River  Valley  and  in  the  Black  Hills.     (See 
Appendix  No.  (55.) 

13.  The  extreme,  minimum  temperatures  in  North  Dakota  range  from  — 34n  at  Furl   Kice.  in 
December,  1871,  to  —51°  at  Fort  Peinbina  in  January,  1888,  and  —  51  !'at  Fort  Stevenson   in   De- 
cember, 1879,  and  —55°  at  the  same  station  in  January,  1SS1.     In  South  Dakota  Micy range  from 
—32°  at  Deadwood  in  February,  1883,  to  —44°  at  Fort  Randall  in  January,  1875,  at  Webster 
in  January,  1887,  and— 45°  at  Fort  Sisseton  in  December,  isso.     In  both  States  the  minimum 
temperatures  fall   below  zero  from  November  to  March,  inclusive.     In  North  Dakota  the  months 
of  October  and  April  arc  included  in  this  record  of  low  temperatures,  especially  in  the  Red  River 
Valley.     Fort   Peinbina,    N.  Dak.,  and  St.  Vincent,   Minn.,  just    across    the  river,   are   the  only 
stations  where  the  annual  minimum  temperature  falls  below  zero,  the.  lowest  record   being  —4°  at 
Fort,  Peinbina  in  1875  and  1887,  and  at  St.  Vincent  in  1887.     (See  Appendix  No.  (5(5.) 

14.  The  time  of  occurrence  of  first  killing  frost  in    North  Dakota  ranges  from  August,    I 
(Napoleon,  1890)  to  September  30  (Fort  Buford  and  Fort  Totten,  1884).     The  t  hue  of  occurrence,  of 
last,  killing  frost  ranges  from  March  17  (Steele,  1890)  to  June  24  (Fort  Totten,  1887).     (See  Ap- 
pendix No.  63.) 

15.  The  time  of  occurrence  of  first  killing  frost  in   South  Dakota  ranges  from  August  22  (St. 
Lawrence,  Webster,  and  Woousockct,  181)0)  to  October  21  (Yankton,  1884).    The  time  of  occur- 
rence of  last  killing  frost  ranges  from  April   7  (Fort  Sully,  1888)   to  June  22  (Huron,*  1885). 
(See  Appendix  No.  64.) 

16.  The  coldest  weather  prevails  in  North  Dakota  and  throughout  the  territory  east  of  the 
Missouri,  the,  lowest,  average  temperatures  being  reported  from  the  Red  River  Valley.    In  summer 
the  Missouri  Valley  receives  the  maximum  amount  of  heat. 


Gn 


obdbrujrmaJJi/Cofd;  Wert#ier  -in.  th&J)aJtotti8  for  f  mm 
,  JVovernJier  to  Jlkuvfi  inclusive. 


S  Ei    /-i  /      62  1 


8  Ex    /.f?     68  1 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  33 

17.  From  an  examination  of  the  distribution  of  temperature  over  the  Northern  plains, 
Manitoba,  and  Hudson  Bay  Territory,  it  is  evident  that  eastern  North  Dakota  lies  within  the 
southwest  quadrant  of  the  area  of  maximum  cold  in  the  interior  of  the,  continent,  and  that  with 
northeastern  Montana  and  northwestern  Minnesota  it  forms  the  region  of  greatest  cold  in  the 
United  States. 

IS.  The  marked  increase  in  temperature  west  of  the  one  hundred  and  eighth  meridian,  even  as 
far  north  as  the  fifty-fifth  parallel,  shows  the  influence  of  the  high  northerly  path  of  warm  low- 
pressure  areas  from  the  Pacific.  These  disturbances  rapidly  diminish  in  intensity  as  they  pro- 
gress eastward,  reaching  the  maximum  effect  in  this  particular,  from  loss.of  heat  and  moisture,  at 
about  the  one  hundredth  meridian,  when  they  begin  to  develop  renewed  energy  through  the  influ- 
ence of  these  elements  brought  by  the  southerly  winds  from  the  Gulf. 

111.  The  Dakotas,  Minnesota,  and  Montana  lie  within  the  region- over  which  the  most  pro- 
nounced areas  of  high  pressure  descend  from  the  interior  of  British  America.  These  highs  appear 
to  produce  their  maximum  effect,  from  the  cold,  dry  air  of  the  upper  atmosphere,  over  the  region 
from  Hudson  Bay  south  westward  to  northern  Montana,  northern  Dakota,  and  northern  Minnesota, 
and  thence  eastward  north  of  the  forty-seventh  parallel. 

20.  North  Dakota  and   northeast  South  Dakota  are  subjected  to  the  coldest  winds,  and  those 
of  the  highest  velocity,  which  tend  to  remove  the  snow  from  exposed  and  cultivated  lands  and 
deprive  them  of  the  protection  afforded  by  such  a  covering. 

21.  The  distribution  of  temperature  is  governed  very  largely  by  the  distribution  of  atmos- 
pheric pressure.     Abnormal  periods  of  heat  and  cold  depend  broadly  upon  the  average  latitude  of 
areas  of  low  barometric  pressure  in  transit  over  the  Dakotas.     These  facts  are  graphically  set  fort  h 
in  Appendices  Nos.  !W  to  138,  inclusive,  and  in  Nos.  147  to  158,  inclusive.     The  cumulative  effect  of 
warm  and  cold  periods,  under  the  influence  of  the  distribution  of  atmospheric  pressure,  is  graph- 
ically shown  in  Appendices  Nos.  58  to(il,  inclusive.     The  warm  periods  for  the  months  of  January, 
1S8!»,  1S91,  and    I'Ybruary,  1880,  show  a  total  excess  of  temperature  of  over  400°.     During  these 
months  the  average  latitude  of  areas  of  low  pressure  was  considerably  north  of  the  forty-ninth 
parallel,  thus  bringing  over  the  Dakotas,  by  means  of  cyclonic  circulation,  the  warmer  air  of  the 
Gulf  and  Mississippi  Valley.     A  corresponding  effect  from  the  cold  periods  is  shown  for  the  months 
of  January,  iSSIJ.  1S87,  and  February,  1887,  when  the  total  deficiency  of  temperature   amounted 
to  over  400°.     During  these  periods  the  average  latitude  of  areas  of  low  pressure  was  south  of  the 
forty  seventh  parallel,  which  had  the  effect  of  carrying  over  the  Dakotas,  from  British  America, 
an  abnormal  quantity  of  cold,  dry  air  by  means  of  anti  cyclonic  circulation.     A  comparison  of  the 
attendant  conditions  of  these  warm  and  cold  periods  brings  to  view  a  remarkable  compensating 
effect  iii  the  annual  distribution  of  temperature  and  disposes  of  the  theory  of  permanent  climatic 
changes. 

22.  The  relation  established  between  the  distribution  of  temperature  and  tlrat  of  barometric 
pressure  in  the  development   and  progressive  movement,  of  low-pressure  areas,  as  shown  by  the 
charts  and  tables  for  warm  and  cold  periods  (Appendices  Nos.  .~>S  to  <>1,  inclusive),  may  be  applied 
to  the  demonstration  of  the  causes  giving  rise  to  the  occurrence  of  any  abnormally  warm  or  cold 
month  of  tin1  year. 

23.  As  to  the  more  remote  but  yet  more  important  causes,  because  forming  the  basis  of  fore 
knowledge  as  to  the  probable  occurrence1  of  warm  and  cold  periods,  the  study  of  mean  monthly 
barometric  pressure  would  seem   to  justify  the  preparation   of  the  accompanying  ideal  typical 
chart.     An  explanation  of  the  construction  of  these  charts  is  furnished  under  the  head  of  "Pre 
cipitation"  (see  page  12),  where,  similar  ones  are  submitted  in  connection  with  the  forecasting  of  dry 
and  wet  periods. 

A  distribution  of  average  barometric  pressure,  giving  rise  to  the  formation  of  a  pronounced 
HIGH  over  the  Plateau  and  Rocky  Mountain  regions,  will  generally  result  in  diverting  the  major- 
ity of  the  paths  of  all  low-pressure  areas  to  the  northward  of  the  forty-seventh  parallel  and 
result  in  carrying  over  the  Dakotas  the  much  warmer  air  of  lower  latitudes,  giving  rise  to  abnor- 
mally warm  weather.  If,  on  the  contrary,  the  barometric  pressure  remains  abnormally  high  over 
Manitoba  and  Hudson  Hay  Territory  the  low-pressure  areas  are  diverted  southward  below  the 
forty  fourth  parallel,  and  the  attendant  system  of  atmospheric  circulation  gives  rise  to  a  prepon- 
S.  Ex.  157 5 


34  CERTAIN  GLJMAT1O  FEATUKES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

derance  of  cold  air  over  Hie  Dakotas,  with  abnormally  low  temperatures.  If,  for  example,  1  he 
mean  isobars  of  November  develop  the  warm-weather  type,  abnormally  high  temperatures  (usu- 
ally warm  days  in  periods  of  2  to  5)  may  be  reasonably  expected  in  December  and  January  fol- 
lowing. If  the  type  chart  appears  in  January,  then  the  warm  periods  may  be  expected  in  Febru- 
ary and  March.  A  similar  explanation  applies  to  the  occurrence  of  cold-weather  types. 

24.  The  general  direction  of  low-pressure  areas  over  the  Dakotas  and  adjacent  regions  to  the 
north  and  south,  as  illustrated  on  the  Monthly  Storm  Track  Charts,  Appendices  Nos.  147  to  l.">x, 
inclusive,  explain  the  occasion  for  the  continued  alternation  of  warm  and  cold  periods  and  the 
occurrence  of  extraordinary  extremes  of  temperature.  The  direction  of  progressive  movement  is  so 
nearly  due  east  and  west  that  atmospheric  circulation  over  the  Dakotas  is  practically  confined  to 
either  northerly  or  southerly  winds.  Under  such  circumstances  the  tendency  to  extremes  of  tem- 
perature is  very  strong  all<i  must  result  in  a  peculiar  effect  upon  the  industrial  interests  of  the  two 
States.  It  is  hopeless  to  expect  any  radical  change  in  the  atmosphere  itself,  but  the  surface  of  the, 
<•<  iinitry  in  relation  thereto,  may  be  modified  by  cultivation,  irrigation,  and  the  growth  of  forests  so 
:is  to  diminish  the  effect  of  abnormal  and  destructive  weather  changes.  In  the  protection  of  eon 
siderable  areas  of  land  it  would  appear  advisable  to  plant  the  trees  in  comparatively  narrow  strips, 
extending  east  and  west.  They  would  not  only  diminish  evaporation  from  the  soil  over  the  pro 
tected  area,  and  thus  lessen  the  range  of  temperature,  but  by  interrupting  the  course  of  the  winds 
destroy  their  effect  in  developing  and  maintaining  extremes  of  temperature  and  abnormal  evap- 
oration. 

2.~>.  The  annual  distribution  of  temperature  over  the  Dakotas,  as  shown  by  the  records  fora 
long  scries  of  years,  a  tabulation  of  which  appears  in  Appendix  No.  56,  develops  no  well-estal> 
lislied  cycle,  perhaps  because  the  records  are  not  sufficiently  extensive  and  uniform  as  to  the 
length  of  the  period  of  observation.  From  an  examination  of  the  annual  sums  there  appears  some 
evidence  of  the  existence  of  two  and  three-year  cycles  of  temperature  changes,  the  latter  being 
practically  confined  to  excess  of  temperature  (warm  periods)  and  the  former  to  deficiency  of  tern 
perature  (cold  periods).  This  results  in  an  apparent  increase  in  temperature  in  North  Dakota  of 
about  2°  in  the  past  30  years,  while  in  South  Dakota  during  the  past  33  years  the  records  appear 
to  show  a  deficiency  of  about  1°.  If  the  records  were  satisfactory  in  all  respects  we  might  say 
that  the  Dakotas  have  been  gradually  growing  warmer  since  about  1860,  North  Dakota  taking 
the  lead.  The  tabulation  appears  to  indicate  that  the  alternation  of  warm  and  cold  periods  is  so 
evenly  balanced  and  of  such  short  duration  that  all  tendency  to  permanent  excesses  or  deficien- 
cies is  prevented.  There  is  also  developed  the  important  fact  that  the  yearly  departures  are  often 
very  sharp  and  considerable,  illustrating  one  of  the  characteristic  features  of  the  climatology  of 
the  Dakotas. 

It  is  necessary  that  the  climatology  of  every  State,  or  larger  areas  having  uniform  elimat  ic  con 
ditious,  should  be  thoroughly  investigated  and  discussed  before  satisfactory  comparisons  in  impor- 
tant details,  affecting  animal  and  plant  life,  can  be  made  in  a  comparative  study  of  the  whole 
country. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  a  brief  summarization  of  final  deductive  results  the  following  are  submitted  as  some  of 
the  lessons  which  may  be  drawn  from  this  investigation: 

1.  The  Dakotas  must  resort  to  an  extensive  system  of  irrigation. 

2.  Forests  must  be  preserved  and  extensive  reforestation  adopted. 

3.  Increase  the  number  of  rainfall  stations  and  make  the  reports  accurate  and  continuous. 

4.  If  there  are  great  local  variations  in  rainfall  they  should  be  carefully  investigated. 

5.  Increase  the  area  covered  with  vegetation. 

(i.  Pursue  some  method  in  cultivating  the  soil  whereby  the  snowfall  may  be  prevented  from 
drifting  away  under  the  influence  of  the  winds.  Plowing  shallow  ditches  every  few  rods  or  the, 
growing  of  hedges  every  few  hundred  yards  might  accomplish  the  object  sought. 

7.  The  distribution  of  temperature  and  precipitation  in  the  Black  Hills  furnishes  an  instruc- 
tive lesson  as  to  the.  influence  of  forests  on  climate. 


CERTAIN  (JLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  35 

8.  The  distribution  of  precipitation  throughout  the  year,  while  favorable,  in  a  measure,  to 
agricultural  interests,  is  too  small  in  the  aggregate  to  prevent  the  occurrence  of  severe  droughts, 
especially  in  North  Dakota  and  the  central  portion  of  South  Dakota. 

9.  The  snowfall  is  too  light  and  the  winds  are  too  heavy  to  secure  from  this  form  of  precipita- 
tion much,  if  any,  protection  to  crops. 

10.  The  precipitation  of  spring  and  summer  compares  favorably  with  the  moist  regions  of  the 
Central  .Mississippi  and  Ohio  valleys,  but  the  precipitation  of  autumn  and  winter  shows  a  pro- 
nounced deficiency,  which  makes  the  average  of  these  seasons  less  than  in  the  arid  regions  of  the 
Middle  Plateau. 

11.  The  geographical  position  of  the  Dakotas  is  such,  relative  to  the  path  of  atmospheric 
disturbances  between  the  Pacific  and  the  Atlantic^  near  the  forty-ninth  parallel,  that  no  impor- 
tant permanent  change  can  reasonably  be  expected  in  the  amount  and  distribution  of  their  pre- 
cipitation. 

12.  The  withering  effect  of  the  hot,  dry  southerly  winds  may  be  obviated,  in  a  measure,  by 
spraying  plants  and  trees  with  water  and  irrigating  the  soil  beneath  them. 

13.  The  Dakotas  lie  within  what  is  called  the  "subhumid  region,"  a  mean  condition  between 
the  arid  and  moist  regions  of  the  country,  where  agriculture  can  hardly  be  conducted  without 
years  of  drought  succeeding  years  of  prosperity,  and  where  irrigation  from  artesian  wells  and 
storage  reservoirs  must  be  resorted  to  in  order  to  tide  over  the  unpropitious  seasons. 

14.  A  careful  hydrographic  survey  of  the  Dakotas  should  be  made  in  order  to  obtain  reliable 
and  exhaustive  information  on  the  subject  of  evaporation,  in  connection  with  the  supply  and  dis- 
tribution of  precipitation,  and  the  establishment  of  a  satisfactory  system  of  irrigation. 

15.  Every  feasible  means  of  checking  evaporation  must  be  adopted.    Wind-breaks  of  trees  or 
hedges  may  be  employed  to  this  end.    Becquerel  has  ascertained  that  a  hedge  6  feet  in  height 
will  afford  protection  to  the  surrounding  soil  a  distance  of  70  feet.    Experiments  have  shown  that 
a  narrow  belt  of  trees,  every  300  to  1,000  feet,  according  to  the  character  of  the  soil  and  the  kind 
of  vegetation,  will  offer  protection  from  the  drying  effect  of  winds. 

16.  The  meteorological  and  physical  features  of  the  Dakotas  are  such  that  under  the  influence 
of  settlement  and  the  consequent  development  of  agriculture  changes  are  effected  which  tend  to 
the  rapid  dissipation  of  the  moderate  rainfall,  through  absorption  and  evaporation.    Irrigation 
and  reforestation  are  the  only  remedies. 

17.  The  creation  of  lakes,  ponds,  and  rivers  in  the  Dakotas,  with  the  expectation  of  thereby 
increasing  the  amount  of  local  evaporation,  and  that  a  corresponding  increase  in  precipitation  will 
follow  over  the  same  region,  is  hardly  justified  by  the  meteorological  records.    Precipitation  over 
the  Dakotas  is  not  the  result  of  local  influences.     It  has  been  shown  that  the  controlling  influence 
in  precipitation  comes  from  a  vast  system  of  cyclonic  circulation  or  atmospheric  eddies  passing 
across  the  country  near  the  forty-ninth  parallel,  absorbing  moisture  from  the  waters  of  the  Pacific, 
the  snowbeds  of  the  Rockies  and  Sierra  Nevadas,  and  the  warm  waters  of  the  Gulf. 

18.  Prairie  fires  should  be  prevented,  as  they  increase  evaporation  by  setting  up  convection 
currents  in  the  atmosphere  and  augmenting  the  drying  effect  of  the  usual  winds. 

19.  Both  Dakotas  need  a  greater  variety  of  wind  currents.    The  abnormal  excess  of  northerly 
and  southerly  winds  is  productive  of  destructive  extremes  in  temperature  and  evaporation. 

20.  As  the  population  of  the  two  States  increase  the  deleterious  effect  from  deficiency  in  pre- 
cipitation and  high  evaporation  must  become  more  severe  unless  overcome  by  the  employment  of 
irrigation.    Mr.  J.  J.  Gushing,  of  Ashton,  S.  Dak.,  testified  before  the  Senate  Committee  on  Irri- 
gation in  1889  as  follows: 

In  Dakota  Territory  the  best  calculation  for  the  last  two  years  places  the  loss  at  $25,000,000  a  year  from  the  fail- 
ure of  its  water  supply. 

21  The  occurrence  of  drought  in  the  Dakotas  bears  such  a  close  relation  to  the  distribution 
of  atmospheric  pressure  over  the  north-central  portion  of  the  United  States  that  it  becomes  an 
inevitable  result  unless  obviated  through  the  intervention  of  artificial  influences. 


APPENDIX  No.  1. 


List  of  Appendices. 

No.   1. — Classified  list  of  appendices. 

No.   2. — Chronological  list  of  stations,  with  latitude,  longitude,  aud~elevation,  length  and  character  of  record,  for 
North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota. 

No.   3. — Chart:  Geographical  list  of  stations. 

Xo.   4. — Monthly  and  annual  precipitation. 

No.    5.  — Normal  monthly  and  annual  precipitation. 

No.   6. — Monthly  and  annual  precipitation  averages  from  certain  selected  stations. 

No.    7. — Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmelted  suow. 

No.   8. — Amounts  of  unmelted  snow  on  ground  (inches)  at  end  of  mouth. 

No.    9.— Monthly  average  number  of  rainy  days. 

No.  10. — Percentage  of  probability  of  rainy  days. 

No.  11. — Monthly  average  number  of  clear  days. 

No.  12. — Average  snowfall  in  inches  (Manitoba). 

No.  \'A. — Average  snowfall  in  inches  ( British  Columbia^. 

No.  14. — Mean  annual  precipitation  with  auuual  and  mean  annual  deviation  in  inches. 

No.  15. — Excessive  precipitation  (North  Dakota). 

No.  Iti. — Kxcessive  precipitation   (Smith  Dakota). 

No.  17. — Seasonal  precipitation  normals :  Quarterly  values. 

No.  18. — Seasonal  precipitation  normals:  Dry  season,  winter;  wet  season,  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

No.  111.— -Seasonal  precipitation  normals:   Dry  season,  winter,  spring,  and  autumn;   wet  season,  summer. 

No.  20. — Seasonal  precipitation  normals:  Dry  season,  October  to  March,  inclusive;  wet  season,  April  to   September, 
inclusive. 

No.  21. — Dry  periods,  May,  June,  and  August,  1889:  Deficiency  of  precipitation  (table).    . 

No.  22. — Dry  periods,  May,  June,  and  August,  1889:  Deficiency  of  precipitation  (chart). 

No.  23. — Dry  periods,  May,  June,  and  July,  1886:  Deficiency  of  precipitation  (table). 

No.  24. — Dry  periods,  May,  June,  and  July,  1881!:  Deficiency  of  precipitation  (chart). 

No.  25. — Wet  periods:  Kxcess  of  precipitation  (table). 

No.  26. — Wet  periods:   I'.xc  ess  of  precipitation  (chart). 

No.  27. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (January). 

No.  28. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (February). 

No.  29. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (March). 

No. 30. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (April). 

No.  31. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (May). 

No.  32. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (June). 

No. 33. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (July). 

No.  34. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (August). 

No. 35. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (September). 

No. 36. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (October). 

No.  37. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (November). 

No.  38. — Chart:  Monthly  average  precipitation  (December). 

No.  39. — Chart:  Annual  average  precipitation. 

No.  40. — Monthly  and  annual  temperatures. 

No.  41. — Monthly  and  annual  temperatures  for  stations  of  longest  record. 

No.  42. — Temperature  normals,  1881  to  1890.     Computed  from  mean  of  the  maximum  and  minimum  readings  of  self- 
registering  instruments. 
•  No.  43. — Temperature  normals,  1879  to  1886:  7  A.  M.,  3  and  11  P.  M.  observations. 

No.  44. — Temperature  normals.  1881  to  1889:  Synchronous  observations. 

No.  45. — Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  from  selected  stations. 

No.  46. — Mean  annual  temperature,  with  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations. 

No.  47. — Annual  maximum  and  minimum  temperature,  and  mean  annual  range  of  temperature. 

No.  48. — Average  monthly  absolute  range  of  temperature. 

37 


38  CEKTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

No.    49. — Monthly  and  aimual  mean  daily  temperature  ranges. 

Jfo.   50. — Greatest  daily  range  of  temperature  with  monthly  and  annual  averages  in  North  Dakota. 

No.   51. — Least  daily  range  of  temperature  with  monthly  and  annual  averages  iu  North  Dakota. 

No.   52.— Monthly  and  animal  mean  maximum  temperature. 

No.   53. — Monthly  and  annual  mean  daily  variability  of  temperature. 

No.   54. — Seasonal  temperature  normals:  Quarterly  values. 

No.   55. — Seasonal  temperature  normals:  Dry  season,  winter;  wet  season,  spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

No.   56. — Seasonal  temperature  normals:  Dry  season;   winter,  spring,  and  autumn;  wet  season,  summer. 

No.   57. — Seasonal  temperature  normals:  Dry  season  October  to  March,  inclusive;  wet  season,  April  to  September, 

inclusive. 

No.   58. — Warm  periods :  Excess  of  temperature,  February,  1886,  and  January,  1889,  and  1891  (table). 
No.   59. — Warm  periods:  Excess  of  temperature,  February  1886,  January,  1889,  and  1891  (elmrt). 
No.   60. — Cold  periods:  Deficiency  of  temperature,  January,  1886  and  1887,  and  February,  1887  (table;. 
No.   61. — Cold  periods:  Deficiency  of  temperature,  January,  1886  and  1887,  and  February,  1887  (chart). 
No.   62. — Number  of  days  on  which  the  temperature  was  90°  or  above. 
No.   63. — Dates  of  first  and  last  killing  frosts  (North  Dakota). 
No.  64. — Dates  of  first  and  last  killing  frosts  (South  Dakota). 
No.   65. — Monthly  and  annual  absolute  maximum  temperature*. 
No.   66. — Monthly  and  annual  absolute  minimum  temperatures. 
No.   67. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (January). 
No.   68. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (February). 
No.   69. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (March). 
No.   70. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (April). 
No.   71. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (May). 
No.   72. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (June). 
No.    73. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (July). 
No.   74. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (August). 
No.   75. — Chart;  Monthly  average  temperatures  (September). 
No.   76. — Chart;  Monthly  average  temperatures  (October). 
No.   77. — Chart:  Monthly  average  temperatures  (November). 
No.   78. — Chart;  Monthly  average  temperatures  (December). 
No.   79. — Chart :  Annual  average  temperature. 

No.   80.— Average  maximum  consecutive  number  of  days  without  rain,  including  "traces." 
No.   81. — Average  maximum  consecutive  number  of  days  without  rain,  excluding  "traces." 
No.   82.— Maximum  period  of  drought  expressed  by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days  without  "traces"  of 

precipitation  and  with  them. 

No.   83.— Depth  of  evaporation  in  inches,  Piche  evaporometer,  for  year  ending  June  30, 1888. 
No.   84. — Monthly  and  annual  mean  relative  humidity,  expressed  in  per  cent. 
No.  85. — Mean  cloudiness,  expressed  in  per  cent. 
No.   86.— Clear  weather  (sunshine),  expressed  in  per  cent. 
No.   87. — Average  hourly  velocity  of  the  wind. 
No.  88. — Mean  wind  direction. 

No.   89.— Average  number  of  times  northerly  and  southerly  winds  observed. 
No.   90.— Average  maximum  wind  velocities  in  miles  per  hour  with  prevailing  directions. 
No.   91. — Monthly  mean  temperature  of  the  dew  point. 
No.   92. — Normal  absolute  humidity. 

No.   93.— Average  yield  per  acre  and  price  per  bushel  of  grain,  and  average  price  per  head  of  live  stock. 
No.   94.— Average  condition,  in  percentages,  of  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  potatoes,  1882-'91. 
No.   95.— Mean  percentage  of  clear  weather  (sunshine).     Manitoba. 
No.   96.— Mean  percentage  of  clear  weather  (sunshine).     British  Columbia. 
No.   97. — Mean  percentage  of  cloudiness.     Manitoba. 
No.   98.— Mean  percentage  of  cloudiness.    British  Columbia. 

No.   99.-Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Bismarck,  1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
mal values. 

No.  100.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Buford,  1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.lOl.-Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Deadwood,  1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  102.-Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Huron,  1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  normal 
values. 

No.  103.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Sully,  1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  l()4.-Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Yauktou,  1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
null  values. 


CEETA1N  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  39 

No.  105. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Moorhead,   1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

\o.  KM). —  Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     St.  Vincent,  1887.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  valnes. 

No.  107. — Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Bismarck,   1888.     Comparative   curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

Nn.  108. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Buford,  1888.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  109. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Huron,  1888.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  normal 
values. 

No.  110. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Rapid  City,  1888.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  111.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous   elements.     Fort  Sully,  1888.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  111'. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous' elements.     Yankton,  1888.  — Cmiiparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
mal values. 

\n.  113.—  Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Moorhead,   1888.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations   from 
normal  values. 

Nn.  114.— Dingram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     St.  Vincent,  1888.     Comparative!  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

\o.  115. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Bismarck,  18X9.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
mal values. 

No.  1  Hi. —Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Buford,  1889.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  117. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Huron,  1889.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  normal 
values. 

No  118.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Rapid  City,  1889.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  119.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Sully,  1889.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  120.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Yankton,  1889.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
mal values. 

No.  121.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Moorhead,  1889.     Comparative  curves  of   monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  121'.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     St.  Vincent,  1889.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  123.— Diagram  :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Bismarck,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
mal values. 

No.  121.  -Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Buford,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  125.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Huron,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  normal 
valnes. 

No.  126.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Rapid  City,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  127.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Sully,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  128.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Yankton,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
mal values. 

No.  129.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Moorhead,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of   monthly  deviations   from 
normal  values. 

No.  130.— Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     St.  Vincent,  1890.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  131. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous  elements.     Bismarck,   1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations   from 
normal  values. 

No.  132.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Buford,  1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  133.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Huron,  1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  normal 
values. 

No.  134.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Rapid  City,  1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  valnes. 

No.  135.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Fort  Sully,  1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
normal  values. 

No.  136.— Diagram :  Miscellaneous  elements.     Yankton,  1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from  nor- 
mal values. 


40 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


No. 
No. 
No. 

No. 
.No. 

No. 
.No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 


Moot-head,  1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
St.  Vincent,  1891.     Comparative  curves  of  monthly  deviations  from 
Comparative  curves  of  seasonal  deviations  from  normal  values.     North  Dakota 

Comparative  curves  of  seasonal  deviations  from  normal  values.     South  Dakota. 
Comparative  curves  of  seasonal  deviations  from  normal  values.     North  Dakota 

South  Dakota. 


137. — Diagram:  Miscellaneous   elements. 

normal  values. 
188.— Diagram  :   Miscellaneous  elements. 

normal  values. 
139. — Diagram :  Temperature. 

and  Minnesota. 
140. — Diagram  :  Temperature. 
141. — Diagram:  Precipitation. 

and  Minnesota. 

ML'. — Diagram:  Precipitation.     Comparative  curves  of  seasonal  deviations  from  normal  values. 
1  i:;.  —Number  of  areas  of  low  pressure. 

111. — Average  number  of  centers  of  low  pressure  passing  withiu  150  miles  of  the  station. 
145. — Mean  monthly  actual  barometric  pressure, 
llli. — Mean  monthly  reduced  barometric  pressure. 
147.— Chart:  Storm  tracks.     1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (January). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (February). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (March). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (April). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (May). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (June). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (July). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (August). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (September). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (October). 

1887-1888-1889-1890-1891  (November). 

1887-1888-18S9-1890-1891  (December). 


14K. — Chart:  Storm  tracks. 
149. — Chart:  Storm  tracks. 
150. — Chart :  Storm  tracks. 
151. — Chart:  Storm  tracks. 
152. — Chart :  Storm  tracks. 
153. — Chart:  Storm  tracks. 
154. — Chart:  Storm  tracks. 
155. — Chart :  Storm  tracks. 
156. — Chart :  Storm  tracks. 
157. — Chart:  Storm  tracks. 
158.— Chart :  Storm  tracks. 


APPENDIX  No.  2. 


Chronological  list  of  stations  in  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota,  with 
reference  to  location  and  to  character  and  extent  of  meteorological  observations. 

The  names  are  arranged  alphabetically  without  regard  to  geographical  position.  The  latitude  and  longitude 
have  been  taken  from  the  latest  standard  maps.  In  the  ease  of  broken  records  the  extent  of  the  missing  portions 
can  be  ascertained  by  reference  to  the  tabulated  data  elsewhere  in  this  report.  The  elevations  above  sea  level  have 
been  taken  from  the  Dictionary  of  Altitudes,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  from  the  Weather  Bureau  reports. 

[Abbreviations:  V.O.,  voluntary  observer;  W.B.,  Weather  Bureau;  U.  S. P.  H.,  United  States  post  hospital.] 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 


Station. 

County. 

Longi- 
tude. 

Lati- 
tude. 

Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea 
level. 

Kichland  ,  

o     ' 
96  47 

0       / 

46  27 

Feet. 

100  51 

46  45 

2  211 

1  Vmbiiia  

97  28 

48  52 

lirrtlmld  Fort  

(Jarficld  

101  45 

47  35 

liurleigh  

100  48 

46  47 

1  668 

Jiu  ford  Fort       

Itiiford  

103  56 

48  00 

2  017 

]•'»  ister  

99  07 

47  36 

till  08 

48  15 

97  03 

46  43 

921 

98  54 

48  08 

1  467 

Stark 

100  45 

46  52 

2  403 

98  32 

46  01 

96  48 

46  52 

903 

90  43 

46  18 

97  58 

47  21 

Walsh 

97  24 

48  25 

97  04 

47  55 

98  20 

46  25 

97  42 

47  18 

98  40 

•Hi  52 

1  395 

Kelso 

Traill 

(I7  01 

47  20 

Lakota 

98  20 

48  02 

Leech  Kami 

'It;  45 

46  50 

lilt)  ;V 

46  50 

1  644 

Milton 

'18  00 

48  40 

Mi  lint 

Ward 

im  ::n 

48  15 

Napoleon 

'MI  ;;,x 

46  30 

New  Kn^land  Citv 

Hillings                                                            . 

101'  57 

46  34 

Peiubina 

97  10 

48  56 

791 

PeinMna,  Fort 

do 

97  03 

48  57 

750 

Power 

97  12 

46  33 

Raii.snni,  Fort 

'17  ">."> 

46  32 

1  4;!S 

Rice,  Fort  

'Hi  .~>3 

46  07 

Richard  ton 

Stork 

102  17 

46  52 

''  -164 

St.  Johns  ...                       .... 

Rolette 

99  45 

48  49 

St.  Thomas   

I'embina 

97  26 

48  37 

Sauborn  

Harnes 

48  12 

46  58 

1  460 

Seward,  Fort  

98  49 

46  55 

Sheyenne..,  

Eddy 

99  (« 

47  48 

1  900 

Spiritwood  

stutsman 

98  29 

46  56 

1  477 

Stoele  

Ividder 

99  !•>•' 

46  50 

1  857 

Stevenson,  Fort  

si  evens 

101  28 

47  35 

1  731 

Tobacco  Garden  

Hnford      ...       .                             

103  36 

48  05 

Totten,  Fort  

'i<i  ()•' 

IT  .V) 

1  -)W> 

Valley  City  

'17  5'l 

46  55 

1  218 

Wahpeton  

'n;  :;s 

46  15 

Wild  Rice  

96  49 

46  33 

Willow  City  

iiottineau 

100  15 

48  35 

Woodbridge  

Cavalier 

I  IX  55 

1!)  59 

Yatea,  Fort  

Knunona 

100  35 

46  09 

S.  Ex.  157 6 


42 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Chronological  list  of  stations,  etc. — Continued. 
NORTH  DAKOTA— Continued. 


Station. 

Record. 

Authority. 

Rainfall. 

Temperature. 

From  — 

To  (inclu- 
sive) — 

Character. 

From  — 

To  (inclu- 
sive) — 

Character. 

Abercrombie,  Fort   

Aug.,   1860 
July,    1873 
Oct.,    1891 
Sept.,  1866 
Sept.,  1874 
Sept.,  1866 

Mar.,    1889 
June,   1891 
Apr.,    1888 

Oct.,     1877 
July,    1891 
Dec.,    1891 
May,     1867 
Dec.,    1891 
do  

Broken  
....do  
Complete  . 
Broken  ... 
Complete  . 
Broken  

....do  

Feb.,    1859 
July,    1873 
Oct.,     1891 
Sept.,  1866 
Oct.,     1874 
Sept.,  1866 

Mar.,   1889 
June,   1891 
Apr.,    1888 
Jan.,    1884 
Nov.,    1891 
Dec.,    1890 
July,    1872 

Oct.,    1877 
July,    1891 
Dec.,    1891 
May,    1867 
Dec.,    1891 
—  do  

do     . 

Broken  .  .  . 
....do  
Complete  . 
do 

U.  S.  P.  H. 
U.  S.  P.  H. 
V.O. 

U.  S  P  H 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort  .  . 
Bathgate                        . 

Berthold,  Fort  

Bismarck 

....do  
Broken  

do 

W.  B. 
U.H..U.  S.  P. 
H. 
V.O. 
V.  0. 
V.  0. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

V.  0. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

V.  0. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

v.o. 
v.o. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

v.o. 

W.B. 

U.S.I'.  II. 

v.o. 

I'.S.  P.  II. 
U.S.  P.  11. 

v.o. 

AM). 
V.  (  ). 

v.o. 

U.  S.P.  H. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

W.B.,U.S.  P. 
H. 
W.B. 
W.B.,  U.  S.  P. 
H. 
V.O. 
V.O. 
V.O. 
V.O. 
V.O. 
W.B.,  U.  S.  P. 
H. 

Buford  Fort 

Carringtou  

Nov.,    1891 
Aug.,   1891 
do  

Church's  Ferry 

Complete  . 
Biokeu  

Aug.,    1891 
do 

Complete  . 
Broken  
Complete  . 
.do  

do 

Davenport  

Devils  Lake 

Apr.,    1884 
Dec.,    1891 
do 

Dickinson  

Nov.,    1891 

Nov.,    1891 
Dec.,    1891 
do 

Complete  . 
Broken  

do 

Ellendale  

Dec.,    1890 
Dec.,    1872 
June,   1888 
Dec.,    1889 
Jan       1891 

Far^o 

do 

Broken  

Farmington  

June,   1888 
Dec.,    1891 
Nov.,   1891 
Dec..    1891 
....do  
Nov.,   1891 
Deo,,    1891 
Oct.,    1891 
do 

Complete  . 
....do  
Broken  
....do  
Complete  . 
do 

<<;illatin 

Feb.,    1888 
Jan.,    1891 
June,   1887 
July,    1891 
June,   1891 

Dec.,    1890 
Dec.,    1891 
....do  ..... 
....do  
Nov.,    1891 

Broken  .  .  . 
....do  
....do  

Complete    . 

do  

Grafton 

(fraud  Forks  

June,   1887 
July,    1891 
June,    1891 
do  

Grand  Rapids      

Hope  .  

Jamestown  

Broken  

Kelso  » 

July,    1890 
June,   1891 
Apr.,   1888 
Aug.,   1883 
Doc.,    1891 

Complete  . 
do 

July,    1890 
June,   1891 
Apr.,    1888 

Dec.,    1891 
do  

Dec.,    1889 

Complete  . 
Broken   ... 

Complete    . 

Lakota  

Leech  Farm 

Dec.,    1889 
Mar.,    1884 
Dec.,    1891 

do 

Mandau  

....do  

Milton  

do  

Minot  

Nov.,    1891 
June     1889 

Dec.,    1K91 
il» 

Complete  . 
Broken   ... 

Complete    . 

....do  

liioken   ... 
,i.. 

Napoleon  

June,  1889 
July,    1888 
Nov.,    1872 
Aug.,   1871 
June,   1891 
Dec.,    1868 

Dec.,    1891 
Mar.,    1891 
Aug.,    1880 
Dec.,    1891 
do  

Broken  

New  England  C'itv  

Complete  . 
do 

.Illlv,      1XSX 

Nov.,    1872 
Aug.,    1871 
June,   1891 
Dec.,    1868 
July,    1868 
Feb.,    1884 
Sept.,  1891 
July,    1891 
Mar.,    1890 
Jan.,    1873 
June,   1872 
Feb.,    1881 
Apr.,    1889 
Aug.,   1867 

Feb.,    1882 
Aug.,   1869 

Sept.,  1891 
July,    1889 
June,   1890 
Sept.,  1891 
Oct.,    1891 
Jan.,    1882 

.Mar.,     18111 
Aim.,    1880 
Dec.,    1891 
do 

Pembiua  

Pembina,  Fort  

Broken  
Complete  . 
....do  
Broken  
....do  
Complete  . 
do 

Power  

Ransom,  Fort  

July,    1872 
Dec.,    1878 
July,    1888 
Dec.,    1891 
....do  

July,    1872     Complete  . 
Oct.,     187*   ....do  
July,    ]X8K     Broken  ... 
Dec.,    IS)!     Complete  . 

Rice,  Fort  

July,    1868 
Feb.,    1884 
Sept.,   1891 

July,    1891 
Mar.,   1890 
Jan.,    1873 

Richardton  

St.  .lulms 

St.  Thomas  

Sanhorn  

Mar.,   1890 
Sept.,  1877 

.  do 

Mar.,    18!  10 
Sept.,  1877 
Aug.,   1872 
May,    1881 
Oct.,    1891 
Apr.,    1883 

June,   1883 
Nov.,    1890 

Dec..    1891 
do 

ilo 

Seward,  Fort  

Broken  

....ill)  '.'. 

....do  
.....ID  

....do  
Broken   ... 

....do  .. 

(In 

Sheyenne  

Spiritwood 

Feb.,    1881 
Apr.,    1889 
Aug.,   1867 

51  a  v,    1881 
Oct.,     1891 
May,    1883 

Complete  . 
Broken  
do 

Steele  

Stevenson,  Fort  

Tobacco  Garden  

Totten,  Fort  

Aug.,    1869 

Sept.,  1891 
July,    1889 
June,  1890 
June,   1891 
Oct.,    1891 
Jan.,    1882 

Nov.,    1890 

Nov..    1891 
Dec.,'    1891 
....do  ... 

Complete  . 

....do  
Broken  
Complete  . 
....do  

Valley  Citv  

Complete  . 
do 

Wahpeton  

Wild  Rice  

do 

,in 

Willow  City,  

....do  

do 

do 

Woodbridgo  

....do  

...do 

do 

,i~ 

Yates,  Fort  

....do  

do  

do 

dn 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Chronological  list  of  stations,  etc. — Continued. 
SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


43 


Station. 

County. 

Longi- 
tude. 

Lati- 
tude. 

Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea 
level. 

Aberdeen  

Brown  

O        ' 

98  28 

O        ' 

45  28 

Feel. 

Alexandria  

Hanson  

97  45 

41!  40 

Armour  

Douglas  

98  20 

43  '>~> 

BaiJ  "111'  

Walworth   - 

100  02 

4f>  •>{', 

Bennett,  Fnrt                                                        

100  39 

44  4'f 

1  440 

Bon  11  online  

Bon  Honinie 

97  40 

42  5-t 

Britton  

Marshall  . 

97  44 

45  47 

Brookin^s                                                                  

%  48 

44   I'l 

1  (>'!(> 

Oaiiton 

96  31 

43  19 

i  '"ii 

Castlewood  

Hainlin  . 

97  00 

4-1    13 

Clark  

Clark  ... 

97  41 

44  :">•' 

Cross 

103  30 

Dakota  City  

Hutchiuson 

97  12 

43  21 

1  >akota,  Fort     .            

Lincoln 

%  45 

43  30 

103  43 

44  93 

4  630 

De  Smet 

97  29 

44  ''1 

i  7''i; 

Egelaml  .          

Day 

97  18 

45  13 

Elkton 

96  28 

44  \r> 

Firesteel  

Aurora 

98  23 

43  50 

Flandreau  

Moody 

96  30 

44  03 

1  550 

Forestburg  

Saiiborn 

98  04 

44  01 

Forest  City  

Potter 

100  15 

45  01 

Frankfort 

98  14 

44  5'' 

1  2tMi 

Garden  City  

Clark 

97  34 

44  57 

Gary  

Deuel  .  . 

96  27 

44  48 

1  484 

Goddard  ,  

Sully  .  . 

100  06 

44  35 

Grand  View  .   .  .    . 

Douglas 

98  19 

43  24 

Greenwood  !'<>rf 

97  57 

42  54 

1  100 

Hale,  Fort  

Lynian 

99  22 

43  5H 

Henry 

97  26 

44  r}'> 

1  810 

Highraore  

Hyde 

99  27 

44  31 

Howard  .  ... 

Miner 

97  30 

44  (Hi 

Hurley  

Turner 

97  05 

43  IS 

1  272 

Huron....  

Beadle 

98  09 

44  21 

1  285 

Kimball  

Brule 

98  57 

43  4."> 

Lead  City  

Lawrence, 

103  45 

44  ''•> 

Long  Creek  

Lincoln 

96  50 

43  15 

Lower  Brnle  .V'em  \  

Lyman  .  . 

99  22 

43  .VI 

Mammoth  .Springs  

Pennington 

103  16 

44  OH 

Meade,  Fort  

Lawrence 

103  24 

44  24 

Millbank  

Grant  

96  36 

45  12 

1  149 

Mitchell  

Davidson  

97  58 

43  43 

Morriston  

Hanson 

97  53 

43  40 

Mouth  Cherry  

Stanley  -  - 

100  24 

44   ''(! 

Oelrichs  

Fall  Kiver 

103  08 

43  (17 

Olivet  

Hutehinson 

97  38 

4:-!   17 

Onida  .    .   . 

Sully     .  . 

100  02 

44    I'' 

Parker  

Turner  .  .  . 

97  10 

43  -T} 

1  340 

Parkston  

Hutchinson 

97  58 

43  ''4 

Pierre  

Hughes 

100  16 

41  :;i 

1,438 

Pierre,  Fort 

100  21 

41  ''I 

1  456 

Plankintoi,  

Aurora 

98  27 

43  i:: 

Randall,  Fort 

Todd 

98  32 

43  <>:; 

1  245 

Rapid  City  . 

103  14 

n  in 

Redfield  

Spink 

98  30 

44   '<•> 

Roscoe  ......  .  

99  20 

4",  •'* 

St.  Lawrence  

Hand 

98  53 

44  31 

Scranton  

100  18 

45  ''X 

Sioux  Falls  

Minnehaha 

96  39 

43  31 

1  500 

Sisseton,  Fort  

Marshall 

97  32 

45  :>S 

Smithvillo  

102  24 

44  13 

Spearfish  

do 

103  51 

44  ''!! 

Spring  Lake  

Kingsbury 

97  12 

44   r> 

Sully,  Fort  

Sully 

100  36 

44  311 

1,688 

Swan  Lake  

Turner   . 

97  04 

43  13 

Tyndall  

Bon  Homrae 

97  47 

43  00 

Clay 

96  03 

42  48 

1  161 

Watertown.. 

Codineton.. 

97  03 

44  53 

1.735 

44 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Chronological  list  of  stations,  etc. — Continued. 
SOUTH  DAKOTA— Continued. 


Station. 

County. 

Longi- 
tude. 

Lati- 
tude. 

Eleva- 
tion 
above 
sea 

level. 

Wei)  s  tor 

Day  

o     ' 
97  30 
96  57 
98  32 
96  57 
98  27 
98  15 
97  20 

O        ' 

45  22 
44  00 
44  06 
43  57 
44   25 
44  05 
42  52 

Feet. 

Lake  . 

Jerauld  .   . 

Lake  ..  .. 

Beadle  

Saiiborn  

Yaukton  ....           ... 

1,228 

Station. 

Record. 

Authority. 

Rainfall. 

Temperature. 

From  — 

To  (inclu- 
sive) — 

Character. 

From  — 

To  (inclu- 
sive) — 

Character. 

Aberdeen     .  .             ..... 

Mar.,    1890 
Mar.,    IXXL' 
May,   1889 
June,   1891 
Oct.,     1880 

Mar.,   1872 
Sept.,  1891 
.July,    1888 
July,    1889 
Aug.,    1891 
July,    1889 
Mar.,    1890 

Dec.,    1891 
....do  

Aug.,    1889 
June,   1891 
Oct.,     1891 

May,    1872 
Dec  ,    1891 
do  
June,   1891 
Dec.,    1891 
....do  
do    ... 

Complete  . 
Broken  
Complete  . 
do  

Mar.,    1890 
Mar.,    1882 
May,    1889 

Dec.,    1891 
do    

Complete  . 
Broken  .  .  . 
Complete  . 

V.O. 
V.O. 

V.o. 
v.o. 
W.B..U.S.P. 
H. 
V.  0. 
V.O. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

V.O. 

v.o. 
r.s-p.  u. 

AV.  B. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

V.  (.). 

v.o. 

v.o. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

U.S.  P.]  I. 

r.  s.  p.  H. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

W<B. 

v.o. 

W.B. 

v.o. 

U.  S.  P.  H. 

v.o. 

W.B.,U.  S.P. 
H. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 

Alexandria      .       .    . 

Anno  or 

Aug.,    1889 

Ban  for 

Bennett   Fort 

Broken   .  .  . 

Complete  . 
....do  
Broken  
....do  
Complete  . 
Broken  
...   do 

Oct.,     1880 

Oct.,     1891 

Broken  .  .  . 

Bon  Homme 

Britton 

Sept.,  1891 
July,    1888 
Aug.,    1889 
Aug.,    1891 
July,    1889 
.Mar.,    1890 
May,    1886 
Sept.,  1866 
Jan.,     1878 

Dec.,  »1891> 
do 

Complete  . 

An 

Canton  

June,   1891 
Dec.,    1891 
do 

..do 
..do  .  .. 
rlo 

.. 

Castle  wood  

Clark  

Cross  .     . 

....do  

May.      1886 
Apr.,     18(19 

Her.,      1887 

Dec.,     1X91 
June.    1X91 
Dec..     1X91 

Broken   .  .  . 
Complete  . 
Broken  
....do  
Complete  . 
do  
Broken  ... 

Dakota  City  .   . 

Dakota,  Fort 

July,    1866 
Jan.,    1878 

June,   1869 
Dec.,    1887 
Dec.,    1891 
June,   1891 
Dec.,    1891 
June,   1877 
Her.,    1891 
do 

Broken  ... 
do  ..   . 

Deailwood  

De  Siuet 

Feb.,    1889 
May,    1891 
Jan.,    1891 
Feb.,    1875 
Jan.,    1890 
May,     1891 
July,    1891 
Sept.,  1891 
Oct.,     1887 
July,    1891 
Jane,  1888 
Oct.,     1888 
Feb..    1860 
Jan      1879 

Complete  . 
do  
....do  

...   do 

Feb.,    1889 
May,     1891 
Jan.,     1891 

Ktreland 

Elkton 

Firesteel  

Flandreau  .....  . 

....do  
do 

June,    1890 
May.     1891 
July,    1891 
Sept.,  18!)1 
Oct..     1887 
Aug.,   1891 
Nov.,    1888 
Oct.,     18X8 
Nov.,    1859 
Jan..    1879 
Oct.,     1886 
Feb.,    1887 
Aug.,    1890 
Jan.,    1888 
July,    1881 
Jan       1889 

Dec..     1891 
....do  
NOT.,   1X91 

Dec       1891 

Broken  .  .. 
Complete  . 
....do  
do 

ForeNtburg  

Forest  Citv  .  .    . 

Nov.,    1891 
Dec.,    1891 
May,    1889 
Dee.,     1891 
Aug.,    1888 
Dec.,    1888 
.May.     1861 
May,    1884 
Sept.,  1887 
Aug.,    1891 
Dec.,    1891 

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
Broken  
Complete  . 
Broken  .  .  . 
Complete  . 
do  
Broken  
do 

Frankfort  

Garden  City  . 

May,     1XX9 

Dec-..      1891 

Feb.,     ixsii 
Dec.,    1X88 
Dec.,    1X62 
May.     18X4 
Sept..   1XX7 
Apr.,    1891 
Dee.,    1891 

..do  ... 
...lo  ... 
,],, 

(  larv  . 

Goddard  

Grand  View 

....do  
Broken   .  .  . 
Complete  . 
....do  
Broken  ... 
....do  

do 

Greenwood,  Fort 

Hale,  Fort 

I  Icnrv 

Oct.,     1886 
Fob.,    1887 
Sept.,  1890 

1  1  i^lllllorr      . 

Howard  

Hurley  

Huron  

July,    1881 
Apr.,    1886 
July,    1878 

Dec.,    1891 
do 

Complete  . 
do 

Dec.,     1891 
do 

Complete  . 
dn 

Kimball  

Lead  Citv  

Oct.,    1878 

....do  

June,   1878 
May,     1SXX 
Sept.,   1X75 
Sept..   1883 
July,    1X711 

Apr..    1890 
July,    1891 
Dec.,    1878 

Oct.,     1878 
Sept.,  ixxx 
Dec.,     1X78 
Mar.,    1X81 

Dec.,      1891 

...do  .. 

....do  
July,    1884 

do 

Long  Creek  

.1,, 

Lower  Bruit:  Agency  
Mammoth  Spriii"H 

Sept.,  1875 
Sept.,  1883 
July,    1879 

Dec.,    1889 
June,   1891 
Jan.,     1X77 

Dec.,    1878 
Mar.,    1884 
Dec.,    1891 

do 

Broken  
Complete  . 
Broken  ... 

do 

....do  .. 

....do  

Broken   .  .. 

Complete  . 
do  
Broken  .  .  . 

Meade,  Fort  

Millliank  .. 

Mitchell  

....do  

July,    1X84 
May.     1861 
Dec.,    1X91 
Nov.,     1XXL' 

Dec.,    1X!I1 
Nov.,    1881 

Complete  . 
Broken  .  .  . 
Complete  . 
Broken   ... 
C  ]llete    . 
Broken   ... 
...do  .. 

Morriston  

Mouth  (    llclTV    

Apr.,    1861 
Mar.,    1890 
June,    1X77 
Apr.,    1**9 
July,    1891 

Oelrichs  
Olivet  

Mar.,    1890 
June,    1877 
Mar..    188!l 
Julv.    1891 

Dec.,      1891 
Dec..     1882 
Dee..     1891 
...do  .. 

Broken  ... 

Complete 

Broken   ... 
...do  .. 

Ouida  

I'arLiT  

«/Y>  3. 

Geographical  JL/isl  of 


703" 


ror" 


100  ' 


1 42 


S  BT ../.?/      52  1 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


45 


Chronological  list  of  stations,  etc. — Continued. 
SOUTH  DAKOTA— Continued. 


Station. 

Record. 

Authority. 

Rainfall. 

Temperature. 

From  — 

To  (inclu- 
sive) — 

Character. 

From  — 

To  (inclu- 
sive) — 

Character. 

Parkstou 

Feb.,    1877 

.Ian.,      1X91 
.lulv,     1X55 
May,     IS!M 
Jan.,    1*57 

Dec.,    1891 
....do  

Apr.,     1857 
Aug.,    1891 
Dec.,    1891 
do  

Broken  ... 

Complete 
.  .    .  do 

Jan.,     1887 
July,     18!il 
Jan        1854 

Dec.,  1891 
....  do  

Mav.     1857 
Aug.,    1891 
Dee.,     1X91 
do 

Broken   .  .  . 
Complete  . 
Broken  ... 
Complete  . 
Broken  ... 
do 

V.  0. 
W.  15. 
U.  S.  P.  H. 
V.O. 
U.  S.  P.  H. 
W.  I!. 

v.o. 

V.  0. 

v.o. 

v.o. 
v.o. 

U.  S.  P.  H. 
W.  B. 
V.o. 
V.O. 
W.B.,  U.S.P. 
H. 
V.O. 
V.O. 
V.O. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
V.O. 
V.O. 

v.o. 
v.o. 
v.o. 
V.  O.,  W.  B. 

1'ierre  
Pierre,  Fort  

I'laukinton 

do 

June,    18!ll 
Nov.,    1X56 
Mar.,    1881 
Apr.,     1X8!) 
Mav,     18811 
Ang.,    1890 
Dec.,    1889 
June.    1890 
Sept.,  1866 
June,    1881 
Jan..     lxx<» 
Nov.,    1888 
Jan.,    1866 

Randall.  Fort  

Broken  
.  .  do 

Rapid  City  

Feb.,    1X81 
Apr.,     1XX9 
Ma.y,      1XX9 
Aug.,    1X90 
Dec.,    1889 

Rcdfield  

June,    1889 
Sept.,  1889 
Dec.,    1891 
Apr.,     1891 
!><•<•.,    1891 
Apr.,    1889 

Complete  . 
do  
Broken  ... 
Complete  . 
Broken  ... 
....do  

June,    1889 
Oct.,     1889 
Dec.,    1891 
Apr.,    1891 
Dec.,    1891 
Apr.',    1889 
June,    1883 
Dec.,     18111 
Aug.,    1889 
Dec.,    1891 

Complete  . 
....do  
Broken  .  .. 
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
Complete  . 
....do  
Brokeu  ... 

Roscoe  
St.  Lawrence  
Scr.autou  

Sioux  Falls  . 

.Inno.    1X90 
Sept..   1866 

Sisseton,  Fort  . 

Smithville  

Speartish          

Jan.,     1XX9 
Oct.,     ixxx 
Apr.,    1866 

Jan.,    1881 
.lulv.    1891 
Dec.,    1883 

Nov..     1X91 
June.    1882 
Sept.,    1883 
.lulv.     18!ll 

June,   1882 
Jan..     1XX9 
Apr.,     I8S8 
Jnni!,    1862 

I  .,    1891 
Aug.,   1889 
Dec.,    1891 

Sept.,  1881 
Dec.,    1891 
Feb..     1S91 
Dec.,    1891 
....do  
....do  

Complete  . 
do  
Brokeu  

Complete  . 
do 

Spring  Lake  

Sully,  Fort  

Swan  Lake  

Tvndall  

Alii,'..     1X111 
Jan..     1884 

Deo.,    1891 
Feb.,     1X91 

Complete  . 
Broken  .  .. 

Vermillion  
Watertowu  

Broken  

Complete  . 
Broken  
do  .. 

Webster  
Went  worth  

June,    1X82 
Sept..    1883 
.lulv.     18111 
July,    1882 
Jan.,     1XX9 
Apr.,     1888 
Nov.,    1859 

Dec.,    1891 
do 

Broken   .  .. 
do 

Wessinfton  Springs 

....do  
Apr.,    1883 
Dec.,    1891 
Doc.,    1890 
Dec.,    1891 

Complete  . 
Broken  .  .  . 
Complete  . 
do  
Brokeu  

....do  
Apr.,    1883 
Dee.,    1891 
Dec:,    1890 
Dec.,    1891 

Complete  . 
Broken  ... 
Complete  . 
do  
Broken  

Wicklow 

Wolsev                .  .   .  . 

Woonsoeket  .  

Vauktoii  . 

MINNESOTA,  NEBRASKA,  AND  IOWA. 


Station. 


County. 


Longi- 
tude. 


Lati- 
tude. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea. 

level. 


Hay  Springs,  Nebr 

Robinson,  Fort,  Nebr. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 

Valentine,  Nebr 

Moorhead,  Minn 

St.  Vincent,  Minn.. .. 


Sheridan . . 
Dawes 

Wood  bury 
Cherry 

Clay 


Kittson 


102  37 

103  23 

9(i  2-1 
100  27 

96  44 

97  14 


42  40 
42  40 
42  30 
42  52 
46  52 
48  56 


Feet. 


1 ,  25S 

2,613 

935 

805 


Station 


Record. 


Rainfall. 


From — 


To  (inclu- 
sive)— 


Character. 


Temperature. 


From — 


To  (inclu- 
sive)— 


Character. 


Authority. 


Hay  Springs,  Nebr 

Robinson,  Fort,  Nebr . 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 

Valentine,  Nebr 

Moorhead,  Minn 

St.  Vincent,  Minn 


Jan.,    1886    Dec.,    1891 
July,    1883   ....do 


Complete  . 
Broken  . 


Sept.,  1857   do ' do 


Sept.,  1885 
Jan.,  1881 
Sept.,  1880 


.do Complete 

.do do.. 


.do 


.do 


Jan.,     188ii  Dec'.,     1X91 

July,     1883  No\.,     18111 

Aug.,   1857  Dec.,    1891 

Sept..  1886  ....do 

Jan.,  1881  ....do 
Sept.,  1880 


Complete 
Broken  . . 

...do  .. 


Complete 
...do  .. 


.do 


.do 


V.O. 
W.B.,U.  S.P. 

H. 
V.  O.,  W.  B., 

U.  S.  P.  H. 
W.  B. 

V.  O.,  W.  B. 
W.  B. 


APPENDIX  No.  4. 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  m  Forth  Dakota, 


[Keferenres:  An  asterisk  (*)  indicates  incomplete  record,  but  to  what  extent  not  accurately  known;  I     ].  interpolated  values.    ! 
the  alphabet  indicate  the  number  of  days  missing  from  the  record;  T,  trace  of  rainfall,  or  an  amount  too  small  to  measure. 


.interpellated  values.     Letters  of 


FORT  ABERCROMBIE,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Ang. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Animal. 

I860 

*0.  59 

2.09 

2.81 

2.36 

0.  94 

/. 

I  ,  SI  1  1 

0  50 

0.32 

0.56 

3.95 

6.67 

1.85 

1.66 

4.78 

0.33 

0.63 

1.79 

0.30 

23.84 

|Ni->          

0.70 

0.90 

0.78 

1.82 

1.61 

0.95 

1.68 

0.  29 

1.12 

0.36 

0.36 

o.  s:: 

11.38 

isi;:;         

0.15 

0.74 

0.39 

0.04 

0.87 

0.26 

0.79 

4.62 

1.38 

3.29 

0.26 

O.til 

13.40 

i8»;i           

0.18 

0.14 

0.94 

0.45 

0.38 

1.72 

7.24 

1.76 

1.60 

1.16 

0.25 

1.01 

16.85 

isii.->               

0.24 

2.08 

2.00 

4.20 

0.83 

1.46 

1.61 

3.30 

0.60 

1.10 

0.02 

0.08 

17.  .",•_' 

ISIM;         

0.93 

0.02 

0.62 

3.72 

0.20 

2.00 

0.54 

1.&5 

0.92 

0.99 

1.24 

(1.01 

12.51 

ixtiT                    

o.  05 

0.45 

1.95 

0.45 

2.14 

6.83 

3.70 

0.76 

0.  50 

0.03 

0.60 

1.30 

ii>.  i;(i 

1868 

1.30 

0.60 

1.28 

0.83 

2.48 

3.05 

4.25 

J  .  US 

3.09 

T 

0.27 

0.  !M 

19.47 

1889 

0.10 

0.50 

0.86 

2.16 

4.32 

1.02 

0.50 

6.40 

5.  92 

0.10 

0.70 

0.15 

22.  7:: 

1870 

0.30 

0.38 

1.48 

0.32 

4.04 

2.01 

2.70 

2.80 

5.  10 

1.10 

1.00 

0.14 

21.37 

1X71 

0.60 

0.72 

1.40 

1.36 

0.30 

4.10 

1.62 

o.  5« 

1.40 

0.62 

0.70 

1.82 

15.2(1 

1872 

"0.  40 

*0  40 

1.50 

1.50 

4.20 

10.15 

3.  45 

2.35 

0.  90 

2.20 

(1.22 

0.55 

"27.  S2 

1873 

0  50 

0  51 

0  69 

2  00 

2  20 

3  65 

0  92 

4  03 

0  44 

0.26 

*0.  14 

1874 

0  80 

0  39 

*0  70 

1  70 

8  16 

1  20 

4   33 

0  76 

0.60 

1X75                            

T 

'0.43 

3.17 

2.96 

0.32 

•2.  12 

1.80 

"1.80 

0.  50 

6.90 

187fi            .              

0.80 

0.08 

0.66 

0.74 

0.56 

0.50 

1.10 

1.96 

0.46 

0.10 

0.  70 

0.  95 

X.  .-)9 

1877 

0  "(1 

0  10 

0  60 

1  70 

•'  (ill 

.1  15 

0.30 

4.40 

•0.40 

Means 

0.4!) 

0.55 

1.01 

1  .  55 

0    •>•> 

3.17 

2  22 

2.  43 

1.82 

0.  08 

0.69 

0.70 

17.  83 

FORT  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  N.  DAK. 


187:: 

0  80 

1.40 

0.  24 

T 

T 

1871 

0  30 

0  00 

0  13 

0  10 

0  45 

1  4° 

0  05 

1  ''11 

0  (ill 

0.  17 

1.60 

0.02 

5.  56 

1X75  
1871  i 

a  08 

0  12 

0.32 
0  34 

0.21 
0  34 

1.95 

1  54 

1.20 

4  "X 

3.  04 
0  34 

0.97 

0  49 

1.23 
4  83 

0.43 

1  40 

0.86 

0  •'() 

0.06 

(r.  56 

T 

O.(il 

10.35 

15.  OS 

1K77   

0.  -16 

0.33 

:;  i;:; 

4.42 

4.33 

5.42 

2.44 

1.20 

T 

•i.  :;.-> 

•0.50 

1.70 

•26.78 

187S  

T 

1.20 

0.90 

2.15 

i  :;o 

1.18 

0.57 

0.60 

0.40 

0.51 

T 

0.  30 

9.  11 

1X79   

0.  II 

0.24 

0.07 

:;  t;o 

4.40 

1.65 

0.88 

T 

1.10 

0.04 

1.01 

isso      

T 

T 

T 

1.75 

1  5'« 

1  .  54 

0.95 

5.  <;:> 

1.10 

T 

0.70 

'J' 

i:;.  in 

1X81  . 

T 

1.  00 

0  40 

0  60 

3  00 

2  •'! 

1  00 

2.00 

2  "5 

0.10 

0.  50 

T 

13.72 

1882 

T 

0  10 

1.30 

6  40 

2  80 

3.30 

4  60 

0  42 

1.68 

1.26 

0.  ill) 

0.90 

28.66 

1883 

1.10 

1  9'' 

0  70 

2  40 

1  70 

3  42 

2  00 

1  ''2 

0  ''I) 

2  XX 

0.30 

•>.  oo 

19.  X! 

1881     .  . 

1.00 

0  OX 

0  72 

1  88 

0  00 

5  16 

3  80 

4  18 

2.  "0 

1.20 

I)  SO 

1.60 

25.  ;i2 

1XX5   

r.  oo 

0  80 

0  90 

4  00 

1  34 

3  20 

v  82 

2  52 

0  22 

0.70 

0.40 

0.50 

18.4(1 

ISSli 

0  94 

0  70 

0  88 

1  44 

1  70 

2  20 

1  40 

1  90 

0  38 

0  80 

0.40 

1.  20 

13.94 

1SS7  

1.  18 

0.40 

0.90 

1.24 

0.80 

1.20 

5.30 

1.84 

1.68 

1.  10 

0.75 

0.  90 

17.29 

1XXX 

(1  !!<> 

0  '.IX 

0  50 

2  04 

0  64 

5  96 

3  32 

0  5X 

0  20 

0  'T> 

0.10 

1889 

1)  11) 

0  45 

0  70 

0  00 

3  61 

•'  (IK 

1  45 

(i  H5 

0  54 

0  00 

0  OS 

0.60 

10.  26 

1890 

1)  11) 

0  10 

0  30 

0  85 

0  X'l 

10  "1.3 

1  48 

o  si; 

(1  S", 

1  40 

0  07 

o  ->s 

IS.  11 

1891 

0  05 

0  43 

0  67 

•>  85 

4  85 

*4  42 

, 

Means 

0  41 

0  55 

0  74 

2  05 

2  14 

3  44 

2  08 

1  si 

0  77 

0  84 

0  48 

0  69 

16  On 

BATHUATE,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

1  72 

0  40 

0  70 

46 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAR.  .±7 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

FORT  BERTHOLD,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1866  .. 

0.40 

0  54 

0  00 

9  01 

1867  

0.16 

1.40 

BISMARCK,  N.   DAK. 


1874 

0  64 

0  83 

2  18 

0  37 

1X75             .  1.13 

1.32 

2.06 

4.22 

3.10 

5.02 

1  54 

2  89 

1  85 

2  37 

1  33 

0  39 

27  52 

1X70         ..     0.78 

1.45 

3.  •'" 

2.77 

5.71 

1.24 

1.48 

6.55 

5  61 

0  30 

0  86 

0  87 

30  92 

1X77    1.01 

0.19 

0.77 

1.32 

4.15 

4.60 

2.52 

0  35 

0.11 

0  94 

0  40 

0  69 

17  68 

1X78           .     T 

0.26 

1.46 

5.71 

3.  15 

2.78 

1.17 

2.79 

0.67 

1  45 

0  21 

0  58 

20  23 

1X7!)   0.  15 

0.82 

0.58 

'».  00 

3.67 

4.97 

4.27 

2.69 

0.07 

1  35 

0  16 

1  28 

99  6[ 

1X80  0.30 
1SX1  0.09 

0.16 
0.78 

0.69 

0.45 

::.  05 

1.02 

2.76 
2.27 

2.82 
4.  11 

2.02 
1.28 

4.82 

2.98 

0.72 
1.26 

0.27 
0  51 

0.87 
0  35 

1.17 

0  06 

19.  75 
•  15  76 

IXXL'  II.L>:; 
isx:;  0.25 
ixxi  ii.  ::x 

0.30 
0.66 

0.  X7 
0  36 

1  .  22 
0.38 
0.60 
0  18 

:;.  50 

1  .  57 
2.  L'O 
3  °1 

3.46 
1.15 

L'.  50 
0  '!•> 

3.88 
3.84 
3.63 
2  39 

4.31 
1.32 
3.62 
2  41 

0.30 

0.  118 

3.80 

1  li'' 

1.74 
0.04 
2.34 
0  14 

1.44 
3.88 
0.92 
0  54 

0.46 
0.26 
0.73 
0  66 

0.43 
1.33 
1.71 
0  34 

21.33 
15.  06 
23.36 
13  08 

ixxii                0  02 

0  54 

0  94 

1  49 

1  73 

2  03 

1  43 

1  15 

0  38 

0  05 

1  °4 

0  76 

1"  ''0 

1887                II  115 

0.52 

•  0  78 

1  52 

2  19 

0  85 

4  49 

1  02 

1  35 

1  15 

0  11 

0  80 

10  33 

ixxx  0.90 
ixxn  0.50 
1X90               II  SO 

0.  II 

1.18 

0.  •'! 

0.87 
0.55 
0.19 

0.11 

0.  L'O 
0  OX 

0.70 
3.  35 
0.57 

5.77 
1.03 
8  40 

3.96 
2.01 
1  11 

1.73 
0.  53 

0  09 

0.33 

0.  18 
0  98 

1.02 
T 
1  37 

0.38 
0.15 
0  14 

0.24 
0.69 

0  -)2 

16.51 
11.03 

15  75 

1X91  0.05 

0.57 

1.24 

2.  40 

2.  92 

4.19 

4.20 

1.  i:; 

0.87 

0.99 

1.20 

0.11 

20.50 

Mi'juis  0.57 

0.65 

0.97 

2.25 

2.03 

3.59 

2.54 

2.19 

1.09 

1.  11 

0.  02 

• 

0.69 

18.  90 

FORT  BUFORD,  N.  DAK. 


ixoii    

0.20 

0.30 

T 

1X07 

0  70 

0  08 

0  06 

0  42 

1  27 

0  51 

0  10 

0  46 

0  58 

1  13 

ixox  

ISO'I 

0.26 
T 

0.12 
0.38 

0.02 
0  46 

0.33 

o  o:, 

1.79 

1.78 

3.21 
0  86 

1.97 
1  0-' 

2.39 
0  94 

0.  27 
2  17 

0.62 
T 

0.13 
0  55 

0.39 
T 

11.50 
9  41 

INTO  
1871 

0.32 

0.21 

1.03 
0.19 

*0.31 

0.21 

0.00 
0.45 

3.92 
2.43 

0.77 

0  HO 

0.76 
0.  55 

0.81 
0  10 

0.45 
T 

1.25 
0  72 

0.03 
1  00 

0.25 
1.40 

*9.90 
8  19 

1872  

1X7!! 

1.36 

0  '18 

0.00 
4  35 

1.48 
2  95 

1.55 
1  25 

1.12 
6  60 

1.  75 
2  69 

2.44 
T 

0.45 
0  40 

3.25 
1  10 

0.80 
0  45 

1.04 

*1.57 
T 

*J0.80 

1X71      

n.  15 

0.20 

0.25 

0.15 

1.80 

1.02 

0.21 

2.26 

0.25 

0.13 

0.83 

0.30 

7.  5X 

1X75   

0.71 

1.12 

0.73 

1.83 

1.39 

3.46 

1.48 

3.05 

0.43 

0.45 

0.20 

o.oo 

14.85 

1X70  

I).  13 

0.  12 

0.09 

0.10 

4.00 

1  .  75 

0.00 

3.95 

1.05 

0.80 

0.22 

0.13 

12.34 

1X77 

n  :;i 

0  00 

0  11 

0.  13 

•  1  Till 

2  01 

0  80 

0  00 

0  85 

1  60 

1  75 

0  20 

12  29 

1X7X 

0  00 

0  05 

1  60 

1.85 

9  60 

3  15 

1  00 

1  35 

2  05 

T 

1.26 

1X7H  

1  XXI  1 

0.02 
0  10 

0.59 
0  51 

0.03 
0  21 

2.75 
0  74 

5.  56 
4.02 

3.35 
5.46 

3.63 
4  17 

0.18 
2  36 

0.00 
1  04 

1.55 
0  90 

0.37 
0  66 

1.64 
3.08 

19.  67 

23  "5 

1881 

1.98 

1.10 

1.17 

1.34 

1.00 

3.44 

1  3'< 

1  10 

1  58 

0.39 

0.39 

0.09 

14.  9O 

1  xx-' 

0.26 

0  29 

0.69 

I)  91 

1  61 

1.87 

2.25 

0  16 

2  86 

1.00 

0.29 

0.51 

12.  7f! 

ixx:;  

1  XX  1 

1.98 
0.11 

0.36 
0.12 

0.91 

0.10 

0.48 
1.30 

0.59 
0.14 

0.97 
0.99 

1.69 
1.87 

1.96 
1.06 

0.22 
0.53 

1.41 

0.44 

0.14 
0.31 

0.11 
0.40 

10.82 
7.37 

1X85 

0.  64 

0.44 

0.03 

1.71 

1.02 

6.05 

3.02 

1.50 

0.  '-"6 

0.19 

0.56 

0.14 

15.  50 

[886 

0  11 

0.71 

0.31 

2.25 

1.44 

0.93 

0.56 

0.87 

0.05 

1.57 

•  0.59 

0.55 

10.  21 

1887 

0.51 

0.18 

0.12 

1.09 

1.59 

3.25 

2.00 

3.91 

1.07 

1.43 

0.10 

0.18 

15.  43 

1XXX  

1889  

0.47 
0.13 

0.33 

0.30 

0.44 
0.20 

0.61 
0.60 

0.96 

2.69 

6.  75 
1.03 

2.12 
0.63 

1.65 
0.95 

0.62 
1.13 

0.62 
0.01 

0.10 
0.37 

0.07 
0.42 

14.74 

8.40 

1890  

o.  •'•' 

0.18 

0.  58 

0.60 

1.58 

5.23 

1.06 

0.22 

2.05 

2.45 

0.03 

0.04 

ll.L'l 

1891  

0.19 

0.  11 

0.27 

1.84 

1.49 

7.08 

2.99 

0.78 

0.66 

1.96 

1.44 

0.14 

18.98 

Mrann  ... 

0.48 

0.54 

0.51 

0.98 

2  24 

2.78 

1  62 

1.30 

0.91 

0.91 

0.48 

0.54 

13.29 

CARRINUTON,  N.  DAK. 


1889 

0  17 

1  07 

1.93 

1  92 

3.03 

2  37 

1891 

3.64 

4.32 

0.30 

1.19 

1.77 

0.67 

f 

2.78 

3.68 

1.34 

48 


CURTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

CHURCH'S  FERRY,  N.  DAK. 


Tear. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1881 

5.15 

2.66 

0.88 

, 

DAVENPORT,  N.  DAK. 


1XXX                           

l.Ofi 

1.82 

2.04 

3.  04 

1.24 

0.  52 

1.04 

0  06 

0  05 

1  NX'  1 

0  58 

it  i;r> 

0  05 

1  23 

1.68 

0  84 

1.50 

•'   II 

5  Oil 

ii  ()•' 

0    111 

1)  70 

U«I7 

1890  

0.43 

0.30 

0.38 

0.  10 

1.47 

:-..  7r> 

3.  04 

3.25 

2.73 

2.20 

ix;n 

0.89 

5.  lit 

6.  52 

1.51 

Means 

0.50 

0.48 

0.22 

0.80 

1.46 

3.46 

3.52 

2.11 

2.78 

1  09 

0  12 

0  38 

16  9'' 

DICKINSON,  N.  DAK. 


ISitl    

0.  50 

ELLENDALE,  N.  DAK. 

1890  

*0.06 

1X91                

2.  48 

2.94 

2.06 

.  :;.  X7 

5.12 

0.41 

0.78 

1.29 

0.34 

0.70 



Means  

0.38 

FARGO,  N.  DAK. 

1X72  

0  25 

1X91  

:•{.  83 

3.64 

2.96 

2.69 

1.32 

0.46 

0.  43 

Means  

0  34 

FARMINGTON,  N.  DAK. 

1888  

3.  30 

GALLATIN,  N.  DAK. 

18X9  .. 

• 

0  03 

1X!K) 

0.  09 
0.  21 

0.26 
0.42 

0.21 
0.28 

0.46 
1.6!) 

1.06 
2.21 

3.51 
3.03 

2.63 
4.43 

2.  53 

0.  SX 

1.X9 
1.61 

2.  06 
2.71 

0.09 

o.  »;r> 

0.06 
0.  57 

14.  X5 
18.70 

1X91  

Mr.ans  

0.15 

0.34 

0.24 

1.08 

1.64 

3.27 

3.53 

1.70 

1.75 

2.38 

0.38 

0.22 

16.68 

GRAETON,  N.  DAK. 

1891  

0.34 

1.58 





2.32 

7.13 

4.65 

2.09 

2.23 

2.44 

0.10 

GRAND  FORKS,  N.  DAK. 


1XX7  .. 

5  33 

1XXX  

0  95 

1  3y 

18X9  

1.22 

1.00 

1X90  

0  34 

1  ''1 

3  77 

1  48 

•>  r.ii 

019 

1801  

0.27 

o.  it:, 

2.81 

1.37 

0.71 

0.71 

1.29 

Means  

0.74* 

0.98 







3.80 



0.81 

1.02 



0.  42 

0.71 



CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  N.   DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

:;  six 

0  16 

0  94 

1  70 

1  03 

3  3'' 

HOPE,  N.  DAK. 


1801 

3  33" 

5  OH 

0  81 

1  34 

2  27 

0  30 

JAMESTOWN,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

6.29 

1.42 

KELSO,  N.  DAK. 

1890           

2.51 
2.45 

2.06 
0.99 

1.49 
2.01 

2.60 
2.60 

0.20 

0.  09 

1891          

0.42 

0.95 

2.17 

2.21 

1.  15 

4.85 

Means  

2.48 

1.52 

1.75 

2.60 

LAKOTA,  N.  DAK. 


1891                   

4.55 

2.74 

2  00 

1  97 

2  17 

LEECH  FARM,  N.  DAK. 


18«8   

I.OH 

1.82 

2.04 

3.04 

1.1'  1 

0.52 

1.04 

0  06 

0  50 

1889   

0.75 

0.65 

0.  05 

I  .  •_':; 

1.68 

0.84 

1.50 

2.  1  1 

*5.  09 

0  02 

0  19 

0  70 

''0  1  1 

1.14 

1.  75 

1  44 

2  27 

1  84 

2  80 

0  53 

0  12 

0  60 

MANDAN,  N.  DAK. 


1883       

0.75 

0.08 

1.81 

0.03 

0.81 

1884  

0.02 

0.34 

T 

/• 

MILTON,  N.  DAK. 

1891  

1  00 

NAPOLEON,  N.  DAK. 

1889        

2.45 

1.43 

7.19 
7.87 

2.85 
0.46 
4.93 

1.74 
1.06 
1.21 

2.29 
1.02 
2.17 

T 

1.44 
2.18 

0.13 
0.20 
1.13 

0.69 
0.36 
1.76 

1890    

0.59 

0.43 

0.10 

0.52 

1891  

0.12 

0.98 

1.11 

2.39 

2.  02 

27.90 

0.36 

0.70 

0.60 

1.46 

2.24 

5.50 

2.75 

1.35 

1.83 

1.21 

0.49 

0.94 

19.43 

S.  Ex.  157- 


50  CKKTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

• 

NEW  ENGLAND   CITY,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

.Inn. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1888 

o.oo 

1.38 

T 

0.48 

0.  05 

0.  25 

1XX9                          .      ... 

0.  50 

6.86 

0.  02 

0.84 

2.18 

0.94 

2.  58 

0.70 

0.47 

T 

0.07 

0.40 

9.  55 

1890                        .   .. 

'•  55 

0.  IS 

0.03 

1.56 

2.  35 

6.93 

1.96 

0.1)1 

0.  55 

1.25 

0.  IN 

0.  50 

16.08 

1891 

T 

(1  III 

I  00 

Means    ...  

o.:r> 

0.48 

0.35 

1.20 

2.26 

3.  94 

1.81 

0.70 

0.34 

0.58 

0.10 

0.38 

12.  49 

FORT  PEMBINA,  N.  DAK. 


1871 

2.95 

0.23 

1.  1:; 

0.54 

0.47 

1  872          

0.  28 

0.  25 

0.45 

2.00 

1.90 

2.09 

3.09 

0.82 

1.67 

1.  16 

0.53 

2.  95 

17.  19 

1873    

0.  4  1 

0.  75 

0.35 

0.39 

2.11 

2.91 

1.30 

2.38 

2.  05 

0.56 

0.66 

0.  18 

14.  05 

1S7I          

0.  2li 

0.25 

0.35 

0.  20 

1.  55 

3.41 

1.40 

2.21 

1.54 

0.29 

0.30 

0.  12 

11.88 

1875     

"0.04 

*0.03 

*0.  05 

0.47 

1.87 

3.83 

1.18 

2.  62 

0.  92 

1.26 

0.70 

0.56 

"13.53 

1876       

0.  17 

0.53 

1.09 

0.49 

6.55 

3.43 

5.  52 

6.47 

0.51 

0.14 

0.  39 

0.43 

25.  75 

1X77  
1878  
1879  
1X80  
1881          

0.06 
0.  12 
0.58 
0.43 

0.  56 

0.10 
0.26 
0.98 
0.20 
1.40 

1.13 
4.50 
0.94 
0.32 
0.28 

0.68 
r,.  78 
0.34 
0.59 
0.70 

4.15 
2.52 
1.54 
7.98 
3.94 

9.85 
3.57 
3.90 
4.98 
3.10 

1.47 
4.57 
3.01 
4.75 
0.40 

0.  51 
3.01 

0.  90 
4.34 

2.50 

1.40 
1.95 
I.  18 
1.70 
2.52 

0.  69 
li.  til 
3.  38 
1.30 
2.  66 

0.55 
0.  32 
0.  31 
0.00 
0.70 

1.08 
0.62 
2.22 
0.76 
0.50 

21.67 
33.  83 
19.31 
27.35 
19.26 

1882 

1  08 

0.62 

1  78 

0.50 

2.50 

3.34 

2.82 

0.  10 

1.30 

1883 

0  ''(I 

0  50 

1.67 

1  80 

1.26 

1.11 

2.63 

0.58 

1.75 

0.63 

1.72 

1884 

0  10 

0  80 

1  81 

1  86 

1  25 

2.23 

2  62 

1885       .  . 

0.50 

0.20 

0.75 

5.90 

1.40 

1  .  95 

3.10 

1.20 

0.  10 

0.  35 

0.87 

1.05 

17.37 

IXXIi  
1887  

1888 

2.25 
1.60 
0.17 

4.59 

4.10 
0.26 

0.  35 
1.58 
0.98 

2.85 
2.80 
0.69 

1.55 
3.73 
0.56 

3.  60 
3.94 
8.41 

3.30 
2.98 
3.06 

0.  25 
0.86 
0.45 

3.  90 
0.55 

1.  10 

1.  10 

0.  13 
1.48 

3.  80 
0.  33 
0.  35 

1.70 
0.76 
0.48 

29.24 
23.36 
17.99 

IXX'I          • 

0  34 

0  48 

0  32 

0  71 

0  10 

1  42 

1  66 

2  34 

•'  XX 

0  30 

0  18 

1  02 

11  75 

1X90  

1891 

0.54 

0.  88 

0.  21 
1.06 

1.09 

1.41 
1.56 

1.07 
2.38 

5.  81 
(i.  82 

2.75 
2.69 

2.39 

3.10 

3.  89 
2.38 

3.98 
1.93 

0.29 
1.74 

0.  15 
0.80 

25.  93 

Means 

0.53 

0.90 

0.98 

1.58 

2.52 

4.06 

2.  ,64 

2.10 

1.62 

1.59 

0.77 

1.01 

20  30 

POWER,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

3.85 

4.96 

0.14 

2.80 

1.07 

0.60 

0.99 

FORT   RANSOM,  N.  DAK. 


1868  

0.80 

1869 

0  10 

0  18 

0  77 

0  80 

2  80 

0  79 

0  54 

5  18 

*3  94 

T 

0  34 

0  33 

"15  77 

1870  
1871  
1872  

l.xi 

0.  13 
1.33 

0.  58 
0.  :,7 
0.96 

1.68 
1.  55 
1.10 

0.34 

3.26 
2.21 

3.60 
0.  63 
2  76 

1.95 

2.96 
5  49 

0.70 
0.30 

9  19 

2.  11 
0.  35 

2.36 
0.17 

1.07 

o.:;i 

0.18 
1.73 

0.63 
1.43 

17.04 
13.  72 

Means 

0  92 

0  57 

1  28 

1  65 

2  45 

2  80 

2  68 

•'  ~>5 

2  16 

0  47 

0  75 

0  80 

19  08 

FORT  RICE,  N.  DAK. 


1868  

1  98 

0  81 

0  00 

0  50 

0  69 

1869  

6.04 

0.  50 

6.36 

1.49 

1.98 

1.46 

0  54 

T 

0.68 

T 

1870  

0.  16 

O.IK; 

0.72 

4.  5-' 

0.12 

0.72 

1.41 

1.14 

*0.  96 

T 

0.  13 

1X71   

0  "9 

0  02 

0  -1  1 

2  92 

0  00 

3  84 

1  III 

0  51 

T 

0  '{8 

0  '!4 

T 

9  84 

1872 

1  50 

T 

0  F,l 

1  22 

2  32 

3  73 

1  5'i 

1  19 

0  10 

0  '('' 

0  f)4 

0  34 

14  10 

1873  

0.  72 

*1.66 

0  56 

0  10 

1  90 

•'  •'.-) 

1  79 

1  :!(i 

1  16 

0  XO 

0  V5 

T 

1''  55 

1874  

1.76 

T 

o  :i5 

T 

1  10 

5  08 

0  '>'> 

0  69 

T 

0  75 

1  47 

0  32 

11  71 

1X75  
1876  

0.38 

ii.  1  1 

1.38 

1.30 

0.41 
0.56 

3.32 

0  21 

1.01 

:;  75 

0.  42 
1  '"1 

0.51 

0  XO 

L62 

1  19 

1.23 
1  20 

1.01 
T 

0.51 

0.  IX 
*0  50 

15.  01 

1877   

T 

4  25 

7  57 

'!  S'! 

9  59 

0  08 

1  01 

0  71 

1  69 

1878    

0  lit 

1  00 

"  15 

7  >J8 

4  40 

3  78 

'»  |X 

•j  |o 

".  ir> 

•'  65 

[0  ''111 

[0  60] 

[30  88] 

M*';ms  .. 

0.61 

0  66 

0  li-' 

•>  07 

•>  H1' 

"  T) 

1  '!8 

1  48 

0  x:'> 

0  8r> 

ii  -,D 

0  40 

15  1" 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  T\Y<>  DAKOTAS. 


51 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  station*  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

RICHARDSON,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr.     May. 

June.     July. 

Aug.      Sept.      Oct.       Nov.      ]) 

(•<•.     Annual. 

1884 

0.  00 

0.35 

4.20       1.40 

6  00       5  20 

6  40       ''  50       0  70       0  70       1 

50 

1885  
1886 

1.90 
1.10 

0.80 
1.20 

1.00 
1.00 

3.  80       3.  !IO 
2.  10      . 

3.  80       2.  50 
2.80       2  75 

2.80       0.10       1.00       1.30       (] 
1  40                      0  80       0  8(1       (1 

.  50         23.  40 

'ID 

1887 

L'.  (XI 

1.10 

...      3.  20 

2  2(i 

2  93                     1  07       0  60       3 

(10 

1888  

4.00 

1.X7 

2.00 

0.  86 

8.23        4.05 

Means 

2.  IT) 

1.  19 

1.09 

3.47  !     2.34 

4.62  !    3.62 

3  38       1  30       08')       0  85  i     1 

48         96  48 

i 

ST.  JOHNS,  N.  DAK. 


1891 

1.11 

1  12 

1  44 

3  11 

ST.  THOMAS,  N.  DAK. 


1891 

5.33 

2.24 

3.01  . 

2  34 

0  10 

5  50 

SANBORN,  N.  DAK. 


1890  

0.62 

FORT   SKWARD,  N.  DAK. 


1873  .. 
1874 

0.  34 
0  38 

0.32 

(1  •>(> 

0.36 
0.  39 

0.26 
0.22 

3.10 
3  10 

3.  II 
5  83 

1.93 
0  97 

5.  14 
9  73 

0.36 

0  81 

0.28 

0  3K 

0.42 
0  13 

0.25 
T 

15.  90 
15  15 

1875  
1876                          

0.04 
0.06 

0.  U 
0.16 

0.10 
2.00 

0.30 

•>.•>:! 

2.  57 
5.15 

ro2.K5 
1.  13 

•jfO.84 
2.92 

3.16 

0.80 

2.  07 
1.80 

0.96 

0.10 
T 

0.16 
0  15 

"13.09 

1877  

0.04 

0.04 

0.57 

0.93 

1.97 

6.  31 

2.72 

0.43 

JO.  54 





Menus 

0.17 

0.17 

0.68 

0.79 

3.18 

3.82 

1.88 

2.45 

1.  12 

0.53 

0  16 

0  14 

1")   09 

SPIRITWOOD,  N.  DAK. 


1881         

0.22 

0.81 

0.  Ifi 

2.75 

STKKI.K,  N.   DAK. 

1881 

0.  57 

3.ft5 
1.85 

3.  39 

1.28 

7.911 
7.40 

2.24 

0.  59 
4.08 

0.44 

0.  15 
0.  56 

0.06 

i.'AiV 

0.20 
0.  10 

0.65 
0.30 

1890  
1891 

0.65 

0.50 

1.35 
1  .  52 

*0.80 
1.38 

0.34 
2.  05 

1.44 

0.92 

2.80 

5.  20 

2.  30 

0.48 

1.20 

0.94 

0.  15       0.  48 

FORT  STKVENSON,  N.  DAK. 


1867   .     

0.13 

0.03 

0.57 

0.67 

0.97 

1868        

"0.60 

0.  20 

0.90 

0.  68 

'1.82 

1.88 

0.97 

3.16 

0.24 

0.08 

0.00 

0.  65 

*11.  13 

1870 

0  50 

0  02 

2.05 

T 

2.70 

1.65 

2.  4'' 

3  00 

4.  15 

0  09 

0  37 

1871  
1872   

0.76 
1.15 

0.  80 
0.06 

0.80 
0.76 

3.50 

0.77 

1.58 
0.55 

3.00 
1.50 

3.35 
2.49 

0.28 
2.  15 

0.20 
3.73 

0.  15 
0.82 

1.78 
0.31 

0.79 
0.70 

16.  99 
14.99 

1X73  

0.17 

0.55 

1.43 

0.14 

1.26 

1.46 

1.80 

1.95 

0.97 

T 

•0.03 

0.04 

Ml.  SO 

1874 

0  02 

T 

0.4'' 

0.48 

"1.  15 

1.51 

0.41 

3.19 

0.54 

0.02 

0.  10 

0  02 

*7.  81 

1875  
1876  

1877  .  . 

0.  II 
1.  15 
0.21 

0.51 
1.00 

0.02 

0.  17 
1.96 

0.71 

0.26 
1.30 
0.99 

0.  33 
4.40 
4.74 

2.22 
2.  21 

2.  15 
0.8(i 
0.11 

6.98 

5.82 
1.61 

1.23 

2.20 
1.03 

0.60 
0.05 
0.45 

0.  73 
0.77 
0.14 

0.  26 
0.11 
0.20 

14.98 
21.86 

52 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  preoipitatwn,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 
FORT  STEVENSON,  N.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

.Inn. 

Fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juno. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1878 

T 

0  18 

2  74 

0.69 

0.36 

5.00 

0.91 

1.77 

1.58 

T 

0.40 

1X79 

T 

0.92 

0.86 

2.67 

3.35 

5.80 

3.  68 

1.00 

0.06 

1.58 

0.  OR 

1.07 

21.00 

1880 

1)   L'7 

0.  11 

0.49 

0.66 

2.48 

2.20 

0.83 

1.96 

1.08 

0.  3(i 

0.88 

0.  91 

12.  23 

1SXI 

0.72 

0.  56 

0.14 

0.60 

2.31 

5.83 

2.  Ill 

3.12 

2.  10 

1.26 

1.00 

0.  18 

19.83 

1882  

1883 

0.43 

1)   1  1 

0.54 
0  10 

2.  or, 
0.65 

3.25 
1.44 

2.49 
0.53 

5.61 

4.34 

0.21 

2.56 

2.82 

0.71 

0.70 

25.74 

0.44 

0.37 

1.08 

1.16 

2.00 

3.19 

1.83 

2.38 

1.38 

0.96 

0.49 

0.49 

15.77 

FORT  TOTTEN,  N.  DAK. 


1869 

2.62 

1.18 

0.03 

0.40 

0.00 

ix~0         .  .. 

0.00 

0.01 

1.00 

0.40 

5.35 

0.59 

2.33 

0.82 

2.04 

1.32 

1.10 

0.24 

15  20 

1871 

1.80 

0.74 

0.90 

1.87 

1.04 

5.91 

0.06 

1.95 

0.41 

0.80 

0.93 

1.12 

17  03 

1872   

0.74 

0.26 

3.40 

3.15 

1.10 

1.66 

4.00 

2.48 

0.60 

0.78 

0.64 

0.19 

19.  00 

1873 

1.16 

1.32 

0.87 

0.57 

3.75 

4.68 

1.03 

2,34 

0.70 

0.06 

0.77 

0.05 

17  30 

1X71 

0.38 

0  03 

0.49 

0.62 

1.43 

2.52 

0.98 

6.34 

1.92 

0.40 

1.41 

0.19 

16  71 

1875  

0.51 

0.80 

0.24 

1.54 

2.77 

6.25 

1.62 

3.44 

2.21 

1.66 

0.75 

0.38 

22.17 

1X71)    .      

0.12 

0.42 

1.52 

0.42 

3.92 

1.10 

2.33 

2.48 

1.08 

0.00 

0.53 

0.48 

14.40 

1S77    

0.20 

0.00 

0.90 

0.47 

4.41 

5.  12 

5.16 

0.00 

0.19 

0.58 

0.51 

1.30 

18.84 

1878   .     

0.00 

0.30 

3.70 

5.19 

*2.38 

2.90 

2.82 

0.70 

1.10 

2.46 

0.70 

"0.20 

*22.  45 

1S79        

0.17 

0.70* 

*0.  10 

0.14 

3.80 

3.90 

2.10 

3.80 

1.30 

1.  50 

0.20 

1.44 

19  15 

ixxo      

"0.40 

0.60 

0.30 

*0.24 

*4.  38 

3.17 

2.94 

8.80 

0.38 

*0.  55 

T 

*0.  48 

*22  24 

1X81 

0.  16 

1.34 

0.28 

*0.  30 

2.05 

3.88 

0.10 

2.24 

2.46 

"0.  24 

5.10 

T 

*18  15 

1XX2 

0.48 

'0.30 

2.04 

2.40 

1.30 

4.30 

1.08 

0.31 

0.35 

3.89 

1.73 

0.40 

*18  58 

ixx:; 

0.92 

0.79 

0.19 

1.71 

1.79 

1.42 

1.84 

1.46 

0.14 

4.10 

0.  73 

2.84 

17  93 

1  X8  1 

0.28 

0.58 

0.68 

2.38 

1.20 

2.50 

3.05 

3.72 

1.32 

0.82 

0.25 

i  0.48 

17  36 

1  SS5 

0.17 

0.25 

0.15 

3.07 

1.70 

3.45 

5.83 

1.91 

0.13 

0.66 

0.90 

0.47 

18  69 

IXX6 

0.91 

0.19 

0.72 

0.85 

2.75 

2.79 

1.29 

1.06 

0.87 

1.16 

0.65 

0.38 

14  22 

1XX7  

1888  

0.70 
0.63 

0.50 
0.09 

0.56 
0.79 

0.63 
0.65 

1.57 

0.60 

5.57 
7.41 

4.62 
3.34 

2.36 
0.90 

0.59 
0.47 

0.98 
0.87 

0.40 

0.  L'7 

0.87 
0.  11 

19.35 

16  13 

IXX!)  

0.23 

0.64 

0.16 

0.78 

0.62 

1.  56 

2.05 

2.69 

1.62 

T 

0.19 

0.00 

10  54 

1890   

0.35 

0.60 

0.27 

1.97 

0.79 

6.84 

1.25 

2.37 

0.80 

4.00 

0.00 

Means  .  ..  

0.49 

0.53 

0.92 

1.40 

2.32 

:;.  c>!) 

2.37 

2.49 

0.99 

1.20 

0.83 

0.55 

17  78 

VALLEY  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

1.20 

3.56 

0.95 

WAHPETON,  N.  DAK. 


1889  

0  94 

1.30 

1.97 

0  00 

T 

0  18 

IX!  10  

0.50 

0.30 

0.72 

2.98 

5.75 

4.84 

2.91 

3.32 

1.73 

0.35 

0.10 

1891     

0.05 

1.54 

1.19 

1.73 

1  82 

5  36 

1  l'i 

0  77 

2  32 

0  93 

1  00 

1  30 

22  50 

Means  

0.28 

0.74 

1.22 

2.40 

5.56 

5.  14 

2.49 

3.80 

0.89 

0.45 

0.53 

WILD  RICE,  N.  DAK. 


1X90  . 

7  07 

1  41 

3  39 

2  09 

1  84 

0  35 

0  20 

1891  

0.  35 

L*65 

1  '5 

1  68 

0  05 

3  78 

7  6(5 

1  '>(> 

9  r,x 

1  26 

0  67 

0  78 

9T  87 

Menus  

5  42 

4  54 

2  32 

2  34 

1  55 

0  51 

0  49 

WILLOW  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

2  41 

3  17 

1  02 

1   <V\ 

3  03 

1  Z", 

1  10 

(TTHI7EI 


CERTAIN  CLTMATFC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  BAKOTAS. 


53 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

WOODBRIDGE,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

0.83 

0.55 

0.44 

FORT  YATES,  N.  DAK. 


1882 

0  50 

0.10 

1.00 

2.00 

2.04 

2.59 

2.63 

0.07 

0.87 

0.57 

0.12 

0.06 

12.  55 

1  .x*3 

0.82 

0.68 

0.78 

1.59 

2.12 

1.97 

-2.25 

0.67 

0.04 

1.08 

0.15 

1.98 

14.13 

1884 

0.58 

1.24 

0.28 

0.72 

0.62 

2.  75 

3.10 

3.12 

1.  56 

0.81 

0.  58 

0.  63 

15.94 

lXX~i 

0  39 

0  73 

0  44 

1.92 

1.78 

5.68 

2.80 

1.  10 

0  24 

0.38 

0.34 

0.  95 

16.  75 

ISM! 

1.12 

4.62 

1.09 

0.89 

1.58 

•2.  or, 

4.70 

4.83 

0.80 

0.50 

1.19 

0.60 

•'3.  97 

IKS" 

0.47 

0.36 

0.35 

2.24 

2.00 

0.  57 

3.  5!) 

1.91 

1.31 

0.37 

0.15 

0.87 

14.22 

1  xxx 

0.09 

0.16 

0.40 

0.30 

0.80 

7.  92 

3.86 

2.32 

0.  "0 

0.11 

0.08 

0.  20 

l(i.  24 

|XX!>                  .              

0.87 

1.00 

0.33 

1.14 

3.29 

1.74 

3.  99 

0.  28 

0.59 

0.10 

0.07 

0.28 

13.68 

1890                          .     . 

0.28 

0.43 

0.22 

1.33 

0.57 

6.84 

2.59 

1.51 

o.  tis 

0.60 

0.16 

0.39 

16.60 

1891 

0.  07 

0.84 

1.37 

3.08 

1.34 

4.70 

2.63 

0.42 

1.66 

1.25 

0.95 

0.67 

18.98 

Meant*  

0.52 

1.02 

0.62 

1.52 

1.61 

3.68 

3.19 

1.63 

0.80 

0.58 

0.38 

0.66 

16.21 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota. 

ABERDEEN,  S.  DAK. 


1890           

0.18 

0.28 

2.  04 

7.54 

1.40 

0.85 

1.18 

1.33 

0.40 

0.20 

1891           

6.08 

0.55 

0.40 

2.50 

1.65 

2.76 

1.65 

0.63 

1.56 

1.88 

1.30 

1.00 

15.96 

0.29 

1.39 

1.84 

5.15 

1  52 

0  74 

1.37 

1.60 

0.85 

0.60 

ALEXANDRIA,  S.  DAK. 


1882 

1.38 

4.42 

1.60 

3.86 

3.79 

2.61 

0  67 

3  22 

0  75 

0.45 

1883 

0.35 

1.10 

0.86 

3.  30 

5.34 

4.55 

6.72 

3  80 

1  68 

1  60 

0.06 

1.18 

30.  54 

1884 

0.22 

1.04 

1889 

1.40 

1.52 

2.15 

3.81 

6.25 

0.80 

1890 

0  55 

1  10 

1  54 

3  80 

4  26 

2  38 

2  86 

2  16 

1  00 

0  50 

0  20 

1891 

0.01 

1.60 

2.00 

4.26 

1.33 

6.45 

3.05 

1.40 

0.43 

1.72 

0.28 

1.25 

1.34 

3.38 

2.69 

4.13 

3.62 

2.90 

2.24 

1.94 

0.44 

0.87 

25.  08 

ARMOUR,  S.  DAK. 


1889     

4.32 

3.10 

7.03 

1.80 

BANGOR,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

4.47 

FORT  BENNETT,  S.  DAK. 


1880  

0  15 

0  08 

0  55 

1881  

0.82 

1.18 

1.57 

0.93 

4.10 

3.07 

1.45 

2  24 

2  74 

1  00 

0  70 

T 

19  80 

1882 

•'  01 

0  83 

1  63 

3  04 

1  35 

4  06 

2  29 

0  32 

1  03 

0  69 

0  50 

0  05 

17  80 

1883 

0  37 

0  40 

0  64 

2  82 

2  35 

3  9<l 

1  79 

1  88 

0  30 

1  19 

T 

1  18 

16  91 

1884 

0.31 

0  57 

1  08 

2  35 

2  69 

3  10 

3  7ll 

0  74 

0  68 

0  ill! 

0  17 

0  46 

III  'Ml 

1885 

0.  14 

0  21 

0  13 

1  84 

2  40 

5  62 

1  55 

5  87 

1  17 

0  14 

0  '>8 

1889  .  .  . 

0  43 

0  69 

2  66 

3  50 

1  56 

5  85 

0  68 

1  16 

0  04 

1  40 

1  50 

1890   

0.05 

1.30 

0  14 

0.76 

1  53 

4  41 

1  40 

0  71 

2  03 

0  43 

0  59 

0  24 

13  59 

1891  

0.04 

0.40 

0.38 

2.27 

1.08 

1.76 

1.70 

2.29 

1.26 

1.63 

Means  .  .... 

0.53 

0.66 

0  78 

2.08 

2  38 

3  45 

">  48 

1  84 

1  33 

0  69 

0  46 

0  57 

17  25 

64 


CEKTAIX  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THK  TWO  DAKOTA  S. 


Monthly  and  annual precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — (Jon tinned. 

BON  HOMME.  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jail. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Aunual. 

187'' 

2.13 

*2.60 

3.30 

BRITTON,  8.  DAK. 

1891 

2.04 

0.97 

0.90 

0.73 

BROOKINGS,  S.  DAK. 


1888 

1.61 

3.21 

0.56 

0.  62 

(I  05 

1889 

1  05 

1.20 

0.  16 

1.02 

1.50 

1.48 

2.92 

0.72 

2.70 

T 

0  !M 

1890 

0  65 

0.56 

0.79 

3.33 

7.91 

1  .  51 

2.07 

0.  15 

0.31 

0.30 

0  80 

1891     

0.10 

"1.00 

0.60 

2.23 

0.84 

4.09 

2.01 

1.38 

0.48 

1.07 

0.  25 

2.30 

*16.35 

0.60 

1.10 

0.44 

1.35 

1.89 

4.49 

2.02 

1.84 

1.05 

0.50 

0.28 

1.02 

16.58 

CANTON,  S.  DAK. 


1889      .  .  .  :  !  

1.40 

3.09 

4.53 

1.08 

1.88 

1890  1.65 
1891          .  .   <>.  so 

0.  10 
L.20 

2.30 

1  .  20 

2.12 
8.48 

3.64 
2.13 

3.91 
5.82 

1.68 

2.46 

0.87 

0.73 

1.36 

0.  60 

21.  42 

Means       .  1.22 

0.65 

1.  75 

2.  78 

2.88 

4.86 

1.54 

2.78 

2.70 

1.22 

1.24 

CASTLEWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


1891                 

1.92 

1.28 

0  83 

0  55 

1  49 

CLARK,  S.  DAK. 


1889        .  . 

3  69 

T 

5  29 

0  40 

T 

0  19 

IX!  10    -  .     

T 

f 

0.45 

3.10 

6.28 

1.49 

0.88 

0.87 

0  !Ui 

0  22 

1891  .  .      

0.00 

T 

1.00 

3.74 

3.35 

3.01 

0.  99 

1.03 

1.11 

o  m; 

1  '>0 

0  57 

T 

T 

2  10 

3  22 

4  64 

2  06 

0  64 

2  42 

0  77 

0  47 

0  'i8 

CROSS,  S.  DAK. 


1890  

1.84 

1.41 

2.28 

2  56 

1  29 

0  03 

0  08 

1891  

1.27 

1.77 

2  59 

4  53 

1  86 

3  41 

1  57 

0  50 

0  21 

0  ''5 



Means  

1.80 

2.44 

3.54 

2.35 

0.80 

0.14 

FORT  DAKOTA,  S.  DAK. 


1X66  

<yO.  75 

1.74 

4  25 

0  12 

1  62 

1X07  

0.12 

6.00 

1868  

1  91 

2  91 

1  ''(i 

0  XS 

0  32 

1869  

0.03 

1.02 

0.47 

0.  56 

0.97 

oO  41 

Means  

0.34 

3.48 

1  X2 

3  58 

0  69 

1  25 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC   IT.ATCRF.S  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  55 

Monthly  and  annval  precipitation,  in  •inclu-it,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

.June. 

.l.il.\. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1878    . 

0.30 

1.01 

:;  85 

8.77 

7.80 

'•'  (il 

"  (Hi 

*1  81 

*0  75 

3  63 

1X79  

1880  

0.58 
0.66 

0.  72 
1.  11 

0.51 

0.  75 

7.69 
1.57 

5.03 
2.43 

4.67 
3  33 

1.82 

i  :.i 

1.  lit 
3  33 

0.32 

0  30 

4.26 

1   ''7 

0.  27 

•'  :;7 

1.14 

0  lit 

28.50 
19  20 

]X81  

:;.  in 

1.26 

2.59 

2.  05 

3.70 

::  in 

i  .->i; 

(1  51  i 

1.80 

0  58 

0  HI 

0  05 

•'1    1'! 

1882 

o  :;:; 

(I  •'] 

1  29 

7  31 

7  05 

5  7X 

•  1    SI 

1    '17 

0   "S 

0   S8 

1   Ti 

•'  r>7 

33  83 

I**:;  

(1.74 

1.32 

0.84 

5.69 

10.  33 

5.  2ti 

1.82 

i  32 

0.  11 

0   80 

0  '45 

1  01 

•'4  (i'l 

1XX|    

0.85 

1.01 

2.  01 

3.29 

1.72 

2.  :>i 

3.51 

:;.  07 

1.  !i» 

1.48 

1  4<i 

1  79 

24  •>$ 

1886 

1  (id 

2  S,s 

3  31 

3.  11 

3  •'•' 

4.83_ 

1  44 

2  !r> 

0  ')(> 

1  64 

1  40 

I     IX 

v>8  48 

1886 

1  28 

1.  78 

2   12 

6.72 

1  01 

2  00 

•'  ir. 

1   84 

1  (Hi 

0  96 

3  •'•! 

1  51 

•'".  '17 

1887 

3.18 

0  71 

2.01 

6.  -17 

1   "."> 

2  16 

3  70 

..  .,., 

1  75 

2  05 

0  48 

1  65 

31  66 

Means     . 

1.  25 

1.21 

1.99 

5.  17 

4.65 

3  73 

2  84 

2  23 

1  06 

1  58 

1  26 

1  01 

28  48 

DE  SMET,  S.  DAK. 


1889            

o.  r,o 

0.  5(1 
1.10 

0.04 
0.41 
0.80 

2.  3(> 
1.  14 
2.88 

2.59 

bio!) 

1.20 
5.  35 
3.81 

4.80 
1.25 
1.46 

0.38 
1.25 

0.2(1 

2.74 
0.70 
1.49 

0.10 
0.32 
0.86 

0.01 
0.70 
1.05 

1.80 
0.  80 
1.37 

1890                 

0.  45 
0.  (17 

15.8G 
15.78 

1891       .      .               

Means  

0.26 

1.05 

0.62 

2.13 

2.16 

3.45 

2.50 

0.61 

1.64 

0.43 

0.59 

1.26 

16.70 

EGELAND,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

3.17 

4.32 

ELKTON,  S.  DAK. 

1891          

0.72 

1.35 

1.68 

2.  91 

2.11 

3.19 

1.19 

1.50 

0.  50 

1.  33 

0.22 

2.05 

18.78 

FIRESTEEL,  S.  DAK. 

1875      . 

0.80 

(i.(i.-. 
0.10 

0.50 

2.  20 
3.  35 

1.95 
<».  15 
2.60 

4.00 
3.  00 
4.60 

2!  40 

2.40 

2.  20 
6.  55 

:;.  20 

2.  65 

1.50 
4.  70 

0.  50 
1.50 

0.22 
0.13 

0.  15 

0.  50 

1870  

1877  .. 

0.  50 
0.  (id 

24.93 

FLANDREAU,  S.  DAK. 


18!K)  

O.2.', 

0.  15 

0.42 

1.08 

4.85 

5.98 

3.25 

2  06 

0  92 

0  65 

o  r,:; 

0  39 

20  53 

18i)l  

0.12 

0.67 

1.20 

2.82 

0.81 

i  s:; 

3.05 

2  33 

0  35 

1  48 

(i  n; 

••  i;o 

•'()  7'' 

Means 

0  18 

0  41 

0  81 

1  95 

2  83 

5  40 

3  15 

2  20 

0  64 

1  06 

0  50 

1  50 

20  63 

FORESTBURG,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

0.38 

6.31 

1  45 

2  18 

1  02 

0  87 

0  48 

1  07 

FOREST  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

7  53 

0  57 

1  i;f> 

1  49 

0  75 

56  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

FRANKFORT,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

0.67 

0.69 

1.19 

1.30 

GARDEN  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1887 

1.02 
0.37 

0.34 
0.09 

1.25 

0.15 

1888      

0.40 
0.62 

0.40 
0.53 

1.79 
0.20 

2.85 
1.53 

2.25 
3.01 

1.10 

4.55 

2.97 

0.60 

17.52 

i  wku 

i 

0.51 

0.46 

1.00 

2.19 

2.63 

0.70 

0.22 

0.70 

GARY,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

1.69 

0.72 

1.17 

0.83 

0.45 

0.89 

GODDARD,  8.  DAK. 

1888 

3.30 

1.49 

GRAND  VIEW,  S.  DAK. 

1888            

0.42 

0.15 

0.22 

FORT  GREENWOOD  (YANKTON  INDIAN  AGENCY),  S.  DAK. 

1860 

0  20 

3.50 
8.00 

4.40 
7.40 

12.00 

1  00 

1861 

0.25 

3.10 

0.22 

5.75 

5.90 

FORT  HALE,  S.  DAK. 

1879 

0.14 
0.22 
1.50 
0.60 
0.71 
0.16 

0.08 
0.60 
3.08 
0.48 
1.45 
0.84 

0.20 
0.34 
1.66 
0.86 
1.21 
1.56 

1.50 
0.42 
0.60 
2.04 
1.94 
2.07 

3.04 
3.68 
3.92 
2.54 
4.33 
tnO.  46 

4.04 
4.58 
4.56 
3.11 
2.17 

2.54 
0.82 
2.28 
2.98 
3.32 

0.54 
5.46 

2.78 
0.02 
2.88 

0.96 
0.00 
1.30 
0.50 
0.76 

0.80 
1.36 
3.20 
3.44 
2.81 

T 
0.06 
0.68 
0.50 
0.00 

0.82 
1.12 
T 
0.11 
0.-40 

14.66 

18.  <«; 
iT>.  r><; 
18.08 
21.98 

1880 

1881  

1882 

1«83  

1884  

Mf.MIIS    

0.56 

1.09 

0.97 

1.43 

3.00 

3.69 

2.39 

2.52 

0.70 

2.32 

0.25 

0.49 

19.41 

HENRY,  S.  DAK. 

1886  

1.06       0.49 

0.25 

1887  

0.23 

0.39 

0.29 

3.78 

0.90 

3.72 

3.90 

2.81 

1.35 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


57 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Contiuued. 

HIGHMORE,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1887 

*6.30 

3.50 

*4.  60 

1888 

5.79 

3.10 

1890 

0.30 

0.  1!> 

0.83 

6.17 

0.36 

0.56 

0.45 

0.32 

0.30 

1891 

0  00 

T 

0.83 

1.94 

0.72 

0.80 

3  15 

1  04 

1  06 

2  29 

1  49 

2  52 

HOWARD,  S.  DAK. 


1890 

0.34 

0.64 

0.45 

0.75 

1891 

T 

1.12 

2.03 

1.87 

6.37 

0.76 

1.81 

0.50 

1.10 

0.64 

1.55 

Means 

0.42 

0.87 

0.54 

1.15 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


1881   

3.58 

6.31 

3.11 

2.10 

0.45 

0.06 

1«82  

0.14 

0.  25 

0.80 

4.18 

4.50 

5.86 

5.88 

1.44 

0.86 

3.37 

0.61 

0.23 

28.12 

1883  

0.17 

0.47 

0.42 

2.14 

4.  45 

4.33 

5.20 

1.77 

1.68 

1.96 

0.05 

0.61 

23.  25 

1884   

0.09 

0.58 

1.53 

2.70 

2.  !H) 

3.18 

5.11 

1.18 

1.26 

1.52 

0.17 

0.62 

20.84 

1885  

0.15 

0.22 

0.12 

1.06 

5.20 

5.43 

4.52 

3.89 

2.61 

0.98 

1.50 

0.10 

25.78 

1886 

n  48 

0  16 

0  62 

3  52 

]  r>8 

1  90 

1  60 

5  62 

i  r>'i 

1  26 

1  18 

0  74 

•'()  25 

1X87  

0.33 

1.  11 

0.64 

3.72 

1.39 

3.98 

4.96 

6.13 

0.  15 

0.79 

0.25 

2.09 

25.54 

1888  

0.78 

0.  52 

1.22 

0.88 

4.98 

1.10 

3.11 

3.46 

0.19 

0.29 

0.34 

0.18 

17.  05 

1888 

1  26 

0  93 

0  19 

3  41 

3  04 

1  04 

3  51 

0  66 

3  89 

0  55 

0  16 

1  53 

20.  17 

1890 

0  66 

0.18 

0.32 

0  64 

2  88 

5  87 

1  41 

0  73 

0  32 

0  61 

0  38 

0  68 

14.68 

1891 

0.07 

1.32 

1  64 

3  45 

0  44 

8  08 

1  01 

1.43 

0  47 

0  78 

0.94 

0.54 

20.17 

0.41 

0.57 

0  75 

2  57 

3  14 

4  08 

3  63 

2  97 

1  47 

1  29 

0.55 

0  67 

22.10 

KIMBALL,  S.  DAK. 


1886 

3  20 

0.70 

2.55 

1.05 

2  95 

1  35 

0  60 

0  60 

1.10 

1887 

0.70 

1.35 

0.40 

2  75 

0.60 

2.05 

3.40 

10  15 

0  15 

0  30 

0.20 

2.60 

2-1.  if. 

1888 

0.  40 

0.20 

1.05 

1.00 

4.00 

1.77 

0  90 

2  15 

0  15 

0  60 

0.10 

O.~>0 

12.  5'' 

1889 

1.  10 

1.00 

0.12 

2.40 

1.56 

0.72 

3  93 

1  76 

3  43 

0  50 

0.  47 

0.75 

17.  7-1 

1890                 

0.60 

0.18 

0.87 

1.45 

2.03 

3.07 

1.98 

2.21 

0.17 

0.44 

0.68 

0.40 

14.08 

1891               

0.40 

1.70 

1.00 

3.25 

0.56 

9.28 

2.53 

2.91 

0.18 

0.67 

1.00 

0.76 

24.  L'l 

Means  ....  

0.64 

0.89 

0.69 

2.34 

1.  58 

3.24 

2.30 

2.19 

0.90 

0.52 

0.51 

0.97 

16.77 

LEAD  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1878    

5  77 

2  61 

2  06 

1.81 

LOWER  BRULE  AGENCY,  S.  DAK. 


1875  

1  50 

0  33 

0  09 

0  28 

1876  

0.22 

0.27 

0.57 

0  13 

0  28 

3  02 

1  46 

4  38 

3  04 

0  26 

0  27 

0  14 

14  04 

1877  

0.32 

1.74 

2  00 

3  16 

1  17 

2  04 

3  34 

1  09 

0  20 

2  23 

1878  

0.05 

0.10 

0.15 

3.44 

1  98 

1  22 

6  30 

1  44 

0  16 

0  10 

0  78 

»0  20 

*15  92 

0  20 

0  18 

0  82 

1  86 

1  81 

1  80 

3  27 

2  91 

2  01 

0  44 

0  34 

0  71 

16  35 

MAMMOTH  SPRINGS,  8.  DAK. 


1883  

0  00 

0  75 

0  51 

3  42 

1884  

1.48 

0.94 

1.32 

S.  Ex.  157- 


58  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

FORT  MEADE,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

187U 

0.78 

1.40 

0.14 

1.60 

0.04 

0.89 

n  <m 

1  00 

0  9° 

0  75 

4  68 

1.62 

3.91 

T 

0.54 

0.44 

0.39 

1881                    

*0.56 

1.30 

0.95 

1.10 

3.33 

2.  60 

1.50 

1.57 

1.00 

0.63 

0.46 

T 

•is.  06 

1882                  

0.10 

0.10 

0.60 

4.77 

3.87 

5.47 

3.05 

0.44 

0.26 

0.49 

0.05 

0.12 

19.32 

1883                      

2.90 

0.30 

2.16 

4.50 

9.61 

i  .  :.t; 

2.80 

0.18 

1.60 

0.67 

0.06 

0.72 

27.05 

18X4                          

0.  37 

0.33 

2.26 

5.04 

8.58 

0.48 

1.20 

2.30 

0.23 

»0.75 

0.53 

0.90 

'22.  97 

1885  
1886                

0.32 
0.32 

0.  23 
0.67 

0.52 
0.88 

1.30 
2.17 

0.64 
0.57 

:;.  :;s 

0.90 

1.52 
3.38 

3.22 
1.50 

0.28 
0.40 

0.74 
0.40 

0.93 
1.60 

0.17 
0.72 

13.  25 
13.51 

1887                     

0.  56 

0.20 

0.76 

2.12 

2.72 

1.76 

4.46 

4.25 

1.10 

0.40 

0.24 

0.36 

18.  »:; 

1888    

1.65 

1.29 

0.75 

0.20 

3.94 

5.50 

2.64 

3.54 

0.02 

0.14 

0.16 

0.17 

20.00 

1889    

0.27 

0.  85 

0.12 

2.64 

2.02 

1.60 

6.38 

0.00 

0.67 

1.71 

0.88 

0.86 

18.00 

1890      

0.  55 

0.46 

1.24 

1.65 

2.31 

6.30 

0.16 

1.64 

0.76 

0.38 

0.40 

0.38 

16.23 

1891      

0.78 

0.83 

1.63 

2.29 

6.60 

4.29 

1.75 

1.50 

0.87 

0.41 

0.52 

0.32 

21.79 

0.73 

0.63 

1.07 

2.38 

4.02 

3.22 

2.40 

1.96 

0.56 

0.68 

0.48 

0.46 

18.  59 

MILLBANK,  S.  DAK. 


1889 

1.40 

1890              0  00 

0.27 

1.54 

10.  53 

0.86 

1.53 

1.45 

1.  35 

0.30 

0.  45 

1891              0.  00 

0.25 

*1.86 

1.90 

3.04 

1.44 

0.55 

0.78 

0.67 

0.40 

0.56 

Moans        0  00 

1.06 

1.72 

6.78 

1.15 

1.04 

1.12 

1.01 

0.35 

0.80 

MITCHELL,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

8.50 

3.01 

1.86 

1.95 

1.09 

0.31 

1.95 

MORRISTON,  S.  DAK. 


1877 

0  60 

0.10 

3.35 

2.60 

4.60 

2.40 

1.60 

1.10 

2.70 

3.50 

0.  25 

3.05 

L;5.  85 

1878  
1879  
1880  

0.45 
0.10 
0.  25 

0.33 
0.30 
1.00 

1.30 
0.40 
0.60 

4.90 
1.20 
1.30 

2.30 

5.  65 
3.40 

3.40 

4.  75 
6.90 

10.20 
5.00 
1.80 

LOO 

1.70 

5.  80 

1.20 
1.90 

0.20 
0.70 
2.  30 

1.55 
0.  20 
0.  05 

1.00 
0.90 
0.86 

27.  83 
22.80 

1881  
1882            

1.30 
0.60 

1.60 
0.70 

1.50 
1.20 

1.00 
4.30 

7.40 
2.10 

6.80 
4.50 

2.40 
4.30 

8.60 
3.  (X) 

3.  80 

0.  50 

3.  SO 

3.  :io 

0.  10 
0.60 

0.15 
0.40 

38.  75 
26.50 

1883 

0  60 

0  70 

1  10 

2  55 

4  80 

3.90 

6.30 

2.80 

1.90 

1884 

1  50 

3  40 

4  20 

3  10 

2.60 

Means 

0.56 

0.68 

1.37 

2.66 

4.31 

4.47 

4.28 

3.43 

2.13 

2.30 

0.51 

1.02 

27.72 

MOUTH  CHERRY,  S.  DAK. 


1861  

9.30 

6.32 

OELRICHS,  S.  DAK. 


1890 

1  12 

1  47 

2  59 

1  07 

0  10 

0  13 

0  O'l 

0  45 

0  10 

1MI1  

1.  a5 

2.80 

"4.20 

0  40 

1.75 

2.00 

2.90 

1.66 

2.  :;•' 

II.  911 

o.  r>8 

1.  19 

22.  05 

2  66 

0  '14 

2  17 

1  98 

0  88 

i  •>•} 

0  50 

0  52 

0  64 

OLIVET,  S.  DAK. 


1877 

3  14 

3  23 

2  31 

1  44 

4  8° 

0  80 

2  86 

1878  

1879  .. 

0.08 

0.  10 

0.43 
0.51 

0.36 
0.42 

4.96 
1.20 

2.  -18 
2.  in; 

8.37 
5.3B 

5.96 

1.83 

1.11 
2.02 

2.56 
1.57 

0.08 
1.09 

0.50 
0.07 

1.60 
0.  72 

23.  lit 
17  54 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

OLIVET,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

.III  lit!. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1880                      

0.39 

0.46 

0.80 

0.31 

5.90 

6.03 

2.30 

5.62 

0.59 

2.02 

0.03 

0.95 

25.  40 

1881                        

1.40 

3.00 

2.69 

2.45 

10.08 

L'.  82 

1.30 

3.95 

6.34 

2.75 

0.38 

0.15 

37.31 

]»82                            

0.34 

0.75 

0.  34 

3.  6-1 

3.17 

6.69 

2.97 

3.14 

0.37 

3.03 

0.  25 

0.46 

1.03 

0.92 

2.51 

4.86 

4.57 

2.93 

3.02 

2.14 

2.30 

0.34 

1  26 

26  34 

ONIDA,  8.  DAK. 


1889 

2  27 

2.27 

1.52 

2.14 

0.37 

IX'  10 

0  10 

0.22 

0.24 

0.  ''7 

1.25 

0  25 

0.55 

1891         

1.70 

1.56 

1.08 

0.77 

0.33 

1.26 

1.06 

0.42 

0.51 

. 

1  36 

1.35 

1.30 

1.05 

0.30 

0.96 

0.66 

0.48 

PARKER,  S.  DAK. 


1891                          -   • 

1.30 

0.73 

0.38 

0.45 

PARKSTON,  S.  DAK. 


1887 

1.75 

0.65 

3.17 

1.37 

2.94 

5.20 

10.84 

0.75 

0.15 

0  40 

2.50 

1888 

0.60 

0.08 

1.55 

1.84 

8.98 

1.16 

2.15 

4.47 

0.10 

0.20 

1X89 

1.02 

0.75 

0.11 

2.64 

3.  86 

2.67 

6.54 

0.70 

*0.  76 

1.25 

1890 

1.00 

0.20 

1.47 

1.73 

2.10 

3.20 

2.30 

0.  15 

1891  

0.12 

2.  50 

1.60 

3.18 

1.05 

3.43 

4.00 

4.00 

0.  25 

0.65 

1.20 

1.50 

23.  4« 

Menus  ........ 

0.68 

1.06 

1.08 

2.48 

3.38 

2.67 

3.50 

5.50 

2.51 

0.50 

0.62 

1.12 

25.  10 

PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 


1891    

0.20 

0.26 

0.30 

1.11 

0.83 

0.96 

0.30 

0.45 

0.45 

0.66 

6.23 

0.45 

6.  20 

FORT  PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 

1855 

0.38 
1.98 

3.03 
0.33 

1.88 
0.70 

0.42 
1.  75 

1.74 
1.05 

0.39 
0.55 

11'.  5l> 

1856      

0.02 
0.97 

6.19 
2.17 

0.64 
0.29 

2.68 
0.  58 

2.19 

0.48 

18-YT                         

Means  

0.50 

1.18 

0.46 

1.63 





1.18 

1.68 

1.29 

1.08 

1.40 

0.47 

PLANKINTON,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

1.14 

6.67 

2.10 

2.41 

FORT  RANDALL,  S.  DAK. 

1857 

0.91 
1.70 
0.04 
0.00 
0.37 
0.56 

0.  1  I 

0.72 
0.  45 
0.70 
0.32 
0.10 
0.27 
0.20 

0.11 
0.38 
1.76 
0.20 
1.34 
0.74 
0.20 

1.21 

2.17 
0.22 
1.28 

1.54 
1.43 

O.IK) 

1.96 
3.22 
3.75 
4.36 
2.76 
2.35 
0.  22 

1.98 
1.36 
3.15 
3.  40 
2.18 
1.29 
1.44 

1.94 
3.85 
0.26 
2.32 
1.47 
0.47 
1.01 

1.14 
3.96 
3.84 
1.58 
4.66 
4.40 
0.  15 

3.10 

0.  92 
1.38 
4.05 
4.27 
3.  40 
1.56 

2.04 
2.76 
0.18 
1.20 
0.64 
0.04 
0.50 

0.  85 
0.  21  i 
0.28 
0.40 
0.36 
0.20 
0.24 

0.20 
0.27 
0.14 
0.08 
0.  54 
0.30 
0.68 

16.16 
21.  30 
16.70 

19.  Ill 
20.  23 
15.51 

7.  21 

1858  

185!)                 

I860  
1861         

1862  
1863  .. 

CKHTAIN  (CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota—  Continued. 
FORT  RANDALL.  S.  DAK.—  Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1864 

0  20 

T 

0  54 

0.30 

0.70 

0.30 

1.50 

1.64 

1.60 

T 

0.00 

lOCX 

0  00 

0  40 

0  72 

0  38 

1.31 

0.00 

•1866 

3.94 

0.26 

1.  50 

0.14 

1867 

0.59 

0.63 

0.76 

0.16 

4.08 

3.60 

2.  92 

0.  74 

0.00 

[1.  31] 

[0.49] 

0.57 

[15.  85] 

1868 

0.74 

0.68 

1.22 

0.84 

4.50 

2.26 

0.64 

1.33 

0.44 

1.33 

0.  33 

0.32 

14.63 

ISIill                         

[0.  41] 

0.20 

1.21 

0.96 

1.81 

1.24 

5.18 

[2.  60] 

2.38 

0.07 

0.52 

0.34 

[16.  92] 

1870 

0.35 

T 

0.81 

0.87 

2.23 

0.49 

0.29 

0.03 

1.69 

0.11 

0.03 

0.  22 

7.12 

1871 

0.05 

0.76 

0.18 

2.11 

[3.  54] 

0.48 

1.53 

4.44 

0.48 

0.41 

1.28 

0.21 

[15.  47] 

187'' 

[0.  41] 

0.22 

0.85 

1.06 

8.67 

1.65 

2.13 

2.00 

0.13 

1.13 

0.11 

0.06 

[IX.  42] 

1873 

0.47 

1.66 

0.15 

2.73 

4.71 

3.13 

1.20 

0.26 

0.60 

3.10 

0.05 

0.24 

18.30 

1874 

0.11 

0.21 

0.88 

0.58 

1.76 

5.70 

2.71 

1.49 

1.16 

*1.78 

0.76 

0.76 

*17.90 

1875 

0.72 

0.42 

0.77 

1.60 

2.69 

12.82 

0.75 

5.15 

3.70 

T 

T 

0.10 

28.72 

1876 

0.47 

0.75 

2.49 

2.07 

2.70 

1.86 

8.55 

4.90 

8.45 

0.45 

0.70 

0.50 

33.89 

1877 

T 

0.20 

1.90 

4.35 

8.15 

6.60 

4.10 

2.20 

2.10 

5.95 

0.90 

4.75 

41.  20 

1878 

0.30 

0.50 

1.48 

6.30 

4.98 

7.80 

11.85 

0.70 

2.70 

0.58 

1.10 

•1.01 

"39.  30 

1879 

T 

*0.52 

0.69 

2.42 

6.40 

3.25 

2.45 

1.95 

0.35 

0.75 

T 

2.05 

*20.83 

1XXO 

1.06 

1.87 

1.61 

1.07 

6.21 

4.80 

3.10 

3.80 

0.20 

3.20 

T 

0.50 

27.42 

1881 

0.10 

1.30 

2.55 

2.  05 

6.05 

3.15 

1.35 

1.85 

3.95 

1.90 

0.60 

0.10 

24.  95 

1882 

0.20 

2.00 

1.50 

3.40 

2.70 

4.40 

1.60 

3.50 

0.50 

3.90 

T 

2.20 

25.  90 

1883 

0.80 

1.70 

2.30 

1.70 

4.70 

5.00 

4.80 

l.'K) 

1.50 

2.20 

T 

3.51 

30.11 

issl        

0.58 

0  47 

2.98 

2.80 

1.70 

4.31 

2.32 

2.39 

0.04 

0.97 

0.07 

1.08 

19.71 

1885 

0.20 

0.42 

0.13 

1.78 

1.75 

6.36 

3.83 

5.17 

2.36 

1.16 

1.48 

0.12 

24.  56 

1886  
ISX7  

0.41 
0.24 

0.32 
0.58 

1.50 
0.20 

3.39 
1.14 

2.62 
0.31 

2.02 
0.88 

0.24 
2.90 

4.25 
3.49 

4.05 
1.68 

0.91 
0.36 

1.04 
0.74 

0.75 
4.21 

21.50 
16.73 

1888  

0.20 

0.47 

0.92 

1.30 

5.66 

2.64 

[2.  30] 

3.71 

0.66 

0.66 

[0.  19] 

0.66 

[19.  37] 

1X8!)  

0.75 

0.  40 

0.25 

1.95 

1.97 

1.43 

5  49 

1.54 

3.09 

0.60 

1.10 

0.45 

19.  02 

1890  

0.60 

0.12 

1.19 

2.35 

2.06 

2.37 

1.95 

1.94 

0.13 

0.64 

0.64 

0.05 

14.  04 

1891  ...             

0.42 

1.34 

1.40 

4.39 

0.62 

6.34 

3.23 

2.84 

0.36 

0.79 

0/42 

0.80 

22.  95 

Mi-UUS   

0.42 

0.61 

1.06 

1.85 

3.41 

3.33 

2.70 

2.59 

1.91 

1.28 

0.49 

0.82 

20.47 

RAPID  CITY.  S.  DAK. 


1881 

0  77 

0.78 

0.95 

2.02 

3.67 

2.64 

0.20 

1.45 

0.71 

0.12 

0.00 

lxx2    

0.20 

0.19 

0.07 

3.47 

4.71 

5.07 

1.80 

0.66 

0.50 

0.  60 

0.60 

0.40 

18.27 

ixx:t    

0.18 

0.20 

0.35 

0.90 

11.02 

0.51 

1.66 

1XXI      

1.20 

0.91 

2.40 

1888  

0.33 

1.62 

1.76 

0.41 

6.01 

4.74 

1.69 

4.76 

6.02 

0.43 

0.47 

0.51 

2'>.  75 

1889  

1890 

0.52 
0.47 

1.  39 
0.66 

0.56 

1.40 

4.22 
1.  55 

2.19 
2.46 

2.97 
3.77 

4.52 
0.13 

0.11 
1.83 

0.37 
0.75 

0.43 
0.56 

0.32 

0.27 

0.33 
0.17 

17.  !« 
14.02 

1891 

0.27 

0.87 

1.96 

2.74 

1.72 

3.25 

2.09 

1.97 

1.32 

0.34 

0.17 

0.  05 

Hi  75 

Means  

0.45 

0.83 

1.16 

2.03 

4.30 

3.91 

2.14 

1.59 

0.74 

0.51 

0.35 

0.45 

18.46 

REDFIELD,  S.  DAK. 


1889  

2.09 

1.62 

1.50 

ROSCOE,  S.  DAK. 


1889  

0.45 

0  80 

3  15 

0  51 

1  76 

SANHORN,  S.  DAK. 


1889  

2.40 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  S.  DAK. 


1890  

0  74 

0  26 

0  46 

0  41 

0  35 

1891  

0.27 

1.  45 

0.42 

2.78 

1.11 

<;.  94 

0.52 

2.  51! 

0  28 

0  45 

Means  

1.64 

0.34 

0  40 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  61 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

SCRANTON,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1889  .. 

0.80 

181)0  

i8!n  

0.  35 
0.10 

0.  GO 
1.07 

0.43 
1.04 

o.r.t 

2.16 

0.66 

9.74 

1.72 

0.23 

1.15 

0.72 

0.58 

0.87 

17.  59 

Means  

0.22 

0.84 

0.74 

1.35 















0.84 



SIOUX  FALLS,  S.  DAK. 


1890  

3.70 

1.35 

3.03 

3.78 

0.37 

0.35 

0  75 

1891  

0.35 

1.01 

L'aa 

2.69 



0.68 

2.99 

T 

1.35 

0.60 

2.96 



Means  

2.03 

3.01 

3.78 

'0.86 

0.48 

1.86 

' 

FORT  SISSETON,  S.  DAK. 


1866  . 

0.23 

1SIS7  

7.96 

13.80 

8.88 

2.37 

1.65 

1869 

0  20 

"1  47 

0  49 

1  82 

1  54 

0  99 

0  67 

3  31 

2  76 

0  41 

0  36 

0  07 

*14  00 

1870 

0  48 

0  •'."> 

0  67 

0  ''3 

5  51 

4  73 

2  63 

0  89 

0  45 

1  50 

0  20 

0  32 

17  86 

1X71  

1ST'1 

0.44 
0  ''0 

0.30 

0  ~>2 

1.08 
0  64 

2.36 

1  78 

0.74 
4.38 

1.96 
4  02 

1.48 
5  04 

0.76 
2  56 

0.36 
1  34 

0.60 
2  46 

0.52 
0  56 

0.20 
0  16 

10.80 

23  36 

IST:!  

is'l 

2.14 
1.18 

1.16 

•'  10 

1.22 
3  90 

2.54 
1.84 

4.52 

2  70 

2.82 
4  56 

3.82 
1  16 

2.00 
3  34 

1.10 
0  62 

3.26 
3  90 

1.16 
2  60 

1.38 
4  24 

27.12 

:>•'  11 

1875  ../  
187t>  
1X77  

2.84 

0.  XX 
0  III) 

6.30 
0.54 

0  00 

4.50 

0.80 
1  22 

2.78 
1.  92 
1.74 

3.06 
1.46 

2.22 
1.62 

2.70 
2.00 

4.16 
4.86 
0  80 

2.04 
2.22 

0.36 
1.84 

0.30 

0.14 
0.82 

31.40 

1  X7X  

0.14 

L>  04 

5.00 

2.00 

3  50 

4  70 

0.50 

0  74 

1X711  

0.  08 

0.80 

0.34 

1.50 

4.50 

6  76 

1.20 

0.80 

0  00 

0  80 

1SXO  

0.  30 

0.22 

2.00 

3.50 

6.00 

5.08 

3.88 

0.60 

2.26 

0.12 

0  20 

1XX1  

0.56 

2.00 

1.30 

2.52 

2.86 

1.02 

3.96 

1.64 

1.62 

0.26 

0.12 

1882 

0  36 

0  32 

*1  04 

2  46 

2  20 

7  .(•) 

3  64 

1  02 

0  36 

3  50 

0  70 

0  19 

*23  21 

1X88  

0.  13 

0.22 

0.05 

1.12 

2.51 

1.08 

2.22 

1.92 

1.  65 

2.07 

0.35 

1884  

1  885 

0.35 

0  48 

0.82 
0  15 

0.«2 

0  40 

1.26 
1  86 

3.00 
1  79 

1.32 
3  74 

3.45 

2  79 

2.37 
1  53 

1.43 
4  10 

3.63 
0  70 

0.52 
1  70 

1.31 

0  75 

20.28 
19  O'l 

1886 

0  60 

0  65 

0  55 

3  06 

1.64 

1  72 

1  23 

1  60 

0  78 

1  00 

0  96 

0  32 

14  11 

18X7       .   .. 

0  40 

0  46 

0  42 

2.80 

1.87 

5  82 

5  50 

8  07 

1  02 

0  94 

0  19 

1  37 

28  86 

18XX  

0  25 

0.17 

0  59 

0  60 

1.90 

1.56 

3  48 

2  10 

0  08 

0  60 

0  08 

1X.S1I  

0.46 

0.31 

1.52 

Means 

0.63 

0.88 

1.24 

1.97 

2.96 

3.77 

3.41 

2.71 

1.28 

1.68 

0.68 

0.71 

21  92 

SPEARFISH,  S.  DAK. 


1889 

0  75 

1  20 

0  40 

3  87 

2  60 

1  45 

5  84 

0  14 

1  42 

1  72 

0  48 

2  00 

21  87 

1X1M)  
1X91  

2.10 
0.82 

0.75 
2.04 

1.51 
1.73 

1.47 
2.66 

3.42 
3.15 

6.81 
7.29 

0.20 
2.53 

1.66 
2.51 

0.53 
0.71 

1.37 
1.23 

0.35 
0.75 

0.53 
0.90 

20.  73 
26.  32 

Means 

1.22 

1.33 

1.22 

2.67 

3.06 

5  18 

2.86 

1.44 

0.89 

1.44 

0.53 

1.14 

22.68 

SPRING  LAKE,  S.  DAK. 


1888         

11.75 

0.05 

0.28 

1S89       

0.75 

0.78 

0.50 

8.40 

5.40 

4.00 

8.75 

2.00 

f>2  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FKA'JTUKS  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued, 

FORT  SULLY,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1866 

1.40 

'  1  868 

0.  15 

IXli'l 

0.08 

0.50 

0.06 

0.96 

3.11 

3.50 

0.90 

4.~96 

1.06 

T 

0.  62 

0.40 

16.  15 

1X70         

0.70 

0.55 

2.  40 

2.10 

2.76 

1.64 

2.50 

1  .  35 

2.28 

1.10 

0.  10 

T 

17.48 

1S71            

0.90 

0.50 

9.60 

2.63 

2.25 

1.50 

4.50 

I).  2.-> 

T 

0,20 

0.  30 

0.  11 

23.  74 

187''         

T 

0.10 

0.25 

3.66 

2.98 

2.34 

6.48 

1.53 

0.  21 

0.02 

1.28 

0.67 

19.42 

1  873       

1.00 

0.29 

0.49 

1.06 

3.17 

3.  23 

1.86 

2.  66 

0.  07 

0.  56 

1).  15 

0.  08 

14.62 

1874        

0.09 

0.17 

0.92 

0.21 

5.  05 

6.24 

0.67 

0.  57 

0.18 

1.51 

0.55 

0.  08 

1C.  24 

1X75         

0.53 

0.91 

0.58 

1.60 

2.  (52 

2.36 

0.51 

3.26 

0.89 

0.  38 

0.20 

0.  15 

13.99 

1878        

0.09 

0.10 

0.  91 

1.07 

1.37 

4.26 

1.99 

4.  14 

4.09 

0.  45 

o.  :>•> 

0.58 

19.54 

1877  

1  878                 

1.01 
0.02 

0.03 
0.25 

2.  5  1 
0.14 

4.14 
3.91 

4.02 
3.47 

1.76 
1.73 

3.69 
7.45 

0.84 
0.80 

0.44 
0.97 

1.11 

0.  50 

0.88 
0.39 

2.48 
0.56 

22.91 
20.  19 

1X7!)            

o.  ir. 

0.23 

0.24 

1.20 

4.70 

6.  11 

(i.  :;:> 

2.  11 

0.  55 

0.94 

0.03 

0.  56 

23.50 

1880               

0.88 

0.65 

1.02 

1.71 

1.88 

2.35 

1.93 

5.26 

0.12 

0.14 

0.  16 

0.56 

16.  66 

1S81 

0.  33 

0.36 

0.54 

1.00 

2.96 

3.02 

1.83 

0.50 

2.50 

0.  50 

*0.  31 

*0.  00 

"14.85 

1  88'' 

0.  -'3 

0.09 

0.42 

2.66 

1.81 

3.19 

2.12 

0.20 

1.07 

0.  14 

»0.31 

*0.  06 

*!''.  20 

1883 

0.17 

0744 

0.  67 

2.68 

3.  58 

3.38 

3.28 

3.  08 

0.  (18 

1.37 

0.00 

1.  IX 

19.91 

1881 

0.88 

0.  35 

0.87 

0.14 

0.36 

3.00 

2.57 

0.72 

0.71 

1.29 

0.  19 

0.  8!) 

11.97 

188T>  

1886 

0.37 
0.18 

0.30 
0.  10 

0.06 
0.66 

2.28 
3.62 

2.  70 
0.86 

5.12 
3.24 

2.71 
2.  44 

4.50 
1.41 

1.77 
0.44 

0.12 
0.  49 

0.  65 
1.60 

0.  11 
0.  96 

2(  i.  72 
16  mi 

18X7       

1.03 

0.18 

T 

0.90 

1.28 

2.88 

3.04 

3.12 

0.  35 

0.85 

0.  13 

0.60 

14.26 

1888           

0.37 

0.35 

0.49 

0.53 

2.  63 

3.73 

3.47 

2.  50 

0.  f 

0.21 

0.11 

0.  26 

11.77 

18X11               

0.70 

0.46 

0.59 

2.86 

2.96 

1.64 

3.35 

1.01 

1.  09 

0.  08 

0.19 

0.36 

15.29 

1890           

0.15 

0.20 

0.28 

0.58 

1.27 

6.41 

0.25 

0.61 

1.51 

0.44 

1.01 

0.44 

13.28 

1891              

0.28 

0.78 

0.65 

2.64 

1.98 

2.13 

0.78 

1.41 

1.37 

0.  53 

0.  33 

0.30 

13.  18 

Means        

0.44 

0.43 

1.06 

1.89 

2.60 

3.25 

2.81 

2.05 

0.95 

0.57 

0.44 

0.47 

16.96 

SWAN  LAKE,  8.  DAK. 


1881 

0.85 

1.07 

0.79 

0.53 

4.34 

0.46 

1.60 

3.90 

5.00 

• 

TYNDALL,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

1.31 

5  89 

0.26 

0  94 

0  57 

1  <)-, 

VERMILLION,  S.  DAK. 


1883  

*0  31 

1884  

0.00 

0.50 

1.50 

1.22 

1.68 

1.57 

3.38 

"1.70 

2.18 

T 

0.70 

1885       

0.53 

0.22 

T 

1.89 

1.17 

3.20 

2  35 

3  87 

3  07 

0  98 

1  54 

0  T, 

19  17 

1886 

1.35 

0.59 

2.40 

3.60 

2.23 

2.55 

0  75 

2  97 

1  65 

0  40 

2  50 

1  00 

•'1  'Mt 

1889  

'()  95 

1890 

0.67 

0.55 

0.82  • 

1.13 

2.37 

2.19 

2  89 

2  14 

0  35 

1  35 

0  58 

0  10 

15  14 

1891  . 

0.50 

1.30 

Means 

0.61 

0.63 

1.  18 

1  96 

1  86 

2  38 

2  00 

3  09 

1  I'.'.i 

1  23 

1  16 

0  57 

18  3fi 

WATERTOWN,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

0.52 

1  07 

WEBSTER,  S.  DAK. 

1882  

8.45 

1.91 
8.01 
8.88 
8.91 

8.21 
2.32 
1  1.65 
4.97 
1.37 

0.62 
1.8-4 
6.41 
1.4.1 
2.  36 

0.65 

3.78 
.1.48 

8.28 
1    71 

9.39 

1.85 
5.  09 
0.79 

1    77 

2.82 

0.  OS 
0.  92 

1.17 

d  :w 

1.36 
4.72 
1.62 

0.63 

•'  ::•> 

32.  54 

6:,.  18 

38.81 

n  an 

1883 

3.33 
1.42 
0.31 

1.24 

2.18 
7.46 
T 
1.93 

1.80 

5.  30 
0.71 
2.02 

1.71 
3.73 
6.33 

7.72 

3.99 
9.19 
5.  33 
6.22 

1884  
1885  

1886  .. 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  63 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

WEBSTER,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Miir. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Se]>t. 

Oct.  Nov. 

Dec. 

Anniiiil. 

1887  .. 
18SH  
IXX9     

4.  55 
2.29 
3.34 

5.  06 
1.00 

!!.  94 

1.64 

1.93 
1.94 

3.94 

2.42 
2.03 

1.72 
2.  Oit 
4.01 

3.09 
1.99 

7.07 

4.73 

2.  NX 
7.07 

2.27 
4.  11 
0.42 

0.88 

o.  is 

4  XI 

1.44  0.29 
1  .  35  0.  20 
0  63  0  ''0 

2.59 

0.40 
.)  -^ 

32.  20 
21.  17 
38  ()'' 

IX'KI  
1891  

2.04 
0.86 

0.  53 

2.  55 

1.67 
2.06 

0.28 
3.86 

3.  :,x 

9.33 

3.  73 
3.43 

3.39 
1.10 

2.07 
4.  11 

1.  88  3.  20 
1  till  2  39 

2.  2S 
3  30 

33.  96 

2  15 

2.74 

2.  12 

3  56 

4  52 

6  41 

L5  31 

2  40 

2  83 

2  89  1  56 

•>  m 

38  68 

WENTWORTII,  S.  DAK. 


1883  

1.81 

ISX5  

3.71 

2.  8!) 

3.06 

1.34 

1891  

0.38 

•'  ox 

WESSINGTON  SPRINGS,  S.  DAK. 

1x91  

2.70 

2.14 

0.23 

0.55 

0.57 

1.95 

WICKLOW,  S.  DAK. 

1882 

5.07 

5.45 

1.78 

0.27 

2.45 

0.66 

0.26 

1883  

1.22 

1.27 

3.38 

WOLSEY,  S.  DAK. 


1889  
1890   

1.85 
0.50 

0.90 
0.08 

T 

0.29 

3.00 
0.40 

3.60 
1.81 

.0.70 
4.98 

2.84 
1.16 

0.67 

0.88 

3.31 
0.43 

0.34   0.07 
0  51  i  0.58 

1.60 
0  65 

18.88 

v>  ~'~ 

1891 

0.12 

1.60 

2  •'."> 

2.79 

0  80 

5  50 

0  50 

1  83 

0  35 

07">   1  23 

0  75 

18  47 

0.82 

0.86 

0.85 

2.06 

2  07 

3  73 

1  50 

1  13 

1  36 

0  53   0  63 

1  00 

16  54 

: 

WOONSOCKET,  S.  DAK. 


1888    

0.86 

4.56 

1.  99 

1.62 

0.82 

0  17 

0.47 

0.  10 

0  08 

IXXil   

0.80 

0.90 

0.12 

2.58 

1.92 

1  57 

3  91 

0  62 

'>  81 

0  40 

T 

1  05 

16  68 

1890   

0.80 

0.  15 

0.71 

0.87 

2.  42 

4.47 

1  04 

0  81 

0  34 

0.52 

0  47 

0  70 

13  30 

M-'inis  ....  

0.80 

0.52 

0.48 

1.44 

2.97 

2  68 

2  19 

0  75 

1.11 

0.46 

0.19 

0.61 

14  14 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


1862  

3.62 

1873  

2  00 

'6  98 

4  59 

1  59 

2  80 

0  93 

1  49 

0  03 

0  5'> 

1874  

0.57 

0.  65 

0  79 

0  24 

•'  5'l 

6  l>5 

3  84 

1  05 

1  84 

1  64 

0  56 

0  51 

23  93 

1875  
1876  
1X77  
IX7X  

1.07 
0.32 
0.74 
0.20 

1.  51 

1.  10 
0.33 

0.  27 

1.79 

2.  IX 
1.37 
0  93 

5.  26 
0.97 
5.99 
5.14 

2.04 
3.15 
4.45 

•1  in 

9.21 
3.18 
5.07 

7  83 

5.53 
5.  49 
1.31 

6  '.a; 

4.  95 
5.14 
1.16 

0  1  I 

5.33 

5.  26 
1  .  :.'3 
1  36 

0.  14 
0.88 

3.  tit; 

0  18 

0.  1  2 
0.80 
0.54 

(1  39 

0.20 
0.37 

2.  16 
0  Hit 

37.  15 
28.84 

28.  31 

•'X.  73 

1X7H  

1XXO  

1X81  

1882  .. 

0.23 
0.62 

1  .  23 
0.04 

0.  36 
0.  16 
2.  70 
0.09 

LOB 

0.  95 
1.71 
0.06 

0.37 
0.  10 
2.  19 
2.93 

2.  35 
l.ol 
9.88 
5.25 

5.34 
1.99 

3.  51 

4.87 

7.  51 

:;.  :\-i 

4.51 
1.65 

1.68 
3.04 
1.77 
0.64 

2.  XI 
0.88 
8.61 

0.07 

0.33 

1.98 

3.  47 
3.93 

0.  23 
0.21 
0.90 
0.31 

0.  11 
0.99 
0.11 
0.79 

22.  73 
21.68 

10.  95 
20.63 

64  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Annual. 

1883           

1.06 

0.73 

1.42 

5.71 

8.76 

4.40 

3.33 

2.85 

3.91 

1.98 

0.08 

0.91 

35.14 

1  ss  l                  

0.25 

1.80 

0.92 

5.73 

1.43 

1.72 

4.63 

2.61 

0.28 

1.97 

0.02 

0.80 

22.16 

18X5            

0.53 

0.43 

0.25 

5.08 

4.01 

2.90 

1.97 

6.21 

4.80 

1.24 

2.69 

0.07 

30.18 

1S8<;  
1887                  

0.43 
0.43 

0.57 
0.  64 

3.38 
0.20 

5.12 
2.45 

3.39 
1.28 

3.07 
2.48 

0.69 
5.00 

5.40 

4.  -it; 

3.45 
6.70 

0.31 
0.74 

2.44 
0.57 

0.90 
2.07 

29.15 

27.  08 

1  SSS                  

0.37 

0.41 

1.24 

2.16 

8.56 

1.03 

1.91 

3.29 

0.50 

0.55 

0.19 

0.68 

20.  89 

1889 

0.96 

0.20 

0.27 

1.46 

1.72 

2.68 

4.54 

2.68 

2.31 

0.48 

1.04 

1.37 

19.71 

1890 

0  56 

0  46 

1.07 

1.84 

4.18 

3.59 

4.27 

2.16 

1.16 

0.92 

0.79 

0.25 

21  25 

1891 

0.78 

1.47 

1.75 

3.79 

1.45 

4.97 

3.27 

3.30 

0.36 

0.62 

0.34 

2.33 

24.  43 

0.58 

0.77 

1.19 

3.11 

4.19 

4.28 

3.76 

3.09 

2.73 

1.40 

0.64 

0.88 

26.  62 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  two  stations  in  Minnesota. 

MOORHEAD,  MINN. 


1881     

0.60 

2.13 

0.62 

0.77 

2.80 

5.59 

1.97 

5.89 

4.75 

2.75 

1.41 

0.20 

•'11  Is 

1882       

1.34 

0.80 

2.83 

1.69 

5.32 

5.43 

4.92 

2.50 

1.23 

4.04 

2.54 

1.37 

34  <U 

1883         

1.19 

0.74 

0.38 

1.65 

3.59 

2.32 

4.57 

3.16 

2.51 

3.22 

0.16 

1.47 

•>[  'Hi 

issl 

0  55 

1  32 

1  03 

1  93 

1  75 

1  84 

7  32 

6  17 

2  49 

3  70 

0  34 

0  76 

°8  -,(l 

1885 

0.02 

0.08 

0.31 

3.43 

2.27 

7.92 

3.34 

1.47 

2.20 

0.68 

0.64 

0.32 

2''  (IN 

1886    

0.94 

0.78 

0.14 

5.49 

2.51 

3.71 

5.40 

1.32 

1.31 

2.21 

2.42 

0.53 

2(i.  7(! 

1887   

0.48 

0.58 

0.26 

2.45 

2.57 

3.77 

6.40 

1.45 

0.30 

1.40 

0.57 

1.74 

21.97 

1  sss  

1.09 

0.42 

1.04 

1.43 

2.  •'!) 

2.98 

3.  48 

0.92 

0.55 

2.22 

0.08 

0.09 

16  50 

1  S8H      

1.13 

0.85 

0.24 

1.48 

1.71 

0.96 

1.95 

1.40 

6.27 

0.07 

0.18 

0.83 

17.  07 

1890     

0.26 

0.40 

0.56 

0.19 

1.42 

6.60 

3.59 

3.69 

2.62 

2.10 

0.31 

0.05 

21.  7!l 

1891      

0.91 

1.36 

1.46 

1.91 

1.03 

4.32 

3.57 

2.54 

3.50 

1.65 

0.99 

1.07 

24.31 

Means    

0.77 

0.86 

0.81 

1.97 

2.47 

4.13 

4.23 

2.77 

2.52 

2.19 

0.88 

0.77 

24  37 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


1880     

• 

2.19 

2.69 

0  07 

0  73 

I8M1     

0.13 

0.56 

0.08 

0  81 

4.00 

3  47 

0  48 

1.96 

1.99 

1  30 

0  48 

0  25 

15  51 

1882      

0.74 

0.83 

1  66 

0  90 

2  94 

3  35 

3  79 

0  42 

1  51 

4  60 

1  02 

0  72 

22  48 

1883 

0.33 

0  •'[ 

0  11 

0  73 

2  13 

1  03 

2  16 

5  16 

1  57 

3  90 

0  26 

0  26 

17  88 

1SK4 

0.14 

0.24 

0  38 

0  80 

1  11 

2  63 

3  47 

7  18 

3  44 

1  15 

0  42 

0  85 

21  81 

1  x8r> 

0.32 

0  10 

0  46 

2  85 

1  5M 

2  92 

3  82 

0  95 

0  98 

0  93 

1  12 

0  54 

16  5N 

IXSli 

0.49 

0.46 

(1  •'!-! 

2  09 

1  53 

2  15 

•'  '21 

0  41 

3  20 

1  36 

0  52 

0  27 

15  04 

1  SX7 

0  68 

0  83 

0  48 

1  43 

3  57 

4  15 

4  28 

1  68 

0  45 

0  16 

0  22 

0  54 

18  47 

1888 

0.71 

0  22 

0  93 

1  06 

0  28 

7  37 

2  76 

0  52 

1  22 

1  32 

0  30 

0  53 

17  '''•* 

1889 

0  82 

1  03 

0  35 

0  69 

0  81 

0  76 

1  23 

2  20 

2  77 

0  18 

1  20 

2  40 

14  44 

1890 

1  98 

0  63 

0  95 

1  41 

1  29 

4  08 

2  32 

2  40 

3  82 

2  79 

0  19 

0  23 

22  00 

1891 

0  78 

2  04 

1  23 

1  68 

1  29 

8  17 

2  56 

3  12 

2  43 

2  38 

0  88 

1  79 

''8  T> 

Means  

0.65 

0.65 

0.63 

1.31 

1  87 

3  64 

2  65 

2  36 

2  13 

1  90 

0  56 

0  76 

19  11 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  three  stations  in  Nebraska, 


HAY  SPRINGS,  NEBR. 


1886    

0  55 

0  93 

1  51 

1  83 

1  80 

9  fifi 

<?  fKt 

200 

007 

007 

210 

Ofift 

10  99 

1887  
1888  

0.81 
0.44 

0.41 
1.22 

1.22 
0  94 

2.30 
0  88 

5.87 
7  ''5 

3.60 
3  ">6 

1.48 
3  09 

3.14 
3  38 

0.78 
0  Q0 

1.45 
0  15 

0.23 
0  33 

1.61 
0  32 

22.90 

91    9fi 

1889 

0  46 

0  94 

0  82 

2  27 

3  66 

3  41 

1     OC 

Q     KK 

OfiA 

Ofift 

0->Q 

OKI 

1Q    Ifi 

1890  

0.61 

0.40 

1  01 

1  73 

2  24 

4  55 

2  75 

1  ^7 

T 

0  43 

ft    fi1 

ft  ^ 

1*1  Q^ 

1891  

1.49 

1.38 

2.76 

2  07 

2  33 

2  70 

4  90 

1  12 

1  90 

ft  7^ 

1      *>1 

ft  (  ;s 

9^  9fi 

Means  ........ 

0.73 

0.88 

1.38 

1  85 

3  86 

3  36 

2  86 

2  46 

0  62 

ft  fi9 

ft  81 

ft  7ft 

2ft  IS 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  EEATUKES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  three  stations  in  Nebraska — Continued. 

FORT  ROBINSON,  NEBR. 


Year                   Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

.May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Doc. 

Annual. 

1883 

, 

0  18 

•'  05 

1   ''2 

0  50 

1  97 

issl       0   10 

0  50 

1  80 

1.49 

2  85 

1   53 

•'  •<:, 

1  00 

0.50 

0  34 

o  i;, 

1  15 

13  'Mi 

iss5        ....              i)  i:. 

1.  12 

ii  i;:> 

"  (io 

•'   !."> 

3  94 

•'  (Mi 

1  41 

0  50 

1  80 

1  70 

0  05 

19  03 

1S86  .   .        0.117 

o  :>7 

1  74 

0.47 

1   21 

1  91 

0  71 

0  !IO 

0.30 

0.31 

1  12 

1   11 

11    OS 

1X87  ...                        Ill 

o  50 

0.63 

•'  (ill 

3  T> 

0  T> 

1   !H> 

::  :;•> 

1.05 

8.60 

0  3fi 

0  74 

•>5  ">a 

1S88  O.IK! 

0  7(1 

1.83 

1    "I! 

6.  39 

1  3S 

•'   15 

•>  ss 

T 

T 

0  4li 

0  07 

17  51 

1S89  o.  os 

0.32 

T 

1  .  39 

••  55 

•'  71 

•'  07 

•'    15 

0  38 

0.7^ 

0  13 

0  78 

13  90 

1S90  (1.29 
1891                                    II  95 

0.66 

0  89 

1.54 

1      |5 

L.82 

1   57 

2.51 

•'  05 

O.UU 

:;  •»> 

also 

:;  "i 

1.81 

1  'il 

0.00 

1  52 

0.06 

0  45 

0.18 

0  57 

0.01 

0  V> 

11.76 

IS  71 

0  07 

1  24 

1  65 

9  93 

''  01 

2  04 

1  94 

0  53 

1   50 

0  57 

0  71 

16  '•"* 

VALENTINE,  NEJJK. 


1885  !.. 

2.23 

0.93 

0  31 

0  15 

1886  0.19 
1887  :  0.29 

0.  35 
0.  1  1 

0.  53 
0.23 

1.39 

2.  52 

3.  21  i 
2.60 

2.25 
3.89 

2.04 
2.53 

1.86 
2.94 

1.18 
1.36 

0.27 
0.57 

0.56 

0  13 

0.10 
0  53 

13.  9H 

18  00 

I  sss  0.  04 

0.75 

1.44 

1  .  05 

9.  35 

2.30 

4.83 

1.77 

0.66 

rO.  701 

0.19 

0  "(i 

(•':(  34  | 

ISM'  1.27 

0.  15 

1.19 

3.87 

2.05 

2.99 

2.60 

0.34 

1.71 

2.12 

0.56 

0  84 

19  69 

1S90  :  ().(>!) 

1.49 

2.  28 

1.33 

1.91 

3.09 

4.39 

2.04 

0.68 

0.64 

0.93 

0*32 

19  79 

1891  0.61 

1.55 

2.58 

3.12 

1.33 

6.36 

-1  29 

4.68 

0.40 

1.65 

0.78 

(i  )•> 

27  77 

Menus  0.  5'' 

0.78 

1.38 

2.21 

3.42 

3.48 

3.45 

2.27 

1.17 

0.98 

0.49 

0.37 

20  52 

Monthly  and  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  at  one  station  in  Iowa. 
SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA. 


1857        

2.12 

1.47 

i 

1S5S         

0.56 

6.89 

4.36 

3.30 

4.72 

7.42 

6.07 

3.60 

2.21 

0.89 

0  3'> 

18til 

1.52 

1.47 

2.06 

4.29 

3.00 

3.19 

1  40 

4  87 

1  05 

2  28 

0  15 

18(52 

0.15 

0.42 

2.48 

1.89 

1.54 

1.22 

3.05 

3  59 

1  08 

0  63 

1863 

1.00 

0.30 

6.58 

1  72 

ism 

0.93 

1.15 

2.64 

0.60 

1  s"5     

0.16 

lS7(i 

0.46 

2.01 

0.85 

2.42 

3.12 

8.61 

7.65 

4.77 

1  16 

0  97 

0  72 

1877 

0.78 

0.60 

1.53 

4.75 

3.88 

6.79 

1.23 

1.52 

1.57 

2.04 

2  05 

1   (ill            ''8   -III 

1  S7S  

0.41 

0.20 

2.21 

3.46 

5.78 

1.05 

2.88 

1879 

3.70 

8.70 

6.15 

8.25 

3.50 

1SS1 

11.15 

5.80 

1  60 

1  10  i 

1SS7               

1   'M 

l*ss          .   . 

1.40 

0.33 

1.56 

4.96 

5.53 

1.21 

4.65 

6.38 

6.56 

18X9 

1  72 

1  40 

4  45 

3  31 

1  19 

1  71 

0  21 

1  99 

1  14 

1X90 

1.14 

0.  .10 

2.  12 

1.32 

2.29 

3.61 

2.59 

3.64 

2.36 

1.84 

0.84 

0.  10         22  ''5 

1S91               

l.fifi 

1  .  26 

2.01 

2.22 

2.41 

7.62 

5.77 

3.54 

0.91 

3.04 

0.37 

2.48         33  29 

Menus  

0.90 

0.50 

1.55 

2OD 
.  OO 

3.34 

4.22 

4.73 

3.54 

3.34 

1.86 

1.38 

1.02         29.26 

S.  Ex.  157, 9 


APPENDIX  No.  5. 

* 

Normal  monthly  and  annual  precipitation^  in  inches,  from  the  stations  of  longest  record. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Srpt. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

NORTH   TIAKOTA. 

Abercrombie,  Fort  
Abriiliam  Lincoln,  Fort  

0.49 
0.41 

0.  57 

0.55 
0.  55 
0.65 

1.01 
0.74 
0.97 

»1.55 

2.05 
2.25 

2.22 
2.14 
2.63 

3.17 
3.44 
3.59 

2.22 
2.08 
2.54 

2.43 
1.84 
2.19 

1.82 
0.77 
1.09 

0.98 
0.84 
1.11 

0.69 

0.48 
0.62 

0.70 
0.69 
0  69 

17.83 
16.  03 
18  90 

Buf'ord.  Fort  

Iiiivcii|ii>rt  

0.48 
0.50 
0.35 

0.54 
0.48 
0.48 

0.51 
0.22 
0.35 

0.98 
0.80 
1.20 

2.24 
1.46 
2.26 

2.  78 
3.46 
3.94 

1.62 
3.52 
1.81 

1.30 
2.11 
0.70 

0.91 

2.7S 
0.34 

0.91 
1.09 
0.58 

0.48 
0.12 
0.  10 

0.54 
0.38 
0  38 

13.29 
16.  92 
12  49 

Pembina,  Fort  

0.53 
0.92 

0.90 
0.57 

0.98 
1.28 

1.58 
1.65 

2.52 
2.45 

4.06 
2.80 

2.64 

2.68 

2.10 
2.55 

1.62 
2  16 

1.59 

0.47 

0.77 
0  75 

1.01 

0  80 

20.30 
19  08 

Hire,  Fort  

0.61 
2.25 

0.66 
1  19 

0.62 
1.09 

2.07 
3.47 

2.82 
2.34 

2.95 
4.62 

1.38 
3  62 

1.48 
3  38 

0.83 
1  30 

0.85 
0  89 

0.50 
0  85 

0.40 
1  48 

15.  17 
26  48 

0  17 

0  17 

0.68 

0.79 

3  18 

3  82 

1  88 

2  45 

1  12 

0  53 

0  16 

0  14 

15  09 

Stevenson,  Fort  . 

0.  14 

0.37 

1.08 

1.16 

2.00 

3.19 

1.83 

2.38 

1.38 

0.96 

0.49 

0.49 

15  77 

Totten,  Fort          ..   .  . 

0.49 

0.53 

0.92 

1.40 

2.32 

3.69 

2.37 

2.49 

0.99 

1.20 

0.83 

0  55 

17  78 

0  52 

1  02 

0.62 

1  52 

1.61 

3  68 

3  19 

1  63 

0  80 

0  58 

0  38 

0  66 

16  21 

Mea.ns                 

0.62 

0.62 

0.79 

1.60 

2.30 

3.51 

2.38 

2.07 

1.28 

0.90 

0.52 

0  64 

17  23 

sorni  DAKOTA. 
Aloxftndria  . 

0.28 

1.25 

1.34 

3.38 

2.69 

4.13 

3.62 

•'.!»() 

2.24 

1.94 

0.44 

0  87 

25  08 

IVuiH'tl,  Fort  
Brookings  
Deadwood    

0.  53 

0.60 
1  .  25 

0.66 
1.10 
1.21 

0.78 
0.44 
1.99 

2.08 
1.86 

5.  17 

2.38 
1.89 
4.65 

3.45 
4.49 
3.73 

2.48 
2.02 
2.84 

1.84 
1.84 
2.23 

1.33 
1.05 
1.06 

0.69 

0.  50 
1.58 

0.  16 
0.28 
1.26 

0.  57 
1.02 
1  51 

17.28 
16.68 

2S  -IS 

Hide,  Fort  .. 

0.56 

1.09 

0.97 

1.43 

3.00 

3.69 

2.39 

2.52 

0.70 

2.32 

0.  25 

0  1i) 

If)  41 

Unriiii    . 

0  41 

0  57 

0.75 

2.57 

3.14 

4.08 

3.63 

2.97 

1.47 

1.29 

0  55 

0  67 

22  10 

Kimball  

Mo:ulc   Fort 

0.64 
0  73 

0.89 
0  63 

0.69 
1  07 

2.34 
2.38 

1.58 
4  02 

3.24 
3.22 

2.30 
2  40 

2.19 
1  96 

0.90 
0  56 

0.52 
0.68 

0.51 

0  -IS 

0.97 

0  46 

16.77 
18  59 

Morriston 

0  56 

0  68 

1  37 

2  66 

4  31 

4  47 

4  28 

3  43 

2  13 

2.30 

0  51 

1  02 

27  72 

Olivet  
Parkston  
Randall,  Fort  
Kapid  Citv  
Sisscton.  Fort  
Sullv,  Fort  

0.46 
0.68 
0.42 
0.45 
0.63 
0.44 

1.03 
1.06 
O.fil 
0.83 
0.68 
0.43 

0.92 
1.08 
1.06 
1.16 
1.24 
1.06 

2.  51 
2.  48 
1  .  85 
2.03 
1.  !>7 
1.89 

4.86 
3.38 
3.41 
4.30 
2.  96 
2.60 

4.  57 
2.67 
3.33 
3.91 
3.77 
:;.  25 

2.93 
3.50 
2.70 
2.14 
3.41 
2.81 

3.02 
5.50 
2.59 
1.59 
2.71 
2.05 

2.14 
2.51 
1.91 
0.74 
1.28 
0.95 

2.30 
0.  50 
1.28 

0.51 
1.68 

0.  57 

0.34 
0.  (i2 
0.49 
o.  :;.-, 
0.68 

0.  II 

1.26 
1.12 

0.  82 
0.45 

0.71 
0.  47 

26.  34 
25.  10 
20.47 
18.46 
21.92 
16.96 

Vcniiillioii  
Webster  
Wolsey  

0.  61 
2.15 

0  X2 

0.63 
2.74 
0  86 

1.  is 
2.12 
0.85 

1.96 

3.  56 
2.06 

1.86 
4.52 

2  07 

2.38 
6.41 
3  73 

2.00 
5.34 
1  50 

3.09 
2.40 
1.13 

1.69 
2.83 
1.36 

1.23 
2.89 
0.53 

i.Hi 
1.56 
0.63 

0.57 
2.16 
1  00 

18.  36 
38.68 
16.  54 

Woonsocket  . 

o  so 

0  52 

0.42 

1.44 

2  97 

2  68 

2  19 

0  75 

1.11 

0.46 

0.19 

0  (il 

14.14 

Yankton  

0  5S 

0  77 

1  19 

3.11 

4  19 

4  32 

3  76 

3  09 

2  74 

1.39 

0.64 

0  88 

26.62 

Means  

0  68 

0  92 

1  08 

2  41 

3  24 

3  78 

2  91 

2  49 

1  54 

1  26 

0.59 

0  88 

21  78 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead  
St.  Vincent  

0.77 
0.65 

0.86 
0.65 

0.81 
0.63 

1.97 
1.31 

2.47 
1  87 

4.13 
3  64 

4.23 

•1  05 

2.  77 
2  36 

•_'.  52 
•'    13 

2.18 
L.90 

0.88 
0.56 

0.77 
0.76 

24.36 
19.11 

IOWA. 

Sioux  City  

0  90 

0  50 

1  55 

2  88 

3  34 

4  22 

4  73 

3  54 

3  34 

1  86 

1  38 

1  02 

29  26 

NEBRASKA. 
Hav  Springs  

0  73 

0  88 

1  38 

1  85 

3  86 

3  36 

2  86 

2  46 

0  62 

0  62 

0  81 

0  70 

20  13 

Rob  i  nson  ,  Fort  .... 

0  50 

0  67 

1  24 

1  65 

2  93 

2  01 

2  04 

1  94 

0  53 

1  50 

0  57 

0  71 

16  29 

Valentin©  

0  52 

0  78 

1  38 

2  21 

3  42 

3  48 

3  45 

2  27 

1  17 

0  98 

0  49 

0  37 

20  52 

66 


APPENDIX  No.  6. 
Monthly  and  annual  average  precipitation,  in  Inches,  front  selected  stations. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Assinaboine,  Ft.,Mont. 

0.98 

0.63 

0.60 

0.83 

1.41 

3.00 

2.22 

1.62 

1.20 

0.53 

0.66 

0.63 

14.68 

Austin,  Tex.  

1  98 

2.21 

2.83 

3  29 

4.18 

3  81 

3  28 

2.07 

4  33 

3  75 

3  61 

9  60 

37.94 

Benton,  Fort,  Mont  

0.  72 

0  4? 

0.54 

1.13 

2.  59 

2.37 

1.65 

1.03 

0.93 

0.72 

0.58 

0  57 

13.25 

Hoise,  Idaho 

''  1)5 

1.81 

1.96 

1.  73 

1.  14 

0.74 

0.21 

0.  19 

0.38 

0.98 

1.30 

2  22 

15.  61 

Concho.  Fort.  Tex  

0.72 

0.90 

1.00 

L42 

3.35 

2.  40 

2.  60 

2.84 

s!o2 

l.ll 

i!os 

1.28 

22!  27 

Cheyenne.  YVyo  

0  81 

0.29 

0.63 

1  38 

2.00 

1  46 

1  64 

1.46 

0  98 

0  67 

0  35 

0  22 

11  39 

Ouster,  Fort,  Mont  

0.86 

0.46 

0.57 

1.15 

2.10 

2.62 

1.01 

1.16 

0.81 

0.94 

0.39 

0.74 

12.72 

Davenport,  Iowa  

1.98 

1.97 

2.  28 

2.78 

3.78 

4.37 

3.45 

4.06 

3.45 

3.11 

1.88 

1.65 

34.76 

1  )enver,  Colo 

0.69 

0.54 

0.96 

2.08 

2.64 

1.37 

1.59 

1.55 

1.02 

0.71 

0.86 

0.  71 

14.72 

Dnlntli.  Minn  

1.  16 

1.17 

1.52 

2.  22 

3.81 

5.18 

3.91 

3.22 

4!  23 

2^89 

L80 

l!38 

32!  49 

El  Paso,  Tex 

1  1.  52 

0.46 

0.  45 

0.20 

0.32 

0.49 

2.  16 

1.89 

1.22 

1.  15 

0.47 

0.56 

9.89 

Fetfcerman.  Fort,  Wvo. 

0.46 

0.67 

1.19 

L68 

2.51 

L26 

1.59 

0.96 

L14 

1.00 

o!so 

o!s7 

u!is 

Hat  terns,  N.  C-...  .... 

6.28 

4.75 

5.32 

4.95 

4.14 

4.50 

6.46 

6.65 

6.73 

6.55 

5.41 

6.32 

68.06 

Helena,  Mont  

1.36 

0.66 

0.60 

1.17 

1.  44 

2.21 

0.96 

0.70 

1.17 

0.84 

0.50 

1.03 

12.53 

Leayenw  orth.  Kans  

1.37 

1.49 

2.17 

3.48 

5.03 

5.34 

4.51 

3.80 

3.69 

3.72 

2.20 

1.61 

38.41 

Maginnix.  Fort.  Mont.. 

1.71 

1.32 

1.64 

1.17 

1.  49 

2.79 

0.90 

1.40 

1.34 

1.12 

0.82 

0.68 

16.41 

Muiiliatt.an.  Kaus  

1).  US 

0.88 

1.23 

2.73 

4.66 

4.44 

4.12 

3.55 

3.41 

3.06 

1.48 

0.78 

31.62 

Nea.li  Hav.  \Va.sh  

IX.  (H) 

13.  72 

12.28 

5.95 

5.  :;2 

4.23 

2.23 

2.83 

6.35 

8.41 

12.10 

15.85 

107.27 

North  Platic.  Nelir.... 

o.  4i 

0.36 

0.56 

1.96 

2.91 

3.34 

2.59 

2.47 

1.88 

0.97 

0.49 

0.62 

18.  56 

Omaha,  Nelir  

0.  58 

0.77 

1.42 

3.23 

4.62 

5.75 

5.  30 

3.45 

3.62 

3.00 

1.31 

1.04 

34.09 

Poplar  River.  Mont  .  .. 

0.  66 

0.41 

0.33 

0.58 

1.52 

2.37 

1.52 

0.96 

0.84 

0.83 

0.89 

0.55 

11.46 

I'ortlanil,  Oregon  

7.  25 

6.83 

6.53 

3.47 

2.70 

1.64 

0.64 

0.63 

1.78 

3.94 

6.  56 

8.31 

50.28 

K  ilc\  ,  Fort,   Kans  

0.  15 

0.82 

0.88 

2.09 

3.47 

3.98 

4.13 

3.  39 

2.90 

1.89 

1.30 

0.71 

26.01 

Rio  Grande,  Tex  

O.X7 

0.69 

0.96 

0.81 

2.51 

1.80 

1.24 

2.82 

3.98 

1.64 

1.08 

1.18 

19.58 

Salt  Lake  City,  I  'tali.. 

1.60 

1.68 

1.95 

2.  57 

2.46 

0.82 

0.59 

1.08 

0.93 

J.  58 

1.49 

1.40 

18.  15 

Santa  Fe,  \.  Mex  

0.  50 

0.61 

0.  57 

0.63 

0.97 

1.68 

2.82 

3.10 

1.73 

1.07 

0.73 

0.78 

15.19 

Shaw.  Fort,  Mont. 

0.  73 

0.49 

0.46 

o.xx 

2.  05 

1.97 

1.07 

0.82 

0.83 

0.63 

0.48 

0.60 

11.01 

Sill.  Fort.  Ind.  T  

0.78 

1.30 

1.50 

2.42 

4.88 

4.23 

3.06 

3.10 

3.09 

2.74 

1.28 

t.93 

30.26 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

2.  14 

2.80 

2.90 

3.41 

.'!.  97 

4.77 

3.72 

2.62 

3.41 

2.84 

2.78 

2.50 

37.86 

si.  I'aul.  Minn  

1.09 

o!96 

1.49 

2.24 

3!  35 

1.62 

3.  28 

3.92 

3.43 

2.02 

l!83 

L27 

28.  90 

\Vashakie,  Fort,  Wyo. 

0.62 

0.31 

0.61 

1.55 

2.  53 

1.08 

0.73 

0.53 

0.32 

1.39 

0.47 

0.42 

10.56 

\Vinnenuicca,  Nov  

1.  IX 

0.99 

1.08 

0.87 

0.  XI 

0.69 

0.19 

0.07 

0.21 

0.72 

0.92 

1.08 

8.84 

Vnnia,  Ariz 

0.36 

0.41 

0.24 

0.08 

o.o:; 

0.01 

0.21 

0.77 

0.15 

0.13 

0.31 

0.41 

3.  11 

I'ANAPIAN    STATIONS. 

Calgarry  

0.57 

0.76 

0.76 

0.  Ii2 

1.49 

2.34 

2.58 

1.77 

0.90 

0.36 

0.35 

0.78 

13.28 

Chun-hill,  Fort  

0.00 

0.20 

O.a5 

l.ill 

1.10 

1.  03 

2.72 

2.10 

3.90 

1.36 

1.14 

0.  30 

15.14 

Edmonton  

0.73 

0.46 

0.  65 

0.57 

1.60 

2.19 

3.10 

1.83 

1.49 

0.57 

0.22 

0.40 

13.81 

Medicine  Hat  

0.33 

0.44 

0.61 

0.51 

1.16 

:;.  03 

1.72 

0.99 

0.  85 

0.44 

0.33 

0.36 

10.77 

Minnedosa  

0.63 

0.98 

0.66 

1.12 

1.64 

3.79 

2.54 

1.86 

1.42 

1.56 

0.80 

0.73 

17.73 

Port  Artbnr  

0.81 

1.33 

1.17 

1.37 

2.18 

2.  XI 

3.01 

2.37 

3.47 

2.  69 

1.98 

(».  85 

24.04 

Qu  'Appelle  

0.38 

0.67 

0.  64 

1.06 

1.52 

3.35 

2.45 

1.47 

1.14^ 

1.02 

0.60 

0.  lil 

14.94 

Swift  Current 

0  54 

0.65 

0.74 

1.  16 

1.47 

3  55 

2  12 

1.74 

1.13* 

1.21 

0.51 

0.71 

15.53 

Winnipeg  

0.66 

1.17 

1.02 

1.35 

2.82 

3.84 

3.22 

3.46 

2.00 

1.73 

0.99 

1.19 

23.45 

York  Factory  . 

0.87 

0.37 

0.87 

0.76 

3.41 

4.  22 

5.60 

4.04 

5.06 

2.72 

1.85 

1.76 

31.53 

Years 

of 
record. 


10 
17 
17 
16 
15 
18 
11 
18 
18 
17 
14 
13 
13 
11 
18 

8 
18 
12 
12 
18 

9 
18 
IX 
17 
16 
16 
17 
18 
18 
18 

9 
18 
18 


7 

2 

8 

9 

11 

11 

9 

6 

12 

5 


67 


APPENDIX  No.   7. 

Monthly  ana  annual  innoiiiitx  and  averages  of  unmcltcd  xnoir,  in  indies,  at  stations  in  North  Dakota. 

"FORT  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  N.  DAK. 

[An  astiTisfc  (*)  indicate*  doulill'iil  rcw.nl.     'I'  imlinitcs  a  lr;icc  nl  precipitation.] 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb.  . 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1S71 

3  00 

1  30 

1.20 

16.00 

0.20 

21.70 

1  s7."> 

0.80 

3.20 

2.10 

1.10 

0.60 

7.80 

187!> 

1  ''() 

3  40 

3  40 

5.10 

6  40 

lit  50 

1877 

4.60 

2.30 

13.  70 

12.00 

32.60 

1878 

12.00 

:t.  in 

15.40 

187'i 

1.40 

2.40 

0.70 

0.40 

10.40 

15  :;o 

18X1 

10  00 

4  00 

5  01  1 

19  00 

188'' 

1.  00 

13.00 

4.00 

4.50 

22.  50 

lxx:i 

11.00 

19  20 

3.50 

1.50 

1.50 

17.40 

54.10 

1881 

II)   (HI 

6  80 

7.20 

1.50 

2.80 

16.00 

II  :;o 

18X5 

11)    HI! 

4.00 

9.  (X) 

4.00 

2.50 

•'!!   .">() 

188li 

1   7(1 

0  70 

8.80 

4.00 

1  .  20 

in  to 

iss7 

11  80 

4  00 

4  50 

0.  (iO 

:;.  to 

8.00 

:;:;  :;o 

1888 

9  00 

I  MI 

5   (Ml 

5.00 

3.  00 

•'i;  no 

1889 

1.00 

4.50 

0.50 

4.  no 

1.00 

6.00 

17.50 

IS!  10 

1.00 

1.  00 

3.00 

1.00 

3.00 

.%. 

0.75 

2.  95 

12.70 

Menus 

5.35 

5.28 

5.31 

3.75 

i.is 

3.82 

8.78 

::i.  18 

BISMARCK,  N.   DAK. 


1885 

3.07 

3.05 

1  06 

0.27 

0  17 

6.04 

4.03 

17  69 

1886 

7.06 

5  05 

10  04 

11.00 

8.02 

II    17 

1SX7 

'.i  07 

5  00 

7  06 

1  02 

:;  oo 

0.01 

0.01 

7.  02 

:!•'  '>5 

1888        

11.02 

5.05 

8.03 

0.01 

2.81 

4.  CO 

Ml.  02 

18X9         

7.28 

15.  07 

1.09 

0.01 

6.00 

T 

1  .  05 

6.06 

:«i.  4!t 

18!  M) 

s  :;o 

1    Oil 

0  49 

0  02 

0  .Ml 

1.  00 

2.  33 

Hi  ill 

ISitl              

it.  i;:; 

5.91 

11.40 

5.  06 

0.03 



6.08 

111.01 

4.08 

:!7.  is 

MI  -ill  IS    

6.63 

6.16 

5.  59 

1.06 

1.94 

0.02 

4.50 

5.  16 

:;i  in, 

FORT  Hl'FORD.  N.  DAK. 


18(17    

7.00 

1.00 

5.  80 

1  1  .  30 

•'5    10 

18118   

2."e6 

1  .  30 

i  :;o 

3.90 

9    10 

ISIilt   

1.80 

1   80 

5  50 

9   10 

187!)  

3.20 

10  :>o 

t20 

3  00 

i)  :io 

•'  50 

•'1   50 

1X71  

2.10 

1.90 

40 

5.00 

1*00 

14.00 

35.40 

1872  

13.50 

1  1  so 

10  40 

15  70 

54  40 

1X7:1  

11.80 

'13.50 

•22  50 

••75  80 

1X71   

1  .  51  1 

2.  00 

2.50 

1.00 

8.30 

3.00 

18  :;o 

1X75  

T.  10 

11.20 

T.  30 

1.00 

2.00 

28.  (10 

lX7(i  
1877  

1.30 

3.  10 

1.20 

0.90 
0.40 









- 

2.20 
17  50 

1.30 

2  00 

(i.  90 
28  00 

1XTX  

0.  50 

9.50 

5  00 

12  (iO 

27  tiO 

1X79  

17.  11 

2.00 

1  00 

20.  1  1 

1881  

0.50 

3.60 

0.70 

1.  80 

1XXL1   

2'"  60 

2.  90 

5  40 

2  60 

2  TO 

in  "o 

1883  

19.  Ill 

8.60 

9.10 

1.70 

17.50 

7.  60 

58  !M) 

18X1   

12  40 

18.00 

4.67 

*35.  07 

1885  

8.02 

26.01 

0.08 

5.01 

4.07 

2.02 

4f..  '-'I 

68 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  -69 

Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmclted  snow  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Cont'd. 

FORT  BUFORD,  N.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1886 

8  05 

11.09 

7.09 

0.00 

7.00 

11.11 

44  34 

1887 

11  I).") 

3.10 

2.06 

8.00 

1  1.  05 

2.06 

6.00 

43  32 

1888 

8  07 

6.08 

9.04 

6.08 

1.04 

1.04 

1.04 

32.  39 

1889 

3.09 

3.07 

5.06 

T 

13.05 

5.06 

4.07 

a:i  .10 

1890 

4.08 

3.  09 

5.09 

3.05 

2.06 

T 

1.03 

18.40 

1891 

2.05 

3.03 

4.00 

1.06 

T 

14.00 

12.07 

0.09 

36.  30 

Alt-ails 

6.14 

7.99 

5.44 

3.31 

5.04 

4.72 

6.49 

5.37 

44.50 

FORT  PEMHINA,  N.  DAK. 


1871 

5.36 

7.40 

*12.  76 

1872 

2.80 

2.50 

4.50 

5.30 

2.95 

18.  05 

1873 

4.10 

7.50 

6.60 

1.80 

20.00 

1874 

•>  lit) 

•'  50 

3  00 

1  20 

9  30 

1875 

0.  40 

0.30 

~ 

2.30 

1.50 

•1  .  50 

1876 

1  In 

5  50 

6  40 

6  20 

19  50 

1877 

0  7(1 

3  10 

2  20 

0  30 

6  30 

1878 

(I  50 

"  10 

•>  40 

2  90 

7  !io 

1879 

•'  •'() 

1  no 

2  50 

9.00 

17.  70 

1880 

•<  r,n 

5  00 

7.60 

15.20 

1881 

5  6O 

11  00 

7.00 

5.00 

31.60 

1882 

1(1  SO 

(1  •'() 

*17.  00 

1883 

•2  OO 

0  00 

5.50 

17.20 

24.70 

1884 

1  00 

8.00 

22.50 

*26.  20 

*57.  70 

1885      

5.  00 

2.00 

8.70 

10.50 

26.  20 

1886 

L>->  .">() 

*15.  90 

*38.00 

17.00 

•123.40 

1887 

Hi  00 

*41.00 

3.30 

7.60 

*67.  90 

1888 

17  00 

•'  40 

9  80 

3  30 

3  50 

4  85 

40  85 

1889 

3.40 

4.80 

3.20 

3.00 

1.75 

10.25 

26.40 

1890 

5.43 

2.42 

2.78 

3.42 

2.54 

1.50 

18.09 

5.58 

8.38 

5.07 

3.15 

7.16 

7.42 

36.  76 

FORT  RAXSOM,  N.  DAK. 


1867 

7.60 

* 
»7.«0 

1869 

1  80 

6  10 

3  40 

1.80 

2.50 

15  i;n 

1870 

18  40 

5  80 

13  80 

2  40 

0.20 

4.20 

44  !SO 

1871 

•1  30 

5  70 

15.10 

lit  •'() 

0.20 

4.50 

9.10 

58.  10 

187'' 

13  30 

9  60 

11  00 

13  00 

•16.  !H> 

1''  00 

5  72 

1  1  .  50 

9.50 

2.17 

5.85 

46.74 

FORT  RICE,  N.  DAK. 


1868 

6.90 

*6.  90 

1869 

0  40 

5  00 

3  60 

5  00 

13  60 

1870   

4.60 

0.60 

4.40 

6.80 

1.30 

17.  50 

1*71 

•'  90 

0  20 

4  40 

3  40 

10.  90 

1872 

15.00 

6  10 

3  40 

3.40 

•'7  !K) 

IS'.'f 

7.20 

16.60 

5  60 

3.00 

2.50 

34.90 

1S7I 

17  60 

3  50 

5  09 

14  70 

3  20 

44  00 

1875 

3.80 

13.80 

4.10 

2.00 

5.10 

1.80 

30.60 

lS7(i 

1  40 

13  00 

5  60 

•'(>  00 

1877 

7.10 

16.90 

24.00 

1878   

1.90 

10.00 

4.10 

*16.  00 

M'-ans  .... 

6.09 

8.46 

4.66 

3.52 

6.00 

5.58 

34.31 

70 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA s. 


Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmelted  snow  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Cont'd. 

RICHARDSON,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1884 

9.00 

3.50 

10.10 

*44.00 

•47.  10 

'113.  70 

1885 

*44  00 

0  00 

1  70 

2  50 

48  20 

1886 

*29  50 

*22  00 

*26  00 

0  10 

2  20 

15  00 

13  50 

*108  30 

1887 

19.00 

11.00 

2.75 

5.25 

19.00 

57.00 

1888 

17.50 

18.75 

15.  50 

*51.  75 

Means 

27.  50 

12.44 

14.00 

5.10 

2.48 

16.49 

20.52 

98  53 

FORT  SEWARD,  N.  DAK. 


1873       .  . 

3.40 

3  20 

2.00 

1  10 

2  50 

12  90 

1874 

3.80 

2  00 

0.90 

1  30 

8  00 

1875 

0.40 

1  40 

1.00 

1  00 

0  GO 

4  40 

1876 

0.60 

1.60 

20.00 

1  50 

23  70 

1877  

0.40 

0.70 

1.00 

2.10 

Means  

1.72 

2.05 

4.92 

1  13 

1  40 

11  22 

FORT  STEVENSON,  N.  DAK. 


1867  

6  70 

9  70 

16  40 

1868  ... 

0.20 

0  00 

6  50 

6  70 

1870  

5.00 

0.20 

0  00 

3  70 

8  90 

1871       .  .. 

7.60 

8.00 

17  80 

7  90 

41  30 

1872 

11.50 

0.60 

3  10 

7  00 

22  20 

1873  

1.70 

6.00 

0.30 

0.40 

8  40 

1874 

0.20 

0  00 

1  00 

0  90 

1  40 

1875 

1  40 

5  40 

7  30 

2  00 

16  10 

1,876  

11.50 

10.00 

7  70 

1  10 

30  30 

1877  

2.10 

0.20 

1  40 

0  50 

4  20 

1878  

0.00 

1.80 

0  00 

4  00 

5  80 

1879  

0.00 

0.20 

7  10 

*67  60 

*75  00 

1880  

20.20 

0.60 

9.70 

30.40 

1881  

4.70 

4.80 

4  00 

2  00 

15  50 

1882  . 

2.10 

4.30 

1  90 

8  00 

16  30 

1883  ... 

6.40 

1.20 

*7  60 

Means  

4.17 

4.21 

3  93 

8  69 

21  00 

FORT  TOTTEN,  N.  DAK. 


1869  

4  00 

*4  00 

1870  

0.10 

10.00 

10  20 

2  40 

22  60 

1871  

18.00 

7.40 

9.00 

7  30 

11  20 

52  90 

1872  

7.40 

2.60 

3.40 

• 

7  80 

6  40 

1  90 

29  50 

1873  

11.60 

13.20 

8.70 

5  50 

'0  50 

39  50 

1874  

3.80 

0.30 

0.90 

14  10 

1  90 

21  00 

1875  

5.10 

8.00 

2.40 

2  60 

7  50 

3  80 

29  40 

1876  

1.20 

4.20 

15.20 

5  30 

4  80 

30  70 

1877  

2.00 

9.00 

0  80 

2  00 

13  80 

1878  

3.00 

5  60 

7  00 

2  00 

17  60 

1879  

1.70 

7.00 

0.10 

0  30 

2  00 

14  40 

25  40 

1880  

0.60 

3.00 

4  80 

8  40 

1881  

1.60 

13.40 

2.80 

2  40 

5  00 

25  20 

1882  

4.80 

0.30 

20.40 

5  30 

6  30 

0  40 

37  50 

1883  

9.20 

7.90 

1.90 

7  30 

*28  40 

*54  70 

1884  

6.80 

5.40 

9.80 

1  60 

2  50 

6  30 

32  40 

1885  

3.00 

3.00 

1.05 

8.04 

0.07 

5  07 

8  04 

5  03 

33  30 

1886  '... 

12.03 

8.08 

8.04 

0.07 

(I  nl 

7  03 

4  03 

39  32 

1887  

6.08 

5.02 

6.03 

1.05 

0.09 

1  (X) 

3  09 

6  00 

28  36 

1888  

5.07 

T 

7.00 

1.00 

T 

1  00 

2  00 

1  00 

17  07 

1889  

2.00 

7.25 

1.90 

1.70 

2  25 

15  10 

1890  

3.00 

5.00 

3.40 

2.25 

*13  65 

Means  

5.80 

5.09 

6.20 

2.37 

0.80 

3.58 

5.44 

5  60 

34.88 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC   F K.YIT  KKS  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


71 


Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmelted  snow  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Cont'd. 

FORT  YATES,  N.  DAK. 


Yeur. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

'  Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

18X2  

5.00 

1.00 

10.00 

2.70 

1.40 

20  10 

iw.'i  

2.80 

0.80 

1.40 

4.30 

9  30 

1884 

0  30 

3  5o 

0  90 

5  40 

5  00 

17  10 

1885 

4  20 

3  40 

1  40 

1  40 

2  80 

13  20 

1886 

0  60 

1  60 

6  80 

5  80 

16  00 

32  80 

1887 

8  60 

8  60 

17  00 

1  90 

36  10 

1888 

8  70 

1  60 

•1    DO 

1  00 

2  00 

17  30 

1889 

4  50 

6.00 

1    ."•() 

0  20 

2  40 

14  60 

1890 

2.80 

5.60 

1    "I  I 

0  40 

1  20 

T 

0  90 

3  90 

16  00 

Means  

4.61 

3.57 

4.91 

2.41 

4.72 

20.22 

Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmelted  snow,  in  inches,  at  stations  in  South  Dakota. 

[An  uMturi.sk  (*)  iudicates  doubtful  record,    T  indir:itt;s  a  trace  of  precipitation.] 
ALEXANDRIA,  S.  DAK. 


1882  .. 

6.50 

1.51 

2  70 

10.71 

1883  

2.  10 

11.  00 

8.60 

11  30 

1.00 

6.60 

40.60 

1884  

2.30 

10.40 

12.60 

Moans  .... 

2.  15 

10.70 

7.55 

4  65 

25.05 

FOKT  HKNNKTT,  S.  DAK. 


1884 

0  46 

0  17 

0  63 

1885 

0.  14 

3.20 

1.  10 

8  50 

12  94 

1889  

4.05 

... 

3.00 

5.50 

12.55 

1890 

o  no 

3.50 

1  .  50 

5  75 

2.50 

13.75 

Means 

o.  32 

3.58 

1.30 

4.43 

2.72 

12.35 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


1883 

0.71 

1.32 

2.06 

1884 

x  ;.o 

10.10 

2  61 

2  42 

12  90 

36  52 

1885 

!l  9(1 

14.  10 

14  20 

6  40 

4  70 

22  10 

71.40 

1886     .  . 

17.50 

IN  MI 

•'.">  10 

7  60 

0  20 

*28  80 

17  60 

•115  (id 

1887 

•35.80 

7.  .so 

20.60 

15  10 

13.10 

5  00 

18.30 

*145.  70 

M^uns 

14.49 

10.42 

15.63 

26  35 

• 

6.57 

10.23 

17.72 

99.41 

. 

FIRESTEEL,  S.  DAK. 


1875  

8.00 

5.00 

2.25 

1.25 

16.50 

1876 

5.00 

6.50 

29.  00 

5  00 

5.00 

43.50 

1877 

6.00 

11  50 

17.50 

Means  . 

5.  50 

7.25 

12.83 

3.62 

3.12 

32.32 

FORT  HALE,  S.  DAK. 


879  

1.40 

0.80 

2.00 

8  20 

12  40 

LH80  .           

2.20 

6.00 

3  40 

0  60 

11  20 

23  40 

881  .. 

15.00 

'30.  80 

15.50 

6  40 

*66  70 

882  

6.00 

4.80 

8.60 

2  80 

1  10 

23  30 

883  

7.10 

14.50 

12.11 

4  00 

37.71 

1884  

1.60 

7.60 

8.00 

17.20 

Means  

5.55 

10.75 

8.27 

3.27 

6.12 

33.96 

72  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC1  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmclh'd  xnoic  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Cont'd. 

HENRY,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1886 

2.50 

2.50 

5.00 

1887 

2  30 

3  90 

2  50 

2.50 

0.10 

11.30 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


1888 

1  00 

2  00 

0  00 

0  Oti 

0  70 

3  76 

1886 

3  75 

1  35 

4.70 

3.20 

4.80 

17.90 

1NS7 

3  10 

7  90 

5.10 

1.70 

15  5(1 

33.30 

1888 

r>  75 

3  30 

8.70 

T 

1  ''0 

18.95 

1889 

15  10 

11  10 

T 

T 

(1  50 

11  :>5 

41.05 

1890 

6  20 

1  70 

1   70 

0.00 

T 

3  50 

(i  70 

1(1  80 

1891 

0  50 

12  60 

15  511 

0  (III 

7  50 

2  40 

39  10 



5.06 

5.71 

5.10 

T 

0.  30 

2.74 

li.  51 

25.  .15 

LOWER  BRULE  AGENCY,  8.  DAK. 


1875 

0  60 

0  •>() 

2  80 

1876 

2  ''0 

2  70 

5.70 

0  70 

1  40 

12  70 

1877 

3  20 

0  00 

3  20 

2  00 

1  50 

1  1  c)o 

1878 

0  50 

1  00 



0  70 

0  ''0 

2  40 

Means  

1.97 

1.23 

4.45 

1.10 

1  3'' 

10  07 

FORT  MEAIIK.  S.  DAK. 


1879 

0  40 

X  1KI 

9  30 

1880 

3.80 

10.00 

9.20 

1  00 

4  40 

3  90 

31'  "o 

1881 

5.60 

5.40 

5.10 

i;  :;o 

4  60 

•'7  do 

1882 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

^s 

0  90 

0  50 

0  (10 

">  110 

1883 

*29.  00 

S.'OO 

"0  00 

0  50 

•>  00 

"il  "ill 

1884  

3.70 

3.30 

11.  til) 

2.50 

!P  00 

33  10 

1885  

3.20 

2.30 

4.90 

0.20 

0.50 

0  80 

11  '10 

1886  

2.50 

3.80 

7.00 

16  00 

4  20 

33  50 

1887     

5.60 

2.00 

6.60 

4  00 

1  00 

3  60 

2'>  80 

1888  

0.00 

11.50 

5.20 

0.70 

1  60 

1  70 

20  70 

1889  .... 

2.70 

8.50 

1.20 



7  00 

6  92 

og  32 

1890 

8.20 

2.27 

8  70 

7.10 

4  00 

12  00 

1  00 

43  27 

Means  .... 

5.94 

4.82 

7.59 

3.90 

2.48 

4.25 

3.87 

32  85 

: 

MORRISON,  S.  DAK. 


1877  

2  50 

8  50 

11  00 

1878  

4.50 

2  50 

1  00 

4  50 

10  00 

22  50 

1879  

1.00 

3.00 

4.00 

9  00 

18  00 

1880  

2.50 

10.00 

6.00 

4.00 

!•'  00 

0  50 

6  50 

41  00 

1881  

13.00 

16.00 

15.00 

4  00 

1  50 

49  50 

1882  

6.00 

7.00 

7.00 

1  00 

4  00 

25  00 

1883  

6.00 

4.00 

11.00 

4.50 

25  50 

1884  

9.00 

9.00 

18  00 

Means  

5.50 

7.08 

7.57 

5.83 

• 

2.50 

6  58 

35  06 

OLIVET,  S.  DAK. 


1877  .. 

•'  •">(> 

8  36 

10  86 

1878  

6  00 

5  20 

0  75 

7  00 

1  50 

0  90 

12  75 

33  30 

1879  

7.50 

3.37 

3.75 

8.00 

22.  82 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  u» melted  nnoio  at  stations  in  South  .Dakota — Cont'd. 

OLIVET,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Animal. 

1880 

4  10 

11  00 

2.50 

7.00 

11.02 

35.62 

1881 

17  95 

"  'ti  •'."> 

in  :.o 

14  75 

3.00 

1.50 

•79.  25 

1882 

3  40 

6  75 

•1    01! 

4  00 

1.00 

19.15 

7  65 

10  39 

7.20 

7.06 

3.60 

2.17 

8.33 

46.49 

FORT  RANDAET,,  -S.  DAK. 


1860 

3.20 

0.40 

0.80 

4.40 

1861 

3.70 

1.00 

1.00 

3.60 

5.40 

14.70 

1862 

5  60 

2  70 

7   10 

2.  00 

1.00 

18.70 

1863 

1  40 

2  00 

2.40 

6.  XO 

12.60 

1864 

2;  00 

2.  10 

*4.  10 

1865 

•>  •>() 

*2.  20 

1X66 

15.00 

1.40 

"16.40 

[867 

5  90 

6  30 

7  60 

1.20 

21.  00 

1868 

7  40 

4  80 

9  40 

2.80 

3.20 

27.60 

1869 

0  80 

0.30 

5.00 

3.  40 

it.  5(1 

1870 

3  50 

6  10 

1.20 

10.80 

1871 

0  50 

6.60 

1.00 

0.  80 

2.10 

11.00 

1872 

0.30 

1.10 

0.  60 

*2.  00 

1873 

4.70 

Hi  (ill 

I  50 

0.50 

2.40 

25.  70 

1874 

1.  10 

"    10 

5.  10 

0.50 

7.60 

16.  40 

1875 

7.20 

4.20 

7.70 

1.00 

20.  10 

1876 

4  70 

7  50 

*'>4  90 

2.  (K) 

5  00 

*44.  10 

1877                 

5.  50 

5.00 

8.00 

18.50 

1878 

3.00 

3.  50 



10.  10 

16.60 

1879          ..  . 

2.20 

5.40 

20.  50 

2S.  10 

1880 

10  60 

•  ],x  70 

16  10 

15    10 

1881 

1.00 

L3.00 

12.  00 



6.00 

1.00 

33.  00 

1882  

2.00 

20.  on 

16.00 



*22.  00 

59.00 

1883 

8  00 

17  00 

••>3  00 

7.10 

*55.  10 

1884 

5  80 

1  70 

4.00 

10.80 

25.  30 

1885 

2.00 

4.20 

1.00 

14.  80 

1.20 

•':;.  "o 

1886  

1887 

4.  10 
2.  40 

3.20 

5.80 

15.00 

1.80 





"'."'.'. 



1 



(i.  90 
14.80 

3.  20 
12.  10 

32.40 
66.90 

1888 

4  00 

3  80 

8  80 

6  ('}•> 

•>'j  •>•> 

1889          

6.00 

2.60 



11.00 

4.00 

23.  60 

1890  

6.00 

1.20 

9.10 

6.00 

0.50 

22.80 

Means  

4.28 

6.31 

7.  15 

5.  29 

6.44 

2U.  77 

RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1888 

3.03 

16  02 

15.01 

T 

10.  00 

5.00 

6.00 

55.  04 

1889 

6.25 

i::  5o 

1.09 

6.05 

1.08 

0.10 

3.06 

2.  OB 

33.  13 

1890 

4  06 

1   05 

10  06 

"  05 

2  05 

3  01 

•'   (K) 

•'7  ->s 

1891 

2.90 

13.  05 

12.00 

1.00 

2.00 

0.03 

0.05 

0.03 

31.  00 

Means  

4.06 

11.66 

!l  51 

2.28 

3.77 

0.06 

2.78 

2.52 

36,  67 

FORT  SISSKTOX,  S.  DAK. 


1869  

2.00 

14.70 

1.20 

3.60 

0  70 

22.20 

1870  

4.80 

2.50 

3.  50 

3  ''(I 

14.  (X) 

1871 

4  40 

3  00 

10  80 

5  •'() 

2  00 

"5  ID 

187'' 

2  00 

2  ''() 

ii  in 

5  60 

1  (ill 

17  80 

1873 

*21  40 

11  16 

11.70 

11  60 

13  XO 

(i'l  (ill 

1874 

11.18 

•M  00 

'35.00 

"t>  00 

'  T>  10 

"138  58 

1875 

*28.  40 

"63.00 

'15  (K) 

:;  (K) 

1  10 

1  1  1  1  ,SO 

1876  

8.80 

5.40 

8.00 

8  20 

30  40 

1877  

6.60 

12.  20 

* 

18.80 

1878  

1.40 

1.20 

6.20 

8.80 

1879  .. 

0.80 

8.00 

2.00 

8.00 

18.80 

S.  Ex.  157 10 


74 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmelted  snoic  at  stations  in  South  J)akota — Cont'd. 

FORT  SISSETON,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

IfiAO 

3  00 

2  20 

1  20 

2  00 

8  40 

1881 

5.60 

*20.00 

2.60 

1.20 

*29.  40 

-iwuo 

3  60 

3  20 

7  00 

1  90 

15  70 

188S 

1.30 

2.20 

0.10 

3.00 

6.60 

1  wwl 

3  50 

8  20 

4    10 

5  20 

13  10 

94  40 

1885 

4.80 

1.50 

4.  (X) 

*17.00 

7.50 

*34.  80 

leoa 

6  00 

6  50 

5  Ml 

4  60 

3  -)0 

25  80 

1887 

4.00 

4.60 

4  .  L'O 

13.70 

26  50 

1888 

2.50 

1.70 

5.90 

10  10 

1889 

4  GO 

3.50 

8  10 

(3.  '22 

9.31 

10.06 

7.72 

7.39 

40.70 

FORT  SULLY,  S.  DAK. 


1868 

. 

1  50 

*1  50 

1869 

0.80 

5.00 

0.60 

4.00 

4  00 

14  40 

J870      .  ... 

5.00 

5.50 

22.50 

33.00 

1871 

9.00 

15.00 

*46.  00 

1  00 

1  10 

*72  10 

]X72       

1.00 

2.  50 

8.70 

3.80 

16  00 

1873 

8.40 

1.70 

3.00 

1.50 

2.  50 

17  10 

1874 

3.50 

1.80 

0.80 

3.50 

4.40 

0  «() 

14  80 

1875 

4.40 

5.50 

1.50 

11  40 

1876 

0.80 

5.30 

2.50 

3.90 

5.00 

17  50 

1877 

10.10 

0.30 

16.00 

4.10 

9  70 

:iO  •'<) 

1878 

0.20 

2.50 

3  50 

1.00 

5  60 

12  80 

1879 

1.50 

1.60 

1.40 

0.30 

5  60 

10  40 

1880  

8.80 

6.50 

9.00 

1.40 

5.60 

31.  30 

1881  

3.30 

•13.60 

5.40 

1.80 

3.10 

*27.  10 

1882  

2.30 

0.90 

2.50 

1.10 

0.30 

7.10 

1883 

1  70 

4.40 

1.90 

2  60 

10  60 

1884   

2.90 

4.70 

2.90 

0.20 

6.30 

17  00 

1885 

1  80 

1.40 

1.50 

0  30 

1  20 

1  00 

7  ''(I 

1886       .  .. 

4.07 

2.01 

12.01 

3.00 

8.03 

5  20 

34  32 

1887 

2.00 

0.00 

0  08 

1.01 

5  07 

8  16 

1888 

5.08 

2.08 

5.04 

T 

0.05 

6  00 

18  '>'> 

1889 

10.60 

6.03 

T 

3  00 

6  03 

25  66 

1890  

2.08 

4.01 

2.01 

0.00 

0.00 

6.24 

5.  10 

19.  44 

1891  

3.10 

8.50 

2.70 

0.20 

0.40 

14.90 

Means  

4.26 

4.41 

6.68 

0.80 

0.20 

1.78 

2.93 

4.01 

25.07 

VERMILLION,  S.   DAK. 


1883  

3  75 

*3  75 

1884  

5.00 

11  00 

16  00 

1885  

1.00 

3.00 



3  00 

7  00 

1886  

4.00 

5.50 

'25.00 

*34  50 





Means  

2.50 

4.50 

5  92 

12  92 

WEBSTER,  S.  DAK. 


1883  

8  20 

*8  PO 

1884      . 

5  04 

18  05 

20  65 

0  55 

0  00 



019 

2QC 

679 

CO    jn 

1885  

0.45 

0.05 

4.90 

0  45 

1.80 

------  " 

......  . 

....... 

0  00 

6  70 

2  22 

16  57 

1886 

0  22 

7  88 

7  20 

1    '!"> 

0  00 

010 

*19  Qf» 

849 

1887  

•16.05 

•16.  52 

6.60 

1.60 

0.00 



......   . 

.  ...... 

0  25 

0  50 

'14  50 

*56  O9 

1888  

8.45 

5.93 

11.46 

0.25 

0  60 

0  10 

1  72 

28  51 

1889  

10.43 

*12.  03 

6.25 

0.10 

0  65 

0  98 

8  90 

*3<)  34 

1890  

6.63 

2.45 

5.35 

0  30 

9  00 

7  55 

31  28 

Means  

6.75 

8.99 

8.92 

1.22 

0.45 

0.29 

4.66 

7.28 

38.56 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


75 


Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmelted  snow  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Cont'd. 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

.hui. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1885 

1  05 

4  01 

1  05 

0.01 

0  00 

13.09 

19.21 

1886 

5  06 

5  03 

*23  06 

*29.  08 

5.06 

*67.  29 

1887 

4  00 

1  02 

1.05 

0.02 

4.05 

18.01 

28.15 

1888 

*16  08 

4.00 

11.04 

3.00 

0.03 

3.03 

*37.  18 

1889  . 

2  09 

1  08 

2.02 

3.04 

1.07 

9.30 

1890 

8  04 

4.08 

10.00 

0.00 

5.05 

3.00 

30.17 

1891    .  . 

6.07 

*13.  08 

9.05 

2.03 

10.40 

*40.  63 

Means  

6.06 

4.61 

8.18 

0.76 

6.18 

7.67 

33.  46 

Monthly  and  annual  amounts  and  averages  of  unmelted  snow,  in  inches,  at  two  stations  in  Minnesota, 

MOORHEAD,  MINN. 

[An  asterisk  (*)  indicates  doubtful  record.    0  indicates  no  record.    T  indicates  a  trace  of  precipitation.] 


1884  .. 

0.55 

*0.  55 

1885 

0  02 

2  05 

3.02 

12  01 

2.00 

4  03 

3  00 

26  13 

1886 

8  06 

6  06 

'  1  03 

1  06 

*20  77 

7  05 

*44  03 

1887 

8  05 

8  00 

3.50 

2  80 

0  10 

3  25 

'20  20 

*45.  90 

1888 

"12.  05 

4  70 

11  05 

0.25 

0  06 

0  00 

1  22 

*29.  27 

1889 

12.32 

9  70 

2  50 

0  10 

1  70 

1  01 

27.  3:! 

1890 

2.02 

3.03 

5.09 

0.03 

3.04 

0  05 

T 

4  00 

1  08 

18.84 

1891 

8.03 

'13.00 

14.01 

'2.00 

0  25 

5  02 

5.00 

*47.  31 

Means  

6.39 

6.65 

5.74 

2.61 

2.52 

0.05 

0.10 

5.54 

5.51 

35.11 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


1885         

3.09 

1.05 

5.06 

*18.02 

2.01 

1.02 

12.09 

5.03 

47.  37 

1886 

9.00 

7.01 

3.08 

2.03 

1.01 

0.00 

1.00 

2.08 

IT.  21 

1887 

6.07 

'15.50 

4.09 

2.05 

0.00 

2.04 

6.00 

:c..  7:. 

1888  

9.06 

2.00 

9.06 

3.01 

0.07 

2.06 

5.06 

80.32 

1889  

8.04 

10.05 

3.05 

3.00 

T 

T 

9.00 

*23.06 

r<c,.  •'!> 

1890  

"16.40 

6.01 

8.08 

T 

4.05 

3.00 

8.00 

2.00 

2.05 

'49.69 

1891  

© 

© 

© 

© 

1.00 

1.00 

8.00 

18.00 

•'S.  nil 

Means  

8.61 

6.94 

5.40 

4.68 

2.35 

1.00 

1.44 

5.17 

8.75 

44.34 

APPENDIX  No.  8. 
Amounts  ofunmelted  snoie,  in  inches,  on  ground  at  end  of  month  at  stations  in  North  Dakota. 

BISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 

[An  asterisk  (*)  indicates  dimhtl'iil  record.     1  iudicatc.s  a  trace  of  precipitation.] 


Year. 

.Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar.       Apr. 

May. 

.Jiuir. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1884 

4.00 

4  00 

'2  00 

0  00 

0.00 

2.04 

1^X(J 

•>  05 

•'  ()•> 

0  00 

1.00 

7.07 

9  08 

3  00 

0  00 

0  02 

•1.00 

18S8 

9  00 

6  00 

3  00 

0.00 

2.00 

1889 

0  00 

0  00 

0  00 

0.  00 

8.00 

18MO 

4  00 

3  00 

0  00 

0.  (X) 

0.33 

IftOI 

0  00 

0  20 

0  00 

5.00 

2.00 

4  02 

2  32 

0  43 

1.29 

2.92 

1-PRT  miFORD,  N.  DAK. 


ixxi      

8.00 

1885 

7  05 

5  00 

T 

0.00 

T 

1886 

li  14 

4  09 

0.  00 

2.00 

11.00 

*°4  03 

12  00 

T  1 

2  00 

5  00 

1SX8 

3  03 

4  07 

2  02 

T 

1.00 

1889 

1.00 

T 

0.00  

2.00 

6.02 

1890 

li  03 

5  03 

T   ! 

T 

1).  (H) 

1XM1 

(I  •'."> 

3  00 

T 

•1  (ill 

3.08 

4.00 

ti  93 

4  74 

0  •"•) 

1.30 

3.86 

FORT  TOTTKN,  N.  DAK. 


1885 

5  oo 

2  06 

0  00 

2.00 

4.00 

L886 

]•'  in 

4  02 

0  05 



7.00 

7.00 

ixxl 

i::  IK) 

"17  00 

1  00 

0.05 

6.  05 

1888 

10  00 

li  (H) 

3  00 

„ 

;; 

0.00 

0.09 

1889 

0  05 

8  02 

7  27 

1  01 

2  96 

4  °6 

Amounts  of  unniclti'd  unoir,  in  inches,  on  t/round  at  end  of  month  at  nttitionn  in  8ot<th  Dakota. 

FORT  BENNKTT,  S.  DAK. 

[An  astfrisk  (*}  iiu!i»-aics  ilnnhi  t'nl  i-cmrd.     T  indicates  a  trace  of  precipitation.] 


1884  

6  10 

0  00 

1885       

0.30 

0.00 

0.  00 

0  00 

» 

76 


CEBTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  TIIK  TWO  DAKOTAS.  77 

Amounts  ofunmelted  snow  on  ground  at  end  of  month  at  stations  in  South  l)ul;otn — Continued. 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


Tear. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Srpl. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1888 

0  00 

1XXI 

5  50 

X   (X) 

5  00 

0.00 

5.  50 

1  xx5 

4  30 

<;  50 

0    IKI 

L.  10 

0.  00 

2.  10 

1SSH 

•'  :io 

2  00 

0  00 

(>.  00 

8.00 

1887 

*30  00 

10.00 

3.00 

3.00 

1.00 

3.00 

Means 

10.  52 

5.30 

2.00 

1.75 

4.65 

_ 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


1  SS5 

2  00 

0  00 

0  00 

0.00 

0.00 

1886 

3  00 

1  00 

o  oo 

3  00 

4  00 

1SS7  

7.  00 

6.00 

0.00 

1.00 

15.00 

1888 

15  00 

1  0(1 

1  00 

1.00 

18811 

S  00 

3  IX) 

0  00 

0.00 

8.00 

1890 

10  IK) 

•'  (X) 

0  IKI 

0.00 

o.oo 

1891 

0  05 

7  00 

1  00 

1  .  75 

2.00 

Mrans 

6  44 

3  29 

0  '*9 

0.96 

4.29 

I 

RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1  SSS 

T 

1.08 

T 

1.00 

1889 

0  00 

1   00 

0    00 

2  0'» 

1890 

0   00 

:;  01 

i;  ix) 

0.03 

1891 

1  40 

4  05 

0   OO 

0  ()•' 



Mc;llis 

0.35 

2.29 

1.50 

0.77 

FORT  SULLY,  S.  DAK. 


ixsi; 

1  05 

1  03 

0  00 

3.00 

3.00 

1X87 

0  00 

0  00 

L.OO 

2.  00 

1SXX 

0  05 

T 

T 

0.00 

2.00 

1889 

1.00 

1.00 

0.0(1 

0.00 

3.  00 

1890 

1.00 

4.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.50 

1891 

2.10 

0.80 

T 

1  04 

1  14 

T 

0.80 

2.75 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


1885 

2  00 

0  00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1886 

2  00 

0  06 

7  ()•« 

"13.00 

4.07 



1887 

1  04 

0  00 

0  00 

0.07 

5.01 

1888 

4  00 

0  00 

o  oo 

0.00 

0.00 

IXX'I 

0  00 

0  00 

o  oo 

0.00 

2.00 

IX'K) 

0  00 

2  05 

3  00 

0.00 

0.08 

1891 

2  00 

2  05 

0  00 

0.00 

3.00 

1  58 

0  59 

1  43 

1.87 

2.02 

78 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Amounts  of  unmelted  snow,  in  inches,  on  ground  at  end  of  month  at  two  stations  in  Minnesota. 

MOORHEAD,  MINN. 
[An  asterisk  (*)  indicates  doubtful  record.    T  indicates  a  trace  of  precipitation.] 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1885 

0  05 

0  00 

0.00 

5.00 

0.03 

0  04 

1886 

2  00 

5  00 

0.00 

0.00 

12  00 

6  00 

1887 

6  00 

3  00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.10 

0  08 

11  00 

1888 

10  00 

4  00 

8.00 

0.00 

0  00 

0  00 

0  00 

1889 

10.00 

"12.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1  00 

1890 

0.00 

2.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1  00 

1891 

1.00 

5.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.25 

3.00 

1  00 

4.  15 

4.43 

1.  14 

0.71 

0  09 

2  16 

2  86 

& 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


1885       

10.00 

4.00 

3.00 

3.00 

4  00 

1886                 

12.03 

8.05 

0.50 

0.00 

6  00 

2  00 

1887                 

8.07 

16.00 

2.02 

0.00 

2  00 

5  00 

1888 

7.00 

12.00 

9.00 

0  00 

0  00 

0  02 

1889 

6.00 

8.00 

0.00 

1)  DO 

1  00 

"16  00 

1890 

"18.00 

14.00 

3.00 

0  00 

2  00 

•>  00 

1891  

1.00 

3.00 

12  00 

Means  

10.18 

10.34 

2.92 

0.  17 

2.43 

5  86 

APPENDIX  No.  9. 
Monthly  average  number  of  rain;/  rliu/.t. 


[A  rainy  day  is  one.  on  which  an  amount  of  precipitation  equal  to  in-  c 


din^  0.01  inch  lias  fallen.] 


Stations. 

.Ian. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
imal. 

Length  of  record. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  

8 

9 

9 

9 

11 

12 

11 

8 

6 

7 

7 

9 

9 

Oct.    1874-Dec.     1X91. 

Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak. 

7 

8 

6 

7 

9 

12 

11 

7 

5 

8 

6 

7 

8 

1X711-1891. 

Fort  Totten,  N.  Dak. 

8 

7 

s 

8 

9 

14 

11 

9 

6 

8 

6 

9 

8 

June  IXXI-.hm.     1889. 

I'orl  Bennett,  S.  Dak. 

7 

9 

9 

8 

10 

12 

11 

6 

fi 

6 

4 

6 

8 

Oct.    Ixxo-Nov.     1S85. 

Deadwood.S.  Dak... 

11 

10 

12 

14 

14 

13 

11 

9 

5 

9 

8 

11 

10 

1878-1887. 

Huron,  S.  Dak  

6 

8 

8 

10 

11 

11 

10 

11 

7 

8 

6 

6 

8 

July  18X1-1  >.-<-.     1X91. 

K'iipicl  City,  S.  Dak.. 

5 

9 

11 

9 

12 

13 

9 

10 

4 

7 

6 

5 

8 

1XXX-1X9I. 

Fort  Sully,  8.  Dak  .. 

7 

7 

6 

7 

9 

13 

11 

11 

4 

4 

4 

7 

7 

Jan.    IXX.V.hine    1891. 

Yankton,  S.  Dak  .... 

S 

6 

9 

10 

13 

11 

10 

9 

8 

fi 

5 

8 

9 

Apr.    1X73-1  KM-.     1X91. 

Valentine.  Nebr 

7 

7 

8 

8 

12 

11 

10 

10 

6 

I 

4 

8 

Sept.  1XX5    Dee.     1891. 

Moorhead,  Minn 

8 

!» 

g 

9 

9 

10 

10 

8 

8 

i| 

7 

9 

9 

lxxi-1891. 

St.  Vincent,  Mian.... 

9 

8 

7 

7 

7 

10 

11 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

.8 

Sept.  1880-Dec.     1891. 

Me  ;ms  

8 

8 

8 

9 

10 

12 

10 

9 

6 

7 

6 

7 

8 

APPENDIX  No.  10. 
Percentage  of  probability  of  rainy  dm/ft. 

[A  rainy  <Iay  is  on«  on  which  rain  or  molted  snow  falls  to  I  he  a nl  ol'H.i;!  inch  or  more.] 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Length  of  record. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  
Bnlbrd,  Fort,  N.  Dak 
1  >ead\vo»d.  S.  Dak.  .  . 
Huron,  S.  Dak  

26 
22 

::i 

21 
26 
27 
23 

24 
24 

31 
27 
37 
28 
31 
30 
25 
25 
22 

28 
20 
37 
27 
26 
24 
17 
25 
26 

29 
24 
46 
33 
32 
24 
24 
27 
32 

36 
29 
44 
37 
30 
24 
30 
31 
41 

42 
41 
45 
36 
35 
33 
42 
48 
37 

36 
34 
37 
34 
32 
36 
34 
36 
32 

26 
22 
29 
35 
26 
26 
30 
30 
28 

21 
18 
16 
24 
27 
28 
15 
19 
25 

23 
24 
28 
25 

28 
27 
14 
26 
19 

22 
22 
29 
19 
24 
25 
16 
19 
17 

28 
22 
37 
21 
29 
26 
22 
29 
24 

29 
25 
35 
28 
29 
27 
24 
28 
27 

Oct.   1874-Dec.     1891. 
1879-1891. 
1X78-1887. 
July  1881-Dec..     1X91. 
1881-1X111. 
Sept.  1880-Dec.     1891. 
1885-1891. 
June  1884-Dof.     18XX. 
Apr.  1873-Dec.     1891. 

Moorhcad,  Minn  
St.  Vincent,  Minn  .  .. 
Snlly,  Fort,  S.  Dak.. 
Totten,  Fort,  N.  1  >ak  . 
Yankton,  S.  Dak  

Means  

25 

28 

26 

30 

34 

40 

34 

28 

21 

24 

21 

26 

28 

79 


80 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


APPENDIX  No.  11.' 
Monthly  average  number  of  clear  days. 

[A  clear  day  is  one  on  which  the  average  cloudiness,  on  a  scale  of  10,  is  three-tenths  or  less.] 


Station. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

M  ay. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Length  of  record. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  .  .  . 

11 

9 

8 

9 

9 

8 

11 

13 

13 

12 

10 

10 

10 

Oct.    1K74-J  ><>c.      1891. 

Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak. 

7 

7 

6 

7 

6 

6 

8 

13 

10 

8 

8 

8 

8 

1879-18!)!. 

Fort  Tot  ton.  \.  Dak. 

12 

10 

8 

9 

11 

9 

12 

13 

12 

10 

12 

10 

11 

June  1884-.Ian.     1889. 

Fort  Bennett,  S.  Dak. 

9 

9 

7 

7 

•8 

10 

9 

11 

12 

11 

9 

8 

9 

Oct.   1880-Nov.     1885. 

Dcadwood.  S.  Dak  — 

12 

9 

10 

8 

9 

11 

15 

16 

18 

15 

14 

11 

12 

1878-1887. 

Huron,  S.  Dak  

10 

10 

7 

10 

10 

10 

10 

13 

12 

13 

13 

12 

11 

July  IXXl-Dec.     1891. 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak.. 

13 

6 

6 

10 

6 

6 

9 

9 

14 

11 

14 

13 

10 

1888-1891. 

Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak... 

12 

9 

8 

10 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

15 

17 

12 

13 

Jan.    Ixx.VJune    1891. 

Yankton,  S.  Dak  

11 

9 

9 

10 

9 

10 

11 

13 

13 

12 

11 

10 

11 

Apr.   1873-Dec.     1891. 

Valentino  Nebr 

12 

11 

11 

11 

10 

10 

12 

13 

15 

14 

13 

11 

12 

Sept.  1885-Deo.     1891. 

Atoorhcad   Minn 

10 

8 

7 

9 

10 

9 

10 

13 

11 

9 

9 

9 

9 

1881-1891. 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  — 

12 

9 

11 

10 

10 

10 

11 

13 

10 

8 

9 

10 

10 

Sept.  1880-Dec.     1891. 

Moans 

11 

9 

8 

9 

9 

f) 

11 

13 

13 

12 

12 

10 

10 

APPENDIX  No.  12. 
Average  xnoirfaU  in  inches.     Computed  from  the  records  at  all  stations. 

[Annual  report  Meteorological  Service,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1887.] 
MANITOBA. 

[T  indicates  a  trace  of  precipitation.] 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

J.OV. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1872 

5  0 

4  8 

16  3 

39  2 

0  0 

3  7 

9  0 

3  4 

81   •( 

1873      

6.2 

16.4 

4.0 

0.4 

0.0 

10  6 

X  !) 

10  '1 

57  4 

1874        .     .  . 

9.2 

10.6 

5.8 

6.6 

0.0 

1    | 

17  4 

i  i; 

:">">    1) 

1875 

4.3 

3.8 

1.9 

r>  x 

T 

!l  •' 

X   1 

s  •' 

41   fi 

1876 

!».  1 

11.0 

11.1 

o  n 

2.3 

5  7 

I'l  :( 

7  4 

lili  8 

1877 

3.1 

2.2 

S  7 

3  X 

0.1 

1  0 

1  6 

0  4 

">()  ') 

1X7X 

2.0 

1.2 

0  8 

1  8 

5  5 

7  5 

1   7 

7  i 

27  6 

]X7!I  

7.  1 

3.4 

5.8 

1.6 

1).  X 

1.4 

2  6 

18  5 

41   2 

1880 

5.7 

8  4 

4  7 

7  9 

T 

0  "i 

1  2 

6  4 

SI  (i 

18X1    

0.9 

28.3 

4.9 

2.  5 

T 

4.9 

17  !) 

4    1 

tili   X 

1882  

X.  9 

9.0 

14.  1 

2.9 

1.7 

2  7 

I'l  X 

11  :i 

in  i 

1883 

4  9 

5    1 

:;  'i 

3  2 

o  :; 

1  2 

7  8 

7  4 

34  i 

18X4      

4.4 

8.9 

8.5 

5.6 

0.0 

5  1 

1  li 

7  8 

45  2 

1X85     

2.4 

2.8 

6.1 

5.0 

2.  2 

•>  r> 

;;  9 

6  I) 

31   5 

ISXli  

7.0 

6.7 

3.3 

2.5 

0.4 

0   S 

4  6 

'>  'I 

98  2 

1887  

8.8 

6.5 

6.5 

5.1 

1.2 

1  0 

5  8 

10  6 

45  5 

Means  

5.6 

8.1 

6.6 

5.9 

0.9 

3  7 

7  8 

7  4 

46  4 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

APPENDIX  No.  13. 
Average  snowfall  in  inches.     Computed  from  the  records  at  all  stations. 

[Annual  report  Meteorological  Service,  Dominion  of  Cauada.j 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 
[T  indicates  a  trace  of  precipitation.] 


81 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

.hinc. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1873                 

9.0 

T 

3.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0  0 

T 

6  0 

18  0 

1874  
1X75           

is.  5 

7.1' 

7.5 
0.0 

7.0 

4.8 

0.0 
T 

0.0 



:  

. 

•••;••- 

0.0 

13.0 

r>  5 

2.0 
1  8 

43.0 
10  3 

1876 

•'  0 

2  0 

3  2 

1  2 

1  1 

ii  \ 

1877 

3.0 

1.5 

0.9 

0.0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

^  d. 

1  87S 

1.0 

•'  :> 

0.2 

4.7 

0.0 

* 

0  0 

0  7 

9  9 

11  8 

1*7'.  I 

IX.  S 

L'll   •' 

4.7 

0.1 

0.0 

0  1 

•>  '> 

1  1  7 

60  8 

1880 

31.8 

14.7 

10.7 

2.4 

0.0 



0  0 

1  7 

}•>  \ 

7-i  •> 

1XS1 

16.6 

6.2 

0.5 

0  4 

T 

1  4 

3  6 

•\  i; 

39  3 

lxx->              .     .. 

8.  1 

13.7 

3.  1 

0.0 

0.  1 

T 

2  4 

3  6 

SI  3 

iss:; 

10.  1 

fi.  5 

1.  1 

T 

7  3 

4  0 

29  0 

1  sx  1 

5.  !l 

3.7 

0.2 

0.0 

"    0.0 

0  2 

1  1 

i;  7 

17  8 

1  xx.-> 

10.7 

S.9 

0.7 

•     0.4 

T 

T 

0  7 

2  3 

18  7 

IXSli         

15.  H 

1.2 

2.6 

0.0 

1.3 

0  6 

0  3 

13  1 

34  7 

18X7   

10.2 

U.  5 

3.8 

0.5 

0.1 

05 

0.9 

3  0 

33  5 

Means  

10.9 

0.5 

3.1 

0.6 

0.1 

0.2 

2  7 

5  1 

29  2 

-11 


APPENDIX  No.  14 


Mean  annual  precipitation  with  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations  in  inches. 

[NOTE.— The  mean  annual  deviation  ia  obtained  by  dividing  half  the  sum  of  the  excesses  and  deficiencies,  neglecting  the  algebraic  signs,  by 

the  mean  annual  precipitation.] 


Stations. 

Mean 
annual. 

1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

17.83 

- 

+5.51 

—  6.45 

—  4.43 

—0.98 

—0.31 

16  03 

Bismarck                 

18.90 

Buford,  Fort    

13.29 

Pembina,  Fort            

20.30 

Rice  Fort                      

15.17 

Stevenson   Fort                     .  .  . 

15.77 

Totten  Fort                             .  . 

17.78 

Yates  Fort 

16.21 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

Bennett,  Fort  .  .    

17.25 

•  28  48 

Hale  Fort        .     .           

19.41 

Huron 

22.10 

Kimball  

16.77 

Meade,  Fort  .  .  . 

18.59 

Morriston    

27.72 

Randall,  Fort  

20.47 

—4.31 

+0.83 

—  4.77 

—1  28 

—0.24 

—  4.96 

—13.  23 

Rapid  Citv  

18.46 

Sisseton,  Fort 

21.92 

Sully,  Fort  

16.96 

Webster  

38.68 

Yankton  ...  .  

26.62 

MINNESOTA. 

24.37 

St.  Vincent  

19.11 

NEBRASKA. 

20.13 

Robinson,  Fort  

16.29 

Valentine  

20.52 

. 

Annual  sums  .   .... 

20  19 

—  1  31 

+0  83 

4  77 

1  28 

+5  27 

11  41 

17  66 

—0  98 

—0.31 

Annual  sums  North  Dakota.  .. 

16.81 

+5  51 

—  6  45 

—  4.43 

—0.98 

—0.31 

Annual  sums  South  Dakota  

22.57 

—4.31 

+0.83 

—  4  77 

—1  28 

—0  24 

—  4  96 

—13.  23 

82 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  83 

Mean  annual  precipitation  with  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations  in  inches — Continued.. 


Stations. 

1866. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Aberrrombie,  Fort  

—5.29 

+1.83 

+  1.64 

+  4.90 

+  3.54 

—  2.63 

+  9.99 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort  

—10  47 

—  5  68 

Bismarck        

+  8  62 

Buford,  Fort  .   

—  1.79 

—  3.88 

—  3.39 

—  5.10 

+  3.51 

—  5  71 

+  1  56 

Pembiua,  Fort  

—  3.11 

—  6.25 

—  8.42 

—  6  77 

Rice,  Fort         

—  5.33 

—  1.07 

—  2.62 

—  3  43 

—  0  16 

Stevenson,  Fort  .............. 

—  4.64 

+  1.22 

—  0.78 

—  5.97 

—  7.96 

—  0  79 

Totteii,  Fort  

—  2.58 

—  0.75 

+  1.22 

—  0.48 

—  1.07 

+  4  39 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

Bennett,  Fort  

Deadwood  

Hale,  Fort  :  

Huron    

Kimball  

Meade.  Fort  .   ....  

Morriston        

Randall   Fort 

—  1  .  02 

—  5.84 

—  3  55 

13  35 

—  5  00 

2  05 

2  17 

—  2  57 

+  8  25 

Rapid  City  

—  7  83 

4  06 

11  12 

4-  1  44 

+  5  20 

+10  52 

+  9  48 

Sully,  Fort        

—  0.81 

+  0.52 

+  6.78 

+  2.46 

—  2.34 

—  0.72 

—  2.97 

Webster          .   ...   

Yank  ton      ...... 

—  2.69 

+10.  53 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead             ..  

St.  Vincent          -   

NEBRASKA. 

Hay  Springs  

Robinson,  Fort  

Valentine  

Annual  sums 

—5.29 

—2.79 

—10  63 

—  11  17 

19  32 

21  93 

+11  61 

14  63 

—  32  52 

+26  46 

Annual  sums  North  Dakota..  . 
Annual  sums  South  Dakota  

—5.29 

+1.83 
—1.62 

—  4.79 
—  5.84 

+  1.02 
—12.  19 

—  2.43 
—16.  89 

—12.  59 
—  9.34 

+  9.76 
+  1.85 

—15.  32 
+  0.69 

—37.06 
+  4.54 

+  0.97 
+25.29 

84 


CKKTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 
i  ininiii/l  precipitation  with  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations  in  inches  —  Continued. 


Stations. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

XlllIMI    DAKOTA. 

9.24 

0.95 

+10.  75 

—  6.92 

—  2.84 

—  2  31 

+7  (ili 

+  3  81 

+  9  '") 

+12.02 

i  '>•; 

+  1.33 

+  3.71 

+  0.85 

—  3.  14 

+'-'.  13 

:;  -M 

+  i  4<; 

Hi  i  Con  I.  Fort  

—  0.  95 
+  5.45 

—  1.00 
+  1.37 

+13.  53 

+  6.38 
—  0.99 

4-  9.96 
+  7.05 

+  O.fil 
-  1.04 

—0.  56 

—  2.47 

-  5.92 

+  15.71 

+  6.  Oil 

+  f>.  23 

—  3.  54 

+  4.06 

-J-9  97 

To  tt  en    Fort 

3  38 

+  1  06 

+  4.67 

+  1  37 

+  4  46 

+  0  37 

+0  80 

+  0  15 

0  4° 

—3  66 

2  08 

0  27 

SiH'TH    DAKOTA. 

+  °  55 

+0  55 

0  34 

0  S5 

+  0.  01' 

—  9  28 

7  35 

+  5  35 

4-   1  'M 

4  19 

Hale,  Fort       

—  1.75 

—  0.  75 

+  6.  15 

—1.33 

+  2  57 

Huron              

+6.  02 

+  1   15 

—  1  26 

Kiinball            

3  53 

+0  73 

+  8  46 

+  4  38 

Morriston           

—   1.87 

+  0.  11 

—  4.92 

+11  03 

_•>  ->2 

Ivandall    Fort         .    . 

+13.42 

+20.  73 

+18.  83 

+  0.36 

+  6.95 

+  4  48 

+5    !!! 

+  ')  64 

0  76 

R&pidCity  

—0.  1!) 

Sissctou,  Fort  

+1.  29 

—  1  64 

Sullv    Fort 

+  2  58 

+  .">  ft") 

+  3  93 

+  li  54 

0  30 

2  11 

4  76 

+  ''  T> 

4  91! 

Webster  

-     li   11 

+96  50 

Yank  ton  

+  2.22 

+  1.69 

+  2.11 

—  3.89 

—  4.94 

+14  33 

—5  99 

+  8  52 

4  46 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhcad  

+  5.11 

+9.64 

+  0.59 

+  4  13 

St.  Vincent  

—  3.60 

+3.37 

-  1  23 

+  2  70 

NEBRASKA. 
Hay  Springs  

Robinson,  Fort  

2  33 

Valentino  



Annual  sums  

+27  26 

+37  44 

+52  60 

+  (i  o<; 

+  7  62 

+95  31 

+34  50 

+'''!  55 

+94  87 

Annual  sums  North  Pakotu 

+  9  04 

+  10  96 

+98  32 

+15  70 

+15  94 

1   15 

+lf>  61 

-  '!  S'! 

•4-  7  14 

Annual  sums  South  Dakota 

+18  22 

+26  50 

+24  28 

6  64 

g  32 

p>-,  -,-, 

+  4  48 

+''8  0'' 

+13  93 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  85 

Mean  annual  precipitation  with  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations  in  inches — Continued. 


Stations. 

1885. 

1886. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Abso- 
lute de- 
viation. 

Mean 
devia- 
tion. 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

Abercrombie   Fort 

+  0  38 

I'ercmt. 
"4 

Abraham  Lincoln   Fort 

+2.37 

—  2.09 

+  1.26 

—  5.  77 

+  2.08 

+  0  OS 

31 

Bismarck 

—5  Sl> 

—  5.64 

—  "  :>? 

—  2.39 

—  7.87 

—  3.15 

+  1.60 

+  0    lit 

22 

Biit'ord,  Fort 

+2.27 

—  3.05 

+   2.  11 

+  1.45 

—  4.  S3 

+  0.  95 

+  5.69 

+  (i  •';{ 

25 

Pembina,  Fort 

—2.  93 

+  8.94 

+  3.06 

—  2.31 

—  s.  55 

+  5.63 

+    1    95 

27 

Rice,  Fort  

....... 

+  3.  11) 

Stevenson,  Fort 

+  1.36 

29 

Totten,  Fort   . 

+0.  91 

—  3.56 

+  1.57 

—  1.65 

—  7.  24 

—  0.44 

12 

Yates,  Fort  

+0.  54 

+  7.76 

—  1.99 

+  0.03 

—  2.5:! 


—  0.61 

+2.  77 

+  0.92 

14 

SOUTH    DAKOTA. 

Bennett,  Fort  

—  3.66 

—  1.25 

22 

Doftdwood 

_L       0 

—  2  41 

+  3  18 

—  2  70 

12 

Hale,  Fort  

+  2.08 

17 

Huron 

+3  68 

—  1  85 

+  3  44 

5  05 

1  93 

—  7  42 

1  93 

+  0  33 

15 

Kirn  ball 

+  78* 

1   •'."> 

+  0  97 

•'  li'i 

+  7  17 

j_  i  1)7 

26 

Meade,  Fort 

—5  34 

—  5  08 

+  0  34 

•4-  1  41 

0  59 

9  3(j 

+  3  20 

—  o  •><» 

17 

Morriston  .•  :  

+  2.57 

15 

Randall,  Fort 

+4.09 

+  1  03 

—  3  74 

1  10 

1  45 

0    13 

+  2  4S 

+  3  14 

•'x 

Rapid  City  

Sisseton,  Fort 

1  93 

—  7  81 

+    ti    'M 

+  4.29 

—  0.  53 

-  4.41 

-  1.71 

•    2.57 

+  0  08 

16 
26 

Sully,  Fort. 

+3  70 

—  0  96 

—  2  70 

2  19 

1  07 

3  (is 

3  78 

+   1   4't 

18 

Webster  

+0.13 

+  3  2° 

—  6  48 

17  51 

0  66 

1    7'1 

+  2  85 

44 

Yankton 

+3.  56 

+  2  53 

+  0  46 

5  73 

6  111 

5  37 

—  2  19 

+  1  06 

•>o 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead  

—1.69 

+  2  39 

—  2  40 

7  87 

—  7  30 

'•>  58 

—  0  06 

+  0  72 

16 

St.  Vincent  

—2.  53 

—  4  07 

—  0  64 

1  89 

4  07 

+  2  98 

+  9  94 

+  1  89 

19 

NEBRASKA. 

Hay  Spri  n  s;s  

—  1  91 

+  2  77 

+  1  13 

0  97 

4  18 

+  3  13 

0  01 

11 

Robinson,  Fort  

+2.74 

—  5  21 

+  8  96 

+  1  25 

2  39 

4  53 

+  ''  45 

+  0  23 

23 

Valentine.  .  . 

T— 

—  6  54 

—  2  52 

-4-   ''  8'' 

o  s;i 

0  73 

+  7  25 

+  2  38 

19 

Annual  sums  

+3.81 

—  94  31 

+18  96 

39  56 

tr>  T'' 

50  54 

+41  ''4 

+27  72 

21 

Annual  sums  North  Dakota  

—2.66 

+  2  36 

+  3  47 

4  87 

36  79 

0  73 

+  15  t;ll 

+  8  67 

•':> 

Annual  sums  South  Dakota  

+7.95 

—11  33 

+  9  32 

30  13 

12  77 

—  40  77 

+  3  54 

+13  84 

21 

APPENDIX  No.  15. 

Excessive  precipitation. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 


Stations. 

Rainfall  of  10 
inches  or  more 
per  month. 

Rainfall  of  2.50  inches 
or  more  in  24  hours. 

Rainfall  equaling  or  exceeding 
1  inch  per  hour. 

Year. 

Amount. 

Year. 

Day. 

Amount. 

Year. 

Day. 

Time. 

Amount. 

May. 

Inches. 

1880 

1872 
1874 
1888 
1885 
1877 
1872 
1871 
1875 
1887 
1888 

26 

30 
23 

81 
22 
25,26 
4 
1 
15,16 
8,9 

Inches. 
2.64 

3.50 
3.14 
2.54 
3.23 
3.24 
2.05 
4.02 
2.80 
2.55 
2.64 

Hrs.  min. 

Inches. 

June. 

1872 

10.15 

1874 

6 

1    00 

1.40 

1890 

1 

0    35 

1.00 

1890 

10.93 

1890 
1890 
1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 

1876 
1872 

19,20 
29,30 
12 
12,13 
27 
14 

18,19 
24 

3.50 
2.74 
2.64 
2.50 
3.10 
4.25 

3.41 
3.45 

1891 

14 

1    20 

4.00 

July. 

1872 
1879 

7 
21 

0    55 
1    10 

2.05 
1.92 

1877 
1888 

26 

1 

2.68 
2.70 

Steele 

1889 
1890 

16 
10 

0    33 
0    55 

1.25 
1.04 

1890 
1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 

1876 

14 
20,21 
12 
11.12 
12 
20,21 

22,23 

3.00 
3.10 
2.70 
3.02 
2.50 
2.90 

3.36 

1891 

12 

2    30 

2.60 

"Wild  Rice 

1891 
1891 

12 

21 

1     45 
1    50 

2.50 
2.51 

• 
August. 

Fort  Buford 

1887 

7 

1    00 

1.04 

1876 
1874 
1880 

22 
27,28 
25,26 

3.00 
2.82 
5.10 

Fort  Totten 

1874 

4 

0    35 

1.04 

Fariro 

1891 
1891 

19 

7 

0    63 
0    45 

1.07 
1.30 

Fort  Pembina 

September. 
Fort  Abercrombie 

1869 
1877 
1889 

1878 
1890 
1891 

1 
7,8 
13 

1 
13,14 

3.46 
3.10 
2.55 

2.56 

2.88 
2.80 

Davenport  

October. 
Pembina  

Fort  Pembina  

Valley  City  

APPENDIX  No.  16. 

Excessive  precipitation. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


Stations. 

Rainfall  of  10 
inches  or  more 
per  month. 

Ratnfall  of  2.50  inches 
or  more  in  24  hours. 

Rainfall  equaling  or  exceeding 
1  inch  per  hour. 

Year. 

Amount. 

Year. 

Day. 

Amount. 

Year. 

Day. 

Time. 

Amount. 

April. 
Deadwood 

Inches. 

1877 
1878 
1879 
1886 
1886 
1875 

16 
17 

21,22 
22,23 
24,25 
6,7 

Inches. 
2.52 
3.20 
2.86 
3.32 
2.74 
4.60 

Hrs.  mm. 

Inches. 

Fort  Stilly 

Yankton 

1889 

11 

1    00 

1.40 

May. 
Deadwood  

1883 

10.33 

1874 
1882 
1883 
1883 
1881 
1872 

2 

7,8 
17,18 
18,19 
16,17 
15 

4.55 
3.33 
2.77 
2.62 
3.40 
6.13 

Morristown  ...  ... 

Fort  Randall  

Rapid  City  .            .          

1883 

10.02 

Fort  Sully      ... 

1874 

1,2 

4.55 

Webster  

1885 
1886 

20 
8 

1    05 
0    45 

1.34 

1.84 

Yankton  

1888 

27 

2.52 

Wolsey  

1889 
1891 

16 

30 

1    00 
2    00 

1.  25 
2.37 

Clark  

, 

Fort  Meade  

1891 

1874 
1883 
1875 
1875 
1885 

3.24 

2.51 
3.34 
5.10 
4.85 
2.80 

June. 
Deadwood  

9,10 
23,24 
30 
18 
1 

Fort  Randall     

1875 

12.82 

1873 
1875 
1878 
1888 

28 
14 
23 
7 

0    15 
0    45 
1    30 
0    12 

i.nti 

1.  10 
2.20 
0.27 

Rapid  City  

Fort  Sully  

1869 
1886 

28,29 
13 

3.50 
3.19 

Webster  

1884 
1885 
1886 
1875 

24 

:i 

14 
18 

0    20 
2    00 
3    15 
1     15 

i.  s:i 

2.22 
3.65 
1.73 

Yaukton  

1875 
1875 

18 
30 

3.10 
5.20 

Armour  

1889 
1889 
1889 
1889 

19 
17 
25 
17 

0    50 
0    30 
1    15 
2    45 

1.00 
1.00 
3.00 
3.90 

Onida  

Spring  Lake  

1889 
1889 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 

25 
17 
16,17 
4,5 
3,4 
17 

3.00 
3.90 
3.35 
3.80 
3.78 
2.50 

Webster  

Aberdeen  

Fort  Meade  

Fort  Sully  

Highinore  

1890 
1890 

17 
20 

1     30 
0    40 

2.50 
1.20 

Milbank  

1890 

10.53 

1890 
1891 

3,4 
1,2 

4.40 
2.65 

Cross  

Huron  

1891 

13 

1     15 

1.36 

Kimball  

1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 

15,  16,  17 
26,27 
14 
15,16 

6.01 
2.75 
3.00 
3.75 

Plankinton  

Spearfish  

1891 

14 

2    40 

3.00 

St.  Lawrence  

87 


88 


CEKTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUBES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Excessive  precipitation — Continued. 
SOUTH  DAKOTA— Continued. 


Stations. 

Rainfall  of  10 
inches  or  more 
per  month. 

Rainfall  of  2.50  inches 
or  more  in  24  hours. 

Rainfall  equaling  or  exceeding 
1  inch  per  hour.  • 

Year. 

Amount. 

Year. 

Duy. 

Amount. 

Year. 

Day. 

Time. 

Amount. 

July. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

1872 

27 

Hrs.  min. 
0  45 

Inches. 
1.16 

1876 

1888 

8 

28 

3.80 
2.70 

1882 
1884 
1885 
1888 

29 
21 
26 

1 

•2  00 
0  45 
0  10 
1  00 

2.  (X) 
1.05 
1.30 
1.40 

Murristou  -. 

1878 

10.20 

1878 

22,23 

8.00 

1887 

1 

0  50 

1.  45 

Kurt  Randall  

1878 

11.85 

1889 

1871 
1878 
1884 

1887 

14,15 
31 
21,  22 
2,3 
2,3 

3.10 

»;.  ir, 
3.10 
4.84 
2.74 

Kurt.  Sully         . 

Webster  

1884 

14.65 

188-1 
ISM 
1885 
1888 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1889 

21 
19 
13 
11 

11 
7 
11 
24 

1  45 
1  05 
0  55 
0  50 
1  05 
1  20 
2  00 
0  35 
0  45 

LSI 
1.10 
2.21 
1.  20 

2.  If, 

2.  fit; 
2.20 
1.40 

1.  10 

Yankton      .   ...       .         .... 

1879 

15 

3.11 

Beulali                                                      

1889 

11 

2.56 

De  Sniet  

Fort  Mcade  . 

Speariish  ...  ..  

Spring  Jjake     ..  . 

1889 
1889 

7,8 
11 

3.00 
2.89 

Webster  

Wolsey  

1889 
1890 

25 
21 

1  00 
0  40 

1.59 
1.06 

Scraiitou  

Yankton  

1890 

19,20 

2.70 

Flandreau  

1891 
1891 
1891 
1891 
18!tl 

1875 
1875 
L888 

i<; 

3 
16 
19 
5 

8 
25 
5 

0  35 
0  40 
0  30 
1  00 
0  43 

1  05 
1  00 
0  30 

1.  Ki 

2.  2:> 

L80 

1.58 
1.33 

1.70 
2.30 
1.32 

Forest  City  

1891 

5,6 

2.72 

Gary  .  

Parkston  

Rapid  City  

August. 
Dead  wood  

- 

Fort  Randall  

1871 
1885 
1809 
1886 

12,13 

7 
13 

19,20 

2.84 
2.68 
4.32 
2.49 

Fort  Sully  

Huron  

1888 
1886 
1881 

1887 

7 
19 
30 

2 

1  00 

1  00 
1  30 
1  00 

1.90 
1.  62 
1.60 

1.50 

Morristou  ..  

1881 
1877 
1884 
1886 
1889 

1 

29 
19 
8,9 
18 

3.20 
3.60 
3.54 
3.46 
2.75 

Parkston  ..  .     .   .. 

1887 

10.  84 

Webster  

Yankton  .  .  i  ... 

Alexandria  

Yankton  

1889 
1890 

wn 

1891 
1891 

12 
10 
14 
19 
10 

1  02 
1  06 
0  30 
1  00 
0  30 

1.4fi 
1.17 
1.00 
1.22 
1.43 

Rapid  City  -  

Fort  Bennett  

Sioux  Falls  

Tyndall  

September. 
Fort  Randall  

1876 
1881 

18X5 

1875 
1879 

1885 
1881 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1890 

1879 

8,9 
6 
12 
2 
29 
11,12 
6 
13 
13,14 
13,14 
5,6 

15,16 

3.40 
4.  OS 
3.81 

3.00 

2.59 

Smithville  

\V,.|.«t,.r              ..,              _         .                       _  ,.--^3» 

..,.,. 
t^ 

ISR- 

rts'* 
&-*»-; 

Yankton  .  . 

:::::::::: 
.......... 

1875 

2 

1  30 

1.5(1 

'- 
A^\W 

Alexandria  .. 

•'  :.:; 

:t.  ir, 
3.00 
4.22 
3.48 
2.80 

3.47 

Canton  \.-S>.,.         -I 

... 

Webster  ,  
Sioux  Falls  >„.   . 

g^:: 

October. 
Dead  wood  

APPENDIX  No.  17. 
Seasonal  precipitation  normals — Quarterly  values — Records  for  many  years. 


Stations. 

First  quarter. 

Second  qrm-trv. 

Third  quarter. 

Fourth  quarter. 

Annual. 

Jan.     Feb.     Mar. 

Apr.    May.  June. 

July.   Aug.    Sept. 

Oct.    Nov.     Dec. 

XOKTII    DAKOTA. 

Inches. 
2  05 

7»<7ic.v. 
6  94 

Inches. 
6.47 

Inches. 
2.37 

Inches. 
17.83 

1  70 

7  63 

4  69 

1.98 

16.00 

2  19 

8.47 

5.82 

2.42 

18.  90 

liiifonl,  Fort  

1.53 

6.00 

3.83 

1.93 

13.29 

1  20 

5.72 

8.41 

1.59 

16.92 

1  18 

7.40 

2.85 

1.06 

12.49 

2.34 

8.15 

6.44 

3.23 

20.16 

2.77 

6.90 

7.39 

2.02 

19.08 

i  xy 

7.84 

3.69 

1.76 

15.  18 

Ridutrdton 

4.  r>3 

10.43 

8.30 

3.22 

26.  48 

Sr\\  aid,  Fort 

1.02 

7.  79 

5.45 

0.83 

15.09 

Strvriisoii    Fort 

1.89 

6.35 

5.59 

1.94 

15.77 

Totteu,  Fort 

1.96 

7.41 

r>.  sr> 

2.61 

17.82 

Yules,  Fort 

2.  16 

6.84 

5.63 

1.62 

16.23 

Means  

2.03 

7.42 

5.74 

2.08 

17.23 

SOl'TII    DAKOTA. 

2  87 

10  20 

8  76 

3  25 

25  08 

JVniH-tt    Fort 

1  98 

7  90 

5  65 

1  72 

17  25 

Brookings  

2.14 

7.73 

4.91 

1.80 

16.  58 

I   i:> 

13  55 

6  13 

4  35 

•',s   l,x 

Hale    Fort 

2  62 

8  t!2 

5  61 

3  06 

I'l  91 

Huron 

1  73 

9  79 

8  06 

2  51 

2°  09 

Kimball 

2  22 

7  16 

5  39 

2  00 

l(i  77 

Mt-iidc,  Fort 

2  42 

9  61 

4  92 

1.62 

IX  57 

Morriston 

2  61 

11.44 

9.  S4 

3.83 

27  72 

Olivet    

2  41 

11  ;il 

8.09 

3.90 

•'(>  :il 

Parkston  

2  X2 

s  r,3 

11.51 

2.24 

•'5   10 

Kan<lall,  Fort  . 

2  US 

,x  :,'.i 

7.  19 

2.59 

•'()   15 

Kapi<l  City  -           

2    II 

10.24 

4.  16 

1.30 

18  44 

Sissetou,  Fort   

2  73 

8.71 

7.40 

3.07 

21  91 

Sull\  ,  Fort              

1   !C! 

7.77 

5.81 

1.49 

17  00 

Vennillion  

2.42 

6.20 

6.78 

2.96 

18  36 

Webster  

7.01 

14.  48 

10.08 

6.27 

37.84 

Wolaey 

''  53 

7  86 

3  99 

2  16 

Hi  51 

Woonsooket  

1.74 

7.09 

4.05 

1.26 

14.  14 

Yunktoii 

2  54 

11  62 

9  59 

"  ill 

•'II  (iii 

Means 

••>  (is 

!i  ir> 

6  91 

2.71 

21  75 

IOWA,  MINNESOTA,   AXI>   M) 
I  '.K  A  SKA. 

Sioux  Citv,  Iowa  

2.95 

10.44 

11.61 

4.26 

29  26 

2  44 

8  57 

9  52 

3  83 

24  36 

St    Vincent,  Minn 

1  93 

6  82 

7  14 

3  22 

I'l  11 

1  fa  v  Springs    Nebr 

2  99 

9  07 

5  93 

2  13 

20  12 

Robinson,  Fort,  Ncbr 

2  41 

6  59 

4  75 

2  78 

16  53 

Valentine,  Nebr 

2  64 

9  11 

6  89 

1  84 

20  48 

S.  Ex.  157 12 


APPENDIX  No.  18. 
Seasonal  precipitation  normals — Records  for  many  years. 


Stations. 

Dry  season  —  Winter. 

Wet  season  —  Spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

Annual. 

Jan.    Feb.    Nov.     Dec. 

Mar.     Apr.     May.  June.  July.    Aug.    Sept.    Oct. 

,_                                                                                      , 

- 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Abercrombie,  Fort          .    

Inches. 
2.43 

Inehet. 
15.40 

17  83 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort.  

2.10 

13  90 

16  00 

Bismarck  . 

2.53 

16  37 

18  90 

Buford,  Fort 

2  04 

11  25 

13  29 

Davenport  i 

1  48 

15  44 

16  92 

New  England  City  

1.31 

11.18 

12  49 

Pembina,  Fort  

3.01 

17.15 

20  16 

Ransom,  Fort  .  . 

3.04 

16.04 

19  08 

Rice,  Fort  .           .  . 

2.18 

13  00 

15  18 

Richardton 

5  77 

20  71 

26  48 

Sftward,  Fnrt 

0  64 

14  45 

15  09 

Stevenson,  Fort 

1  79 

13  98 

15  77 

Totten,  Fort  

2.43 

15.39 

17  82 

Yates,  Fort  

2.58 

13.65 

16  23 

Means  ... 

2.38 

14.85 

17  23 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Alexandria  

2.84 

• 

22.24 

25  08 

Bennett,  Fort  

2.23 

15.02 

17  25 

Brookings  ..   . 

3.00 

13  58 

16  58 

Deadwood  ......  .. 

5  23 

23  25 

28  48 

Hale,  Fort  

2.39 

17.52 

19.91 

Huron  

2.20 

19.89 

22  09 

Kimball  

3.01 

13.76 

16  77 

Meade,  Fort  

2.30 

16.27 

18  57 

Morriston  

2.77 

24.95 

27  72 

Olivet  

3  09 

23.25 

26  34 

Park  stem  

3.48 

21.62 

25  10 

Randall,  Fort  .  .  . 

2.33 

18  12 

20  45 

Rapid  City  .  .  . 

2  07 

16  37 

18  44 

Sisseton,  Fort  

2.89 

19.02 

21.91 

Sully,  Fort  

1  79 

15  21 

17  00 

Vermillion  

2.97 

15.39 

18.36 

Webster  

8.34 

29.50 

37  84 

Wolsey  

3.31 

13  23 

16  54 

Woonsocket  

2.12 

12  02 

14  14 

Y  auk  ton  

2.87 

23  79 

26  66 

Means  

3  06 

18  70                • 

21  75 

IOWA,  MINNESOTA,  AND  NE- 
BRASKA. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa  

3  80 

25  46 

29  26 

Moorhead,  Minn  

3  28 

21  08 

24  36 

St.  Viuceut,  Minn  ,  . 

2  62 

16  49 

19  11 

Hay  Springs,  Nebr 

3  12 

17  00 

20  12 

Robinson,  Fort,  Nebr  

2.45 

14  08 

16  53 

Valentine,  Nebr  

2  15 

18  33 

20  48 

APPENDIX  No.  19. 
Seasonal  precipitation  normals-^  Records  for  many  years. 


Stations. 

Dry  season  —  Winter,  spring,  and  autumn. 

Wet  season  —  Summer. 

Annual. 

Jan.    Feb.    Mar.    Sept.    Oct.    Nov.     Dec. 

Apr.    May.  June.  July.  Ang. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Abercrombie,  Fort  .  

Inches. 
6  24 

locket. 

11  59 

17  83 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort  ...... 

4  45 

11  58 

16  00 

Bismarck.   .  .. 

6  70 

13  20 

18  90 

Buford,  Fort  

4  37 

8  92 

13  29 

Davenport  .  .     

6  57 

11  35 

16  92 

New  England  City    

2  58 

9  91 

12  49 

Pembina,  Fort 

7  19 

13  11 

20  16 

Ransom,  Fort    . 

6  95 

12  13 

19  08 

Rice,  Fort 

4  48 

10  69 

15  18 

Richardton 

9  05 

17  43 

26  48 

Seward,  Fort    -     

2  97 

12  12 

15  09 

Stevenson,  Fort 

5  21 

10  56 

15  77 

Totten.  Fort  

5  55 

12  23 

17  82 

Yates,  Fort  

4.58 

11  63 

16  23 

Means  

5.35 

11  89 

17  23 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Alexandria  

8.36 

16  72 

25  08 

Bennett,  Fort  

5.03 

12  22 

17  25 

Brookings  

4.99 

11  59 

16  58 

Dead  wood  

9.86 

18  62 

28  48 

Hale,  Fort 

6  38 

13  03 

19  91 

Huron  

5.71 

16  39 

22  09 

Kimball 

5  12 

11  65 

16  77 

Meade,  Fort 

4  60 

13  99 

18  57 

Morriston 

8  57 

19  15 

27  72 

Olivet  

8.45 

17  89 

26  34 

Parkston  

7.57 

17  53 

25  10 

Randall,  Fort  

6.58 

13  89 

20  45 

Rapid  City  

4.48 

13  98 

18  44 

Sisseton,  Fort  

7.08 

14  84 

21  91 

Sully,  Fort  

4.37 

12  59 

17  00 

Vermillion  

7.07 

11  29 

18  36 

Webster     

16.11 

22  57 

37  84 

Wolsey      

6  05 

10  49 

16  54 

Woonsocket  ...... 

4.11 

10  03 

14  14 

Yankton  .   ........ 

8  19 

18  47 

26  66 

Means  

6.93 

14  84 

21  75 

IOWA,  MINNESOTA,  AND  NE- 
BRASKA. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa  

10  55 

18  71 

29  26 

Moorhead,  Minn  

8  79 

15  57 

24  36 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

7  28 

11  83 

19  11 

Hay  Springs,  Nebr  

5.74 

14  39 

20  12 

Robinson,  Fort,  Nebr  

6.72 

10  57 

16  53 

Valentine,  Nebr  

5.65 

14  87 

20  48 

91 


APPENDIX  No.  20. 


Seasonal  precipitation  not-main — Records  for  many  years. 


Stations. 

Dry  season  —  October  to  March,  in- 
clusive. 

Wet  season  —  April  to  September,  in- 
clusive. 

Annual. 

Jan.     Feb.    Mar.     Oct.    Nov.    Dec. 

Apr.    May.  June.   July.    Aug.    Sept. 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

Incites. 
4  42 

Inches. 
13  41 

17  83 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort  

3  68 

12.32 

16.00 

4  61 

14.  2!) 

18.90 

3  46 

9.83 

13.29 

2  79 

14  13 

16.92 

2  24 

10  25 

12  49 

5  57 

14  59 

20  16 

Ransom,  Fort  

4.79 

14.34 

19.08 

Rice,  Fort                   

3.65 

11.53 

15.  18 

Kiohardtou 

7.75 

18.73 

26.  48 

Sew  a  rd   Fort 

1.85 

13.24 

15  09 

Stevenson   Fort 

3  83 

11.94 

15.77 

Totten   Fort 

4  56 

13.26 

17  82 

3  78 

i<>  45 

16  23 

Means  ...  

4.07 

13.  16 

17.23 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Alexandria.       ... 

6.12 

18.96 

25  08 

Bennett  Fort 

3  70 

13.  55 

17  25 

Brookings  

3.94 

12.64 

16.58 

8  80 

19  68 

28  48 

Hale   Fort 

5  68 

14  23 

19  91 

Huron.         .  .  . 

4.24 

17.85 

22  09 

Kiuiball  

4.22 

12.55 

16  77 

Meade,  Fort. 

4.04 

14.  53 

Is  57 

6  44 

21  28 

27  72 

Olivet 

6.31 

20.  03 

26  34 

Parkstou   . 

5  06 

20.04 

25  10 

Kaudall,  Fort 

4  67 

15.78 

20  45 

Rapid  City  

3.74 

14.70 

18.44 

Sisseton,  Fort  

5.80 

16.11 

21.91 

Sully,  Fort 

3  42 

13  58 

17  00 

Vcriuilliou  

5.38 

12.98 

18.36 

Webster  

13.28 

24.  56 

37.84 

Wolst-v  

4.69 

11.85 

16.54 

Woon  socket  

3.00 

11.14 

14  14 

Yankton  

5.45 

21.21 

26.66 

Means  

5.40 

16.36 

21  75 

IOWA,  MINXKSOTA,  ANM)  NK- 
HUASKA. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa  

7  21 

22  05 

29  26 

Moorhcad,  Minu  

•               6  27 

18  09 

24  31  > 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

5  15 

13  % 

19  11 

Hay  Springs,  Nebr  

5  12 

r>  (Ki 

20  12 

Kobiuson,  Fort,  Nebr. 

5  19 

1  1  :n 

Hi  53 

Valentine,  Nebr  

4  48 

16  00 

20  48 

DryPerwcls. 

Tracffs  ofJlreas  ofjLowPres  s  ure  .  (Storm  Confers.) 


un&, 
Total  Deficien 


72.  93  Tnch  es  . 


8  Ex     /-?  7     62  1 


APPENDIX  No.  21 


Deficiency  of  precipitation  as  compared  with  normal  values  for  many  years. 

DRY  PERIODS. 

[In  inches.] 


Stations. 

Mav, 

1889. 

June, 

1889. 

August, 

1889. 

Total  de- 
ficiency. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  

-f  0  72 

2  56 

1  66 

3  50 

Fort  Bnford,  N.  Dak  

+0  45 

1  75 

0  35 

1  65 

Fort  Pemlnna,  N.  Dak  

2  42 

2  64 

J-O  24 

4  82 

Fort  Tot  ten.  N.  Dak  

1  70 

2  13 

-j-0  20 

3  63 

Fort  Yates,  N.  Dak  

+1  68 

1  94 

1     35 

1  61 

Davenport,  N.  Dak.  

+0  '>1 

2  62 

-f-0  33 

2  07 

Fort  Bennett,  8.  'Dak  .          ...  . 

-\-\  12 

1  89 

1  16 

1  93 

Huron,  8.  Dak  

0  10 

3  04 

9  31 

5  45 

Fort  Meade,  S.  Dak  

2  00 

1  62 

1  96 

5  58 

Fort  Randall,  S.  Dak  

1  44 

1  90 

1  95 

4  39 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak  

2  11 

0  94 

1  48 

4  53 

Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak  

+0  36 

1  61 

1  04 

2  29 

A\Vl>stcT,  S.  Dak  

0  51 

+0  66 

1  98 

1  8S 

Yankton,  S.  Dak  

2  47 

1  60 

0  41 

4  4S 

Alexandria,  S.  Dak  

1  ?9 

2  61 

_i_l  11 

9    7<) 

Brookings,  S.  Dak  

0  39 

3  01 

1  12 

4  52 

Kimball,  S.  Dak  

0  02 

9  52 

0  43 

9    Q7 

Spearfish,  S.  Dak  .  .     

0  46 

3  73 

1  30 

c   40 

Moorhead,  Minn  .  . 

0  76 

3  17 

1  37 

K    on 

St  Vincent,  Minn.  ._  

1  06 

2  88 

0  16 

A    I/) 

Sums  .  

12  18 

43  50 

17  25 

79   QQ 

93 


APPENDIX  No.  23. 


Deficiency  of  precipitation  as  compared  with  normal  values  for  many  yean. 

DRY  PERIODS. 

[In  inches.] 


Stations. 

May, 

1886. 

June, 
1886. 

July, 
1886. 

Total  de- 
ficiency. 

Bismarck.  N.  Dak  .  .   . 

0  90 

1  56 

1  11 

StW 

Fort  Bnford,  N.  Dak       

0  80 

1  85 

1  06 

<?  71 

Fort  Pembina,  N.  Dak 

0  46 

+0  66 

077 

Fort  Totten,  N.  Dak  

4  '     " 

0.90 

1  08 

T    W 

Richardson,  N.  Dak  .  ...  .. 

(*) 

1  82 

0  87 

2  69 

Deadwood,  S.  Dak  

X  lit 

1  73 

0  39 

*i  7fi 

Huron,  S.  Dak   

1  56 

2  18 

2  03 

577 

Fort  Meade.  S.  Dak     ... 

3  45 

2  32 

+0  98 

A  7Q 

Fort  Randall,  S.  Dak  

0.79 

1  31 

2  46 

4  56 

Fort  Stilly,  S.  Dak  

1.74 

0  01 

0  37 

2  12 

Fort  Sisseton,  S.  Dak  

1  32 

2  05 

2  18 

5  55 

Yankton,  S.  Dak  

0  80 

1  21 

3  07 

5  08 

Kimball,  S.  Dak    

0  88 

0  69 

1  25 

2  89 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

0.34 

1.49 

0.38 

2  21 

Sams  

16.76 

19.58 

14  61 

50  95 

•Missing. 


:•£-£. 


TracJCs  ofJlreasofLovrPressiLre.  (Storm  Centers.) 

tjWcty,  (furze,  czrzd  t/uljr  /88O. 
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S  Ex  ./•?/.    62  1 


Wet  Periods. 

7rac/Cs  ofvflreasofJjow-Pre<3SLu~e.  (Storm  Centers.) 
June  /888,  1890,  and  789 f. 


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8  Ei  JfJ      0?  1 


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£htercujje>  Precipitation  in  Inches. 

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/VZ28. 


Pr&eix)i£atiori  in  Inches. 
lebriuinj. 


T  !   /A 


f,      J^ 
fji.      tanton 


!tT::  A) s 


E      B 


8  Eta../,??     62  1 


OCXS 


in>  Inches. 


/V*29. 


JUarch 


«•»• 


ro/' 


JEN 


55x5 


ecipi&ttiorv  in/ Inches. 


/VS3O. 


— — 

zvfr.  ^<M>  Jv'll^ 


a  sti  /.ft    ea  i 


in  Inches. 


APPENDIX  N33T. 


May. 


S  Bl    /?./     62  1 


s^Cbzemq-e  Pveci&i6cLtiori  irv  Inches . 


/APPENDIX  A/33Z. 


June. 


103' 


M- 


*?' 


62  1 


July. 


f+' 


tor" 


jeo  " 


S  El    Af/      52  1 


n 


>> 


88  1 


B.V 


&vejttCfe Precinitatiorv  in  Inches. 


99" 


8  Bx    AT/     62  1 


s 


- 


jjlctober. 


toa' 


700  ' 


'•• 


<$ 


& 


JVbv&rnb&r. 


/V337. 


S  Ex    /•}  f      62  1 


v 


& 


\c$; 


in  Inches . 


APPENDIX  /V*38. 


8  Ebi  ./if/!.    82  1 


^ 


tXJ 

i\ 


v\: 


\3\ 


V\  .V 


8  Ex 


APPENDIX  No.  25. 


Excess  of  precipitation  as  compared  with  normal  -values  for  many  years. 

WET  PERIODS. 
[In  inches.] 


Stations. 

June, 

1888. 

June, 
1890. 

June. 
1891. 

Total  ex- 
cess. 

2  52 

7  49 

1  41 

11  42 

Fort  Buford  N  Dak 

3  97 

2  45 

4  30 

10  72 

4  31 

1  78 

2  26 

8  35 

Fort  Totten  N.  Dak  

3.72 

3.15 

(») 

6  87 

4  24 

3  16 

1  02 

8  4'' 

Davenport  N  Dak     

—1.42 

2.29 

1.73 

2  60 

Brookin^s  S   Dak             ...  ...  

(*) 

3.42 

—0.40 

3  02 

Khnball''s  Dak              

—1.47 

—0.17 

6  04 

4  40 

—  2.98 

1  79 

4.00 

2  81 

Fort  Meade  S.  Dak  .  . 

2.28 

3.08 

1  07 

6  43 

Fort  Randall   6.  Dak            

,   —0.69 

—0.96 

3  01 

1  36 

Fort  Sully  S.  Dak  

0.48 

3.16 

—1  12 

2  52 

Spearfish  S.  Dak  

(*) 

1.63 

2  11 

3  74 

—1.15 

2  47 

0  19 

1  51 

St  Vincent,  Minn   .  

3.73 

0  44 

4  53 

8  70 

17  54 

35  18 

30  15 

82  87 

•Missing. 


95 


APPENDIX  No.  40. 


Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  station*  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

[References:  An  asterisk  (*)  indicate!!  incomplete  record,  but  to  what  extent  not  accurately  known;  [    ],  interpolated  values.     Letters  of 

the  alphabet  indicate  the  number  of  days  missing  from  the  record.] 

FORT  ABERCROMBIE,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1850 

9 

24 

34 

1860 

54 

48 

25 

10 

1861  

3 

12 

17 

43 

53 

71 

72 

68 

58 

44 

28 

14 

40 

1862 

1 

—  2 

20 

35 

62 

69 

73 

68 

59 

44 

28 

19 

40 

1863  

8 

7 

21 

52 

62 

70 

72 

68 

57 

36 

24 

10 

41 

l.siil     

9 

20 

23 

42 

60 

72 

74 

72 

50 

43 

26 

1 

42 

lNi5 

ft 

17 

14 

38 

59 

67 

73 

72 

68 

47 

38 

5 

42 

1866 

8 

4 

14 

60 

58 

49 

30 

10 

18U7 

3 

4 

3 

38 

53 

70 

75 

75 

63 

49 

32 

9 

40 

1868 

4 

4 

24 

35 

61 

70 

79 

69 

49 

40 

26 

13 

40 

1869  

10 

6 

13 

39 

58 

64 

70 

68 

60 

38 

24 

1870  

3 

10 

16 

47 

63 

73 

71 

67 

62 

47 

36 

16 

43 

1871  .. 

6 

10 

21 

39 

63 

70 

73 

72 

60 

45 

19 

—  0.3 

40 

1872 

7 

10 

12 

40 

57 

70 

73 

68 

59 

50 

21 

1 

39 

1873 

1 

10 

19 

36 

53 

73 

72 

71 

52 

40 

24 

8 

38 

1874 

4 

6 

14 

32 

65 

71 

75 

72 

63 

48 

23 

15 

41 

1875 

—  6 

«-  6 

13 

39 

60 

66 

73 

69 

61 

45 

19 

17 

38 

1876  

5 

3 

10 

40 

60 

68 

74 

69 

55 

39 

16 

4 

87 

1877  

—  3 

19 

17 

42 

61 

72 

69 

61 

38 

Means  

4 

8 

16 

39 

59 

70 

73 

70 

• 

59 

44 

26 

10 

40 

FORT  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  N.  DAK. 


1873  

70 

73 

55 

42 

30 

16 

1874  .. 

12 

14 

22 

39 

60 

69 

76 

70 

63 

50 

23 

19 

43 

1875 

—  8 

—  4 

16 

35 

58 

64 

73 

68 

59 

46 

20 

22 

37 

1876 

11 

9 

14 

43 

60 

69 

75 

72 

57 

44 

24 

8 

40 

1X77 

6 

27 

20 

40 

60 

62 

73 

69 

62 

47 

32 

34 

•     II 

1878 

20 

28 

40 

50 

53 

70 

74 

74 

59 

42 

;>? 

11 

46 

18751  

8 

4 

24 

56 

69 

74 

72 

57 

50 

24 

—  5 

1880  

12 

10 

16 

33 

60 

64 

68 

57 

45 

18 

2 

1881  

—  3 

8 

24 

38 

61 

66 

75 

72 

53 

40 

24 

24 

in 

18X2  

10 

21 

20 

37 

52 

64 

67 

71 

60 

28 

11 

10 

1883  

—  5 

6 

21 

42 

52 

67 

69 

67 

57 

39 

24 

12 

38 

1884 

2 

—  2 

18 

39 

57 

71 

66 

68 

57 

46 

28 

2 

38 

18X5 

—  3 

—  i 

23 

43 

57 

66 

72 

64 

58 

44 

30 

23 

in 

1886 

—  6 

15 

24 

46 

61 

67 

76 

71 

56 

48 

25 

2 

40 

1887 

—  9 

—  11 

15 

41 

61 

70 

72 

66 

59 

41 

31 

9 

37 

1888  

—  6 

10 

13 

43 

51 

65 

71 

58 

43 

28 

25 

18X11 

14 

6 

35 

48 

52 

65 

70 

71 

56 

46 

25 

15 

42 

1890  

—  3 

3 

19 

45 

49 

67 

72 

68 

58 

47 

38 

26 

41 

1891  

25 

8 

17 

i42 

60 

64 

Means  

4 

8 

21 

41 

56 

66 

71 

70 

58 

45 

27 

14 

40 

BATHGATE,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

43 

20 

15 

96 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC   FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  JJAKOTAS. 


97 


Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

FORT  BERTHOLD,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juno. 

Inly. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

IRfifi 

58 

47 

36 

17 

1S(I7 

10 

10 

8 

46 

53 

J'.ISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 


ISTI 



46 

18 

16 

1S7"> 

<} 

15 

34 

56 

60 

68 

65 

56 

43 

17 

21 

35 

1  x7<  > 

o 

12 

40 

55 

62 

70 

68 

54 

41 

20 

6 

37 

1X77 

27 

19 

40 

57 

59 

71 

69 

60 

43 

30 

29 

42 

I,s7s       .  

is 

26 

40 

47 

50 

66 

73 

71 

54 

40 

37 

15 

45 

isr'l 

y 

6 

24 

46 

56 

65 

70 

67 

55 

49 

29 

i 

40 

1.XXO 

16 

15 

19 

36 

59 

63 

68 

66 

55 

42 

20 

4 

38 

I  SSI    .  . 

—  2 

10 

24 

37 

60 

66 

72 

70 

53 

40 

25 

26 

40 

INS'          . 

12 

22 

22 

40 

52 

63 

67 

71 

60 

45 

27 

12 

41 

IXXil    .    . 

3 

8 

21 

41 

50 

65 

67 

66 

56 

40 

26 

14 

38 

ixs-t      .  ... 

4 

0 

20 

39 

55 

69 

64 

66 

56 

46 

29 

5 

38 

1.XX5 

0 

4 

26 

43 

54 

62 

69 

62 

57 

43 

31 

23 

40 

ISSli    .     

—  4 

16 

24 

45 

59 

65 

75 

70 

54 

47 

25 

4 

40 

1  s.sy    

—  7 

—  4 

28 

43 

59 

68 

70 

65 

58 

41 

28 

9 

38 

1  XKS   

—  5 

11 

13 

42 

49 

63 

70 

65 

59 

43 

29 

23 

39 

1SX1I 

15 

11 

36 

49 

52 

65 

69 

70 

56 

47 

26 

16 

43 

ISilO       .  ... 

•> 

4 

21 

47 

51 

67 

71 

67 

56 

46 

37 

25 

41 

IK!  11      

24 

6 

16 

47 

54 

60 

65 

66 

62 

46 

23 

20 

41 

Means  

5 

10 

22 

42 

55 

G5 

69 

67 

57 

44 

26 

15 

40 

FORT  BUFORD,  N.  DAK. 


1886 

56 

45 

16 

1867 

!( 

9 

3 

44 

52 

65 

74 

60' 

46 

31 

10 

1XI1X         .  .  . 

0 

11 

34 

45 

61 

71 

76 

67 

.  49 

42 

27 

16 

42 

IKIJ'.I         

16 

18 

21 

42 

58 

64 

69 

68 

55 

38 

26 

19 

41 

1S7H       .  .. 

7 

15 

14 

50 

80 

72 

73 

62 

60 

39 

33 

10 

41 

1X71 

6 

10 

27 

39 

63 

68 

73 

67 

57 

42 

14 

2 

3!) 

1X7''     

8 

15 

22 

38 

51 

66 

70 

68 

53 

42 

17 

2 

38 

1X73    

2 

7 

25 

37 

48 

66 

67 

67 

46 

37 

28 

6 

36 

1X71       

1! 

7 

27 

38 

69 

67 

76 

68 

58 

47 

16 

16 

3!> 

1  s75    • 

—10 

—  3 

16 

35 

68 

62 

72 

68 

56 

44 

16 

23 

36 

1X7H    

6 

4 

13 

42 

57 

ill 

72 

67 

54 

41 

•>•> 

10 

37 

1*77 

X 

29 

21 

40 

53 

68 

70 

68 

63 

49 

3S 

28 

44 

1X7K 

-'1 

2!) 

38 

46 

49 

66 

76 

50 

37 

33 

14 

|X7!t  

15 

5 

23 

47 

54 

63 

68 

66 

55 

45 

28 

—  3 

39 

1880 

13 

14 

18 

36 

51 

61 

66 

63 

53 

41 

19 

1 

37 

1  XX  1 

2 

11 

37 

40 

57 

64 

70 

68 

51 

39 

23 

24 

3!» 

ixx-' 

13 

21 

23 

40 

52 

62 

66 

71 

58 

44 

28 

14 

41 

1883 

—  4 

5 

22 

41 

50 

65 

66 

65 

54 

39 

•>•> 

10 

36 

1  XX  | 

6 

0 

20 

39 

66 

70 

64 

66 

52 

44 

29 

2 

37 

1XX5 

0' 

5 

29 

44 

54 

62 

68 

62 

66 

43 

34 

24 

40 

1XXH 

—  4 

17 

26 

44 

57 

66 

76 

69 

53 

45 

25 

8 

40 

1SX7 

—  4 

5 

27 

43 

58 

in; 

68 

64 

58 

40 

27 

9 

3s 

1SSS 

—  6 

12 

13 

41 

50 

63 

69 

64 

59 

44 

28 

22 

3X 

IKS'.I 

12 

15 

MS 

51 

53 

66 

70 

69 

54 

47 

24 

15 

43 

IX'.Kl   

—  4 

0 

23 

45 

52 

66 

72 

67 

56 

45 

36 

26 

40 

I.VM   

22 

10 

19 

48 

55 

60 

67 

65 

59 

41 

23 

20 

41 

Moans  

5 

10 

22 

42 

55 

65 

70 

67 

55 

43 

26 

13 

39 

CABRINGTON;  N.  DAK. 


1XS9 

35 

48 

52 

65 

67 

68 

1891 

t63 

61 

22 

16 

X     P,v 

1K7 

13 

98  OEBTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUKES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

CHURCHS  FERRY,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

An?;. 
61 

Siqil. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Aiinii:;!. 

1891 

.7  62 

62 

/                                                           DAVENPORT,  N.  DAK. 

1888 

44 

47 
47 

50 
55 
51 

58, 

66 
65 
70 
64 

70 
70 
72 
66 

64 
70 
64 
66 

40 
44 
45 

28 
26 

20 
20 

1889      

11 

1 

3 

6 

33 
20 

55 

55 

42 

1890 

1891 

Means  

6 

4 

26 

46 

54 

66 

70 

66 

55 

43 

27 

20 

40 

DEVILS  LAKE,  N.  DAK. 

1884 

c—  1 

-  4 

ft  15 

m35 

DICKINSON,  N.  DAK. 

1891    

23 

25 

ELLENDALE,  N.  DAK. 
*                                                                          -                                         * 

1890 

25 
21 

1891       

23 

.  8 

18 

51 

61 

67 

70 

till 

69 

47 

25 

44 

FARGO,  N.  DAK. 

1872 

78 
A-  63 

77 
65 

57 
63 

45 
45 

21 
20 

—1 

/20 

1891 

62 

70 

71 

60 

45 

21 

10 

OALLATIN,  N.  DAK. 

1888 

18 
g 

3 

26 
45 
42 

41 

•18 
46 

67 
64 
66 

66 

48 
55 

44 
38 
40 

26 
2:! 
29 

19 
17 
16 

ISS'.t 

5 

-     6 

28 
13 

66 
66 

6!) 
65 

37 

3B 

1S!K> 

Means  

—0.5 

4 

20 

41 

45 

66 

66 

67 

53 

41 

26 

'  17 

37 

GRAFTON,  N.  DAK. 

1891 

ell 

—2 

/52 

59 

62 

63 

68 

42 

18 

3 

GRAND  FORKS,  N.  DAK. 

1KX7     - 

67 

1888  

.   60 

57 

1889    

10 

5 

1890       

43 

47 

68 
64 

71 

43 

30 
19 

19 
12 

1891      

14 

2 

65 

?i  62 

Means  

12 

4 

66 

67 

60 

24 

16 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  99 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juue. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891  

68 

69 

64 

44 

20 

16 

HOPE,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

bl 

62 

63 

59 

44 

/22 

KELSO,  N.  DAK. 

1890 

69 
64 

62 
65 

54 
61 

44 

45 

33 
20 

19 
18 

18'U 

15 

3 

13 

46 

54 

61 

39 

Means 

66 

64 

58 

44 

26 

18 

- 

LAKOTA,  N.  DAK. 

1891  

61 

60 

62 

44 

18 

13 

LEECH  FARM,  N.  DAK. 

18SX 

44 
47 

50 
53 

66 
65 

70 
70 

64 
70 

57 
55 

40 

44 

28 
26 

20 
20 

18X11 

11 

3 

33 

41 

46 

52 

66 

70 

67 

56 

42 

27 

20 

MINOT,  N.  DAK. 

1891 

t!7 

.20 

NAPOLEON,  N.  DAK. 

1X89  

65 
66 
60 

68 
71 
64 

71 

64 
65 

54 
56 
61 

44 
•  44 
43 

26 
32 

20 

21 
22 
15 

1890 

1 

3 
4 

2n 

14 

45 
44 

1X91  

20 

54 

39 

Means  

10 

4 

17 

44 

64 

68 

67 

57 

44 

26 

19 

NEW  ENGLAND  CITY,  N.  DAK. 

1888 

73 
67 
69 

64 
71 
65 

54 
54 

55 

38 
39 
41 

26 
26 
36 

18 
16 
21 

JXX!I          .       . 

in         11 

-  3             5 

21              6 

33 
34 

20 

47 
45 

50 
49 

64 
63 

41 
39 

ix!  in     

1891  .. 

100 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA  S. 


Mont  Hi/  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

PEMBINA,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

IS71 

64 

53 

39 

14 

—  4 

1872 

4 

6 

8 

32 

50 

64 

68 

65 

54 

44 

18 

—  6 

34 

1873 

—  4 

.| 

12 

34 

52 

66 

64 

64 

46 

36 

16 

7 

33 

1X7-1 

—  3 

3 

12 

29 

55 

64 

70 

67 

56 

13 

14 

6 

35 

1875 

—  15 

—  H 

11 

33 

53 

60 

65 

63 

58 

38 

11 

8 

30 

1876 

9 

—  4 

7 

36 

54 

61 

68 

64 

52 

37 

16 

6 

32 

1S77  

—  6 

17 

9 

33 

57 

56 

68 

64 

55 

40 

26 

27 

37 

1«7X  . 

11 

25 

36 

45 

48 

63 

69 

a5 

51 

36 

;u 

<» 

41 

1879  

—  1 

—  4 

16 

41 

52 

63 

67 

63 

50 

45 

21 

—  14 

33 

1880  .. 

1 

—  1 

8 

31 

56 

63 

68 

63 

52 

39 

14 

0 

33 

1881  .  . 

—  9 

4 

18 

32 

59 

64 

70 

67 

51 

35 

14 

13 

35 

1882 

1 

9 

14 

35 

51 

62 

65 

69 

56 

1883  .. 

—14 

9 

34 

46 

62 

62 

62 

52 

36 

17 

1 

1884  .. 

—  <l 

—10 

8 

32 

49 

99 

j 

1885 

—10 

9 

14 

37 

51 

61 

65 

60 

54 

39 

26 

10 

35 

1886 

—12 

1 

17 

44 

55 

63 

70 

66 

51 

45 

19 

^ 

a5 

1887 

—  13 

—  4 

15 

36 

57 

62 

86 

60 

54 

36 

20 

3 

34 

1888 

70 

54 

41 

26 

15 

1889 

7 

—  1 

29 

41 

51 

64 

66 

67 

53 

42 

96 

12 

38 

1890 

•_  7 

—  6 

11 

42 

45 

68 

69 

63 

54 

44 

32 

17 

36 

1891  

23 

8 

18 

51 

61 

67 

70 

69 

69 

47 

36 

21 

44 

Means  

-3 

2 

14 

37 

53 

63 

68 

64 

54 

40 

20 

6 

35 

POWER,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

67 

68 

e68 

64 

46 

22 

19 

FORT  RANSOM,  N.  DAK. 


1868  .. 

13 

1869    

11 

11 

17 

39 

57 

63 

70 

66 

65 

86 

23 

15 

S') 

1870  . 

3 

10 

15 

48 

61 

69 

70 

64 

I;D 

42 

88 

14 

41 

1871 

5 

10 

23 

40 

63 

68 

71 

68 

58 

43 

17 

2 

39 

1872  

7 

11 

14 

39 

54 

68 

69 

Means  

6 

10 

17 

42 

59 

67 

70 

66 

58 

40 

24 

11 

39 

FORT  RICE,  N.  DAK. 


1868  .. 

80 

68 

44 

30 

27 

IK 

1869  

20 

20 

27 

41 

56 

64 

72 

71 

58 

40 

24 

18 

43 

1870  

7 

12 

26 

49 

62 

72 

,  72 

62 

61 

43 

37 

17 

43 

1871  

10 

16 

26 

42 

63 

70 

75 

70 

61 

45 

18 

1 

41 

1872  

9 

15 

20 

35 

in 

68 

70 

70 

57 

62 

24 

7 

40 

1873  

12 

27 

41 

55 

72 

72 

73 

55 

41 

33 

16 

42 

1874  

11 

14 

24 

41 

64 

70 

78 

70 

64 

49 

21 

20 

44 

1875 

—  6 

—  l 

18 

37 

60 

64 

74 

70 

60 

46 

20 

22 

38 

1876  

12 

9 

16 

44 

()•' 

69 

76 

7'2 

68 

42 

25 

13 

42 

1877 

13 

:;:: 

23 

47 

59 

65 

76 

73 

65 

46 

32 

28 

47 

1878  

15 

27 

41 

48 

52 

68 

76 

76 

5!| 

41 

Mciiim  

10 

16 

25 

42 

58 

68 

75 

70 

58 

45 

26 

16 

42 

RICHARDTON,  N.  DAK. 


1884  

0 

21 

37 

55 

65 

64 

64 

55 

46 

30 

3 

1R85 

0 

10 

26 

40 

48 

60 

68 

62 

57 

40 

32 

24 

40 

1886  

—  7 

16 

25 

11 

69 

77 

70 

15 

25 

7 

1887  

—  8 

24 

57 

50 

64 

II 

28 

9 

1888  

4 

12 

47 

63 

70 

Means  

—  3 

10 

24 

40 

52 

61 

70 

65 

56 

45 

29 

11 

38 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


101 


Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  Xorth  Dakota — Continued. 

ST.  JOHNS,  X.  DAK. 


Year. 

[ 

Jan.       Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

St-]>t. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891  

It  58 

41 

18 

14 

I 

ST.  THOMAS,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

62 

l!2 

57 

42 

18 

14 

\ 

SAN  BORN,  N.  DAK. 

1890 

14 

FORT  SEWARD,  N.  DAK. 

1873    

0 
5 

—11 
5 

•2 

5 
7 
—  8 
1 
25 

19 
15 
13 

10 
15 

37 
36 
85 
98 

a  39 

52 
60 
57 
57 
57 

70 
67 
«56 
64 
59 

67 
73 
S68 
71 
71 

68 
68 
66 
68 
69 

49 
58 
54 
55 
j  63 

36 
44 
40 
«40 

L'l 

18 
15 
18 

11 
16 

25 
2 

36 
39 
34 
36 

1874  

1875  

1876    

1877  

Means  

0.2 

6 

14 

37 

57 

63 

70 

68 

56 

40 

19 

14 

37 

SHEYENNE  (SECOND  CROSSING),  N.  DAK. 

1872  

66 

68 

73 

SPIRITWOOD,  N.  DAK. 

1881 

6 

19 

29 

t60 

STEELE,  N.  DAK. 

1889 

47 
47 
47 

52 
50 
53 

65 
67 
61 

70 
72 
66 

72 
67 
66 

58 
57 
63 

48 
46 
46 

26 
35 

17 
22 

1890 

—  2 
19 

2 
5 

19 
16 

40 

1891  .. 

FORT  STEVENSON,  N.  DAK. 


1867  

77 

63 

48 

28 

7 

1868 

2 

12 

si 

42 

59 

69 

78 

69 

48 

42 

28 

13 

41 

1870 

4 

13 

14 

47 

62 

70 

72 

64 

60 

40 

35 

14 

41 

1871 

4 

15 

24 

40 

63 

68 

76 

68 

57 

42 

15 

2 

39 

1872 

8 

13 

17 

38 

54 

68 

69 

69 

56 

46 

19 

0 

38 

1873 

1 

8 

22 

37 

51 

67 

67 

69 

49 

37 

29 

7 

37 

1874 

5 

6 

17 

36 

59 

67 

75 

68 

56 

45 

17 

15 

39 

1875  

—10 

—  7 

15 

32 

55 

60 

68 

65 

55 

42 

16 

19 

34 

1876   

6 

3 

13 

40 

55 

61 

70 

66 

53 

41 

9Q 

6 

36 

1877  

6 

24 

16 

38 

54 

iliX 

66 

58 

41 

27 

24 

1878  

13 

27 

38 

47 

50 

67 

72 

52 

39 

35 

12 

1879 

14 

3 

20 

46 

56 

65 

71 

68 

56 

42 

26 

8 

38 

1880 

10 

16 

37 

60 

64 

71 

67 

55 

40 

17 

1 

1881 

—  7 

6 

23 

36 

62 

66 

74 

71 

52 

39 

28 

22 

34 

1882 

g 

18 

20 

40 

53 

65 

68 

72 

59 

44 

28 

10 

40 

1883  

5 

4 

19 

43 

Means  

4 

10 

20 

40 

57 

66 

71 

68 

55 

42 

24 

9 

39 

102 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

TOBACCO  GARDEN,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Miir. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juue. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

.Nov. 

JJ.:e. 

Annual. 

1882  . 

17 

i'21 

£37 

51 

c62 

nil 

70 

c58 

43 

25 

j  4 

1883  

50 

r47 

Means  

50 

54 

FORT  TOTTEN,  N.  DAK. 


1869 

65 

55 

36 

21 

13 

1870 

0 

7 

1  1 

46 

59 

68 

70 

67 

<;•' 

41 

36 

12 

4/i 

1871 

_  2 

l!l 

36 

62 

65 

69 

71 

r>6 

49 

lr> 

•> 

Q« 

1872 

6 

10 

12 

34 

51 

65 

68 

66 

-)l 

45 

17 

3 

OK 

1873 

—  5 

5 

16 

34 

50 

66 

66 

111! 

48 

37 

2j 

'-tl 

1874 

0 

12 

31 

58 

65 

71 

65 

57 

45 

lr> 

ifl 

Oft 

1875  

—14 

—10 

11 

32 

54 

60 

68 

65 

55 

40 

13 

13 

83 

1876  

1 

1 

9 

37 

55 

62 

70 

66 

54 

3C) 

17 

o 

34 

1877 

0 

99 

12 

37 

57 

56 

0') 

68 

61 

42 

Ofl 

•>x 

in 

1878  

14 

25 

38 

46 

48 

66 

72 

71 

56 

41 

'!4 

11 

44 

1879  

4 

—  i 

20 

45 

54 

65 

71 

67 

55 

JK 

'''i 

y 

°.7 

1880  

6 

12 

33 

59 

64 

68 

64 

51 

41 

15 

1 

1881  

—  5 

6 

21 

35 

60 

64 

72 

70 

53 

36 

18 

1') 

07 

1882  

4 

13 

15 

36 

51 

01 

66 

72 

lil 

44 

25 

*N 

1883  

1  1 

I 

12 

36 

50 

65 

67 

66 

56 

40 

21 

7 

q< 

1884  .   ... 

—  9 

5 

13 

36 

"ill 

70 

(>'! 

<r> 

54 

43 

•>-, 

2 

Oft 

1885  . 

—  5 

_  2 

18 

40 

51 

60 

65 

60 

54 

40 

26 

OK 

1886 

—  10 

7 

18 

41 

54 

(>'' 

70 

Ii7 

51 

46 

20 

Oil 

1887 

—11 

G 

19 

38 

57 

60 

ill! 

62 

55 

37 

94 

OJ 

1888 

—10 

3 

8 

35 

47 

61 

117 

63 

56 

42 

20 

10 

OK 

1889  

12 

11 

36 

46 

53 

66 

68 

69 

56 

45 

35 

10 

41 

1890  

—  7 

—  2 

14 

42 

47 

67 

71 

64 

55 

45 

36 

ftl 

Means  

-  2 

5 

17 

38 

54 

64 

68 

66 

55 

42 

23 

8 

30 

VALLEY  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1891  ....'.  

60 

43 

21 

16 

WAHPETON,  N.  DAK. 


1889  .. 

70 

70 

58 

45 

27 

22 

1890  

3 

8 

22 

52 

54 

72 

74 

68 

60 

47 

35 

99 

i** 

1891  

18 

8 

18 

60 

54 

67 

64 

66 

67 

49 

22 

91 

d.9 

Means  

10 

8 

20 

51 

54 

70 

69 

68 

62 

47 

28 

22 

42 

WILD  RICE,  N.  DAK. 


1890  .. 

68 

71 

62 

51 

49 

9g 

15 

1891  

12 

1 

12 

45 

56 

fi3 

ft.-. 

n'i 

KQ 

11 

1Q 

1  7 

00 

Means  

66 

68 

62 

55 

42 

''3 

16 

WILLOW  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

57          42 

17 

jl 

t  Station  discontinued. 


CEKTAIX  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


103 


Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  North  Dakota — Continued. 

WOODBR1DGE,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

A]>r. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1890 

43 

15 

8 

—. 

FOKT  YATES,  N.   DAK. 


1882  

12 

L'l! 

20 

43 

55 

68 

72 

72 

i;2 

46 

28 

If, 

43 

1883 

1 

10 

•'5 

•M 

52 

72 

•75 

72 

63 

42 

30 

18 

42 

1884 

1 

II 

22 

:i7 

59 

7" 

69 

72 

60 

50 

:;u 

10 

40 

1885 

1 

31 

44 

58 

66 

7:: 

66 

c,;. 

17 

33 

25 

43 

1886  

2 

I'll 

28 

48 

62 

67 

78 

7" 

59 

5(1 

29 

7 

43 

1887 

V) 

0 

L'!l 

17 

60 

70 

71 

OS 

61 

42 

32 

11 

41 

1888 

rt 

15 

16 

17 

51 

66 

73 

G8 

62 

46 

29 

26 

41 

1XX9 

17 

11 

88 

49 

:,t; 

68 

72 

71 

59 

50 

111) 

24 

46 

1X!M) 

1 

10 

•'(I 

60 

55 

69 

71 

69 

59 

IN 

38 

26 

•11 

1891 

26 

10 

•'1 

50 

58 

63 

68 

70 

65 

48 

26 

21 

44 

Means  

>  6 

11 

•  20 

46 

57 

69 

73 

70 

62 

47 

30 

18 

43 

Monthly  and  tiniuial  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota. 
ABERDEEN,  S.  DAK. 


1890 

28 

15 

1  1     52 

n;    56 

67 

63 

'  66 

67 
67 

55 

«5!l 

43 
46 

31' 

22 

* 

19 

1891       

21 

4 

40 

19 

44 

54 

65 

70 

67 

57 

44 

26 

21 

ALEXANDRIA,  S.  DAK. 

1882  

26 

45 
41 

52 

51 

66 
66 

67 
70 

71 

68 

61 
57 

47 
43 

33 
31 

14 
17 

41 
40 

1883    

6.3 

8 

10 

;> 

1  XX  1 

1  XX1  1 

67 
71 
65 

72 
76 
69 

72 
68 

68 

72 
61 

68 

58 

48 

29 

34 

30 
25 
n22 

1  X'  K  1 

7 
24 

17 
8 

L-li     50 
21     50 

55 
57 

45 

1891 

Means  

10 

10 

26 

46     51     G7 

71     69 

6-1 

49 

32 

22 

43 

ARMOUR,  S.  DAK. 

1889 

/60 

/i  68 

,72 

71 

FORT  BENNETT,  .S.  DAK. 

1880 

46 
44 
48 
43 
51 
45 
50 
50 
50 

23 
30 
31 
30 
32 
34 
2-1 
38 

11 
31 
20 
20 
9 

1881  .     

5 
18 

6 
12 
5 

IX 

I 

L'X 

It 

29 

16 
6 
11 
11 
16 
.13 

24 
82 
30 

28 
33 
in 
30 
23 

39 
45 
46 
42 
47 
53 
53 
50 

64 

51 
51 
57 
56 
56 
57 
58 

69 
66 

(ili 
72 
65 
69 
71 
67 

71 
69 

70 
69 
74 

72 

77 
72 

74 
73 
70 
70 
66 
73 
72 
73 

57 
63 
59 
62 
60 
69 
62 
69 

44 
46 
42 

42 

1882  

1883 

1884 

1885 

1889 

25 

27 

46 
46 

1890  

1891  

Means  

12 

16 

30 

47 

57 

68 

72 

71 

61 

47 

30 

20 

44 

ISRITTON,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

63 

46 

22 

19 

104  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  ami  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

BROOKINGS,  S.  DAK. 


1888 

70 
70 
71 
65 

62 
70 
65 
66 

57 
56 
58 
65 

43 

44 
44 
45 

30 
26 

29 
24 

24 
26 
21 
25 

1889 

14 
5 
21 

10 

11 

7 

33 
20 
18 

48 
48 
44 

54 
52 
56 

64 
67 
64 

43 
41 
42 

1890 

1891 

.Means  

13 

10 

24 

47 

54 

65 

69 

66 

59 

44 

27 

24 

42 

CANTON,  S.  DAK. 

1889 

73 
68 

60 
61 

49 
49 

32 
36 

31 

28 

1890    

14 
25 

21 
10 

26 

23 

51 
49 

56 

/58 

71 
67 

75 

46 

1891 

Means  

20 

16 

24 

50 

57 

69 

70 

60 

49 

34 

30 

CASTLEWOOD,  S.  DAK. 

1891       .  -- 

66 

64 

44 

20 

22 

CLARK,  S.  DAK. 

1889  

69 
71 
69 

70 
66 

70 

55 
57 
67 

46 
45 

48 

28 
33 

'2'2 

26 
23 
24 

1890   

4 
22 

12 

e 

23 
20 

52 

48 

54 
57 

67 

61 

42 
43 

1891 

Means  

13 

9 

22 

50 

56 

66 

70 

69 

60 

45 

28 

24 

43 

CROSS,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

29 
a  27 

41 

52 
53 

62 
59 

/67 
63 

f5S 
62 

n36 
33 

1891 

18 

/64 

48 

30 

28 

52 

60 

65 

60 

34 

DAKOTA  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1886 

59 

FORT  DAKOTA,  S.  DAK. 

1866 

56 
52 

1868 

44 

28 

15 

1869 

17. 

18 

23 

42 

59 

Means  

64 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 

1878  .. 

26 
22 
31 
16 
23 
16 

32 
24 
24 
24 
28 
19 

38 
86 

I'd 
82 
82 
32 

41 
46 
37 
42 
38 
38 

46 
54 
52 
54 
47 
43 

37 
33 
21 
31 
32 
34 

19 
16 
18 
33 
26 
26 

1879  

61 
58 
64 

58 
58 

68 
64 

66 
63 
68 
66 
63 

53 
63 
60 

57 
54 

1880  

4'2 
40 
44 
40 

41 

1881   .  . 

1882 

63 
62 

43 
40 

1883  .. 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  105 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 
DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


1884 

21 
19 
15 
20 

15 
22 
31 
15 

28 
33 
30 
36 

36 
41 
41 
41 

49 
49 
55 
54 

63 
57 
60 
64 

62 
66 
71 
66 

61 
60 
67 
61 

53 

55 

54 
57 

50 
45 
48 
41 

36 
41 
29 
35 

12 
33 

25 
23 

40 
43 

44 
43 

1885 

1886 

1887 

Means  

21 

23 

32 

40 

50 

60 

65 

65 

54 

44 

33 

23 

42 

DE  SMETr-S.JDAK. 

1889 

4 
10 
6 

32 
21 
20 

47 
46 
47 

55 
51 
56 

66 
69 
63 

69 
71 
67 

70 
66 

67 

43 

57 
64 

42 
42 
43 

23 
30 
22 

23 
21 
22 

1890 

3 

•>_> 

40 
42 

1891 

Means  

12 

7 

24 

47 

54 

66 

69 

67 

55 

42 

25           22 

41 

EGELAND,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

60 

64 

KLKTON,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

17 

8 

20 

63 

65 

65 

64 

45 

23 

23 

FLANDREAU,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

69 
64 

72 
66 

65 
68 

59 
66 

47 
47 

33 
24 

1891           

21 

9 

20 

48 

56 

26 

43 

66 

69 

66 

62 

47 

28 

FORESTS  URG,  S.  DAK.* 

1891 

57 

64 

67 

68 

65 

48 

27 

27 

FOREST  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

»79 

76 

70 

51 

32 

FRANKFORT,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

64 

48 

23 

23 

GARDEN  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1887  .. 

«ll 
41 

29 
29 

!> 
22 

1888 

—  3 
12 

11           16 

9        /25 

40 
46 

47 
53 

65 

70 

64 

56 

38 

1889  

Means  

': 

4 

10          20 

43 

50 

41 

29 

22 

S.  Ex.  157 14 


*  Temperatures  not  reliable. 


106  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperature*  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

OAKY,  S.  DAK. 


Year.               Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

.lime. 

July. 

Aug.      Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

c69 

67 

48 

24 

24 

GODDAKD,  S.  DAK. 

MUM 

32 

25 

.16 

12 

GRAND  VIEW,  S.  DAK. 

1888 

54 

51 

35 

FORT  GREENWOOD  (YANKTON  INDIAN  AGENCY),  8.  DAK. 

34 
35 

14 
16 

|  SI  it  1 

21         :;o 

44 

32 

53 
48 

66 

57 

71 

74 

75 

60 

.-,-1 

1X1)1 

lX(i'' 

70 

49 

33 

32 

Means  

1 

18 

28 

38 

50 

62 

70 

•.I- 

34 

21 

FORT  HALE,  S.  DAK. 

1879     

13 
24 
1 
20 
4 
12 

16 
25 
12 

27 
12 

7 

36 
26 
21 
33 
28 
28 

51 
46 
41 
47 
46 
43, 

62 
66 

lid 
55 
52 
m57 

70 
70 
72 
69 
68 

72 
76 
76 
71 
70 

74 
73 
76 
75 
70 

62 
61 
59 
66 

60 

57 
46 
47 
50 
43 

32 
22 
30 
32 
32 

4 
30 
29 
19 

20 

46 
45 
44 
47 
42 

1880 

1SX1 

1883 

1884 

Means  

i 

12           16 

28 

46 

60 

70 

73 

74 

61 

49 

30 

16 

45 

HENRY,  S.  DAK. 

1886 

50 

24 

8 

1887 

0 

2 

28 

45 

61 

68 

70 

64 

57 

HIGHMORE,  S.  DAK. 

1XX7 

3 

30 

47 

61 

69 

c71 

63 
67 
69 

58 

1888 

1890 

23 
19 

50 
45 

55 

69 

77 

60 

48 

36           26 

1891 

25 

10 

Means 

6 

24 

47 

58 

69 

74 

66 

59 

HOWARD,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

66 
68 

62 
66 

49 

4X 

37 
24 

21 

27 

1891 

22 

9           21 

61 

64 

67 

Me  ;ms 

67 

64 

48 

30           24 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


107 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1881  

72 

72 

56 

45 

28 

28 

1882  

18 

L'5 

30 

44 

52 

65 

66 

70 

60 

49 

31 

17 

44 

1883 

3 

13 

28 

45 

no 

65 

69 

67 

56 

44 

31 

18 

41 

1884 

9 

t; 

26 

42 

r><; 

69 

67 

66 

60 

50 

:n 

9 

41 

1885 

4 

7 

30 

46 

55 

66 

72 

64 

59 

43 

30 

24 

42 

1880 

() 

19 

27 

46 

no 

65 

74 

70 

59 

51 

27 

8 

42 

1887 

0  4 

1 

30 

47 

62 

70 

72 

66 

(10 

42 

30 

10 

41 

1888 

1 

1  1 

19 

15 

50 

(j(i 

74 

67 

.VI 

45 

33 

24 

41 

1889 

13 

]  1 

36 

50 

55 

66 

71 

72 

57 

47 

28 

26 

44 

1800 

]J 

13 

26 

50 

54 

60 

71 

68 

60 

47 

35 

24 

43 

1891   

"I 

19 

I!) 

56 

64 

67 

68 

66 

IS 

•'1 

24 

43 

Means  ..  .. 

7 

12 

27 

46 

55 

66 

71 

68 

59 

16 

30 

19 

42 

KIMBALL,  S.  DAK. 


1889 

13 

11 

33 

17 

54 

68 

71 

70 

56 

44 

24 

26 

43 

1890 

1 

13 

24 

48 

54 

71 

74 

67 

58- 

43 

30 

22 

42 

1891 

22 

6 

18 

46 

57 

65 

69 

67 

66 

50 

28 

28 

44 

Means 

13 

10 

25 

47 

55 

68 

71 

68 

60 

46 

27 

25 

43 

LEAD  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1878  

58 

67 

66 

49 

40 

LONG  CREEK,  S.  DAK. 


1888       

650 

a  64 

•«70 

i65 

g5G 

LOWER  BRULE  AGENCY,  &.  DAK. 


1875      .  . 

63 

49 

26 

28 

1876 

17 

18 

19 

48 

64 

70 

78 

73 

59 

46 

27 

12      44 

1877 

10 

32 

24 

46 

59 

65 

76 

74 

65  ' 

44 

32 

29  i     46 

1878 

21 

31 

44 

50 

5:1 

67 

77 

75 

60 

47 

38 

15      48 

Means  

16 

27 

29 

48 

59 

67 

77 

74 

62 

46 

31 

21      46 

MAMMOTH  SPRINGS,  S.  DAK. 


1883  

63 

49 

40 

31 

1884   

25 

10 

22 

FORT  MEADE,  S.  DAK. 


1879  

75 

73 

62 

55 

36 

17 

1880  

31 

24 

27 

41 

65 

72 

71 

60 

48 

20 

13 

1881 

13 

21 

35 

43 

57 

67 

74 

73 

54 

44 

34 

36 

46 

1882 

22 

30 

35 

39 

52 

62 

69 

72 

54 

44 

34 

23 

45 

1883  

16 

22 

34 

42 

50 

65 

69 

72 

64 

45 

34 

25 

45 

1884  

20 

g 

27 

38 

52 

66 

65 

64 

55 

49 

37 

6 

41 

1885  

14 

15 

32 

46 

54 

62 

71 

65 

61 

48 

40 

33 

45 

1886  .. 

7 

31 

30 

44 

61 

67 

79 

78 

59 

48 

31 

20 

46 

108  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  anil  annual  mean  tempera  lures  at  stations  in  tiouth  Dakota — Continued. 
FORT  MEADE,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


1887 

17 
14 

22 
12 
31 

16 

28 

21 
20 
13 

37 

22 
36 

32 
25 

46 

60 

68 

CM 

71 

65 

till 
71 
71 
70 

61 
59 

57 
60 

65 

43 
45 
51 

48 
51 

34 
24 
32 
39 
36 

22 
24 

:;:; 
32 
38 

45 

1  ,s,s* 

1889  

47 

47 
48 

49 

:,l 
56 

63 
66 

02 

68 
76 

OX 

46 
40 
40 

1890  

1N91     ...  . 

Mruiis  .... 

18 

21 

31 

44 

54 

C5 

71 

70 

5!l     48 

33 

24 

45 

MILLBANK,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

40 
56 

47 
65 

69 
69 

71 

72 

65 
73 

64 
63 

.1* 
50 

38 
24 

29 

24 

1891  

27 

14 

26 

47 

48 

56 

69 

72 

69 

64 

49 

31 

20 

MITCHELL,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

68 

68 

67 

-III 

30 

28 

OELRICHS,  8.  DAK. 

1890     

:;i   t46 

23     48 

53 

58 

74 
69 

69 
71 

60 

64 

47 
48 

95 

31 

29 
27 

1891 

25 

10 

63 

45 

Moans 

28 

47 

56 

72 

70 

62 

46 

33 

28 

OLIVET,  S.  DAK. 

1877     

06 
67 
69 
71 
71 
69 

71 
76 

76 
73 

75 

(ill 

71 
74 
72 
72 
76 
72 

63 
00 
61 
60 
59 
63 

46 
47 
55 
41 
47 
51 

30 
37 
31 
21 
30 
31 

30 
13 
7 
11 

29 
[15] 

1878 

21 
14 
26 

2 

c!8 

31 

18 

S 

25 

42 
36 
39 
20 
32 

49 
50 
46 
38 
47 

55 
63 

00 
III 
54 

48 
46 
45 
43 
[46] 

1879 

1880 

1X81 

1882  

Means  

16 

22 

32 

46 

60 

69 

73 

73 

61 

48 

30 

17 

45 

ONIDA,  S.  DAK. 

1889 

34 
23 
19 

45 
46 

45 

48 
51 
54 

66 

71 
74 
64 

<Z74 
66 
60 

56 
58 
62 

10 
II 
4-1 

26 

32 
22 

24 

1890  

1 
33 

12 
6 



1891 

63 

19 

41 

Means  .... 

12 

9 

25 

45 

51 

64 

70 

69 

59 

45 

20 

22      41 

PAKKER,  8.  DAK. 

1891  

68 

69 

67 

29 

28 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  109 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

PARKSTON,  S.  DAK. 


year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1887 

6 

30 

49 

63 

70 

74 

70 

63 

45 

33 

14 

[44] 

1W8 

3 

20 

23 

47 

52 

68 

•77 

[66] 

[56] 

[42] 

32 

24 

[42] 

1889  

18 

14 

35 

[46] 

[51] 

65 

68 

70 

55 

44 

-     24 

32 

[43] 

1X<)0 

9 

18 

•'!> 

50 

68 

71 

30 

1891 

•'8 

13 

24 

48 

57 

64 

68 

69 

67 

49 

30 

28 

45 

Jll'illlS    

13 

14 

28 

48 

56 

67 

72 

69 

60 

45 

30 

32 

44 

PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

71 

72 

68 

50 

30 

28 

FORT  PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 


1854 

13 

31 

37  ' 

57 

63 

68 

1855 

77 

69 

64 

48 

32 

14 

1856    

4 

24 

30 

49 

61 

75 

79 

72 

61 

57 

30 

q 

46 

1857 

li 

15 

33 

39 

59 

Means  

8 

23 

33 

48 

61 

72 

78 

70 

62 

52 

31 

12 

46 

PLANKINTON,  S.  DAK. 


FORT  RANDALL,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

65 

69 

69 

1856 

31 

9 

1  857 

3 

15 

28 

34 

54 

68 

76 

73 

63 

49 

31 

28 

44 

1858 

28 

11 

42 

47 

65 

74 

78 

73 

64 

46 

30 

20 

47 

1859 

23 

21 

34 

40 

62 

71 

82 

73 

62 

50 

33 

12 

47 

I860 

23 

29 

44 

50 

64 

69 

74 

74 

60 

53 

33 

16 

49 

18lil       .   ... 

12 

26 

31 

49 

58 

74 

78 

74 

62 

49 

32 

26 

48 

18li2      .  . 

9 

14 

28 

39 

62 

72 

78 

74 

64 

51 

34 

31 

46 

18113     

23 

21 

35 

51 

65 

70 

75 

77 

65 

41 

35 

18 

48 

ixiil  

20 

33 

32 

46 

ill 

77 

81 

78 

66 

57 

35 

16 

50 

1865  

20 

28 

26 

45 

64 

76 

IS!  16  

58 

52 

37 

22 

1867 

16 

17 

9 

46 

56 

71 

77 

78 

64 

54 

40 

27 

46 

1868 

9 

22 

38 

44 

68 

71 

X2 

73 

57 

40 

34 

24 

47 

1869 

29 

26 

33 

46 

61 

68 

75 

T' 

61 

42 

33 

27 

48 

1870 

19 

29 

25 

51 

67 

82 

71 

64 

50 

43 

23 

50 

1871 

22 

28 

38 

«48 

F64  1 

76 

76 

74 

66 

51 

26 

15 

[491 

1872 

17 

27 

29 

50 

62 

73 

75 

76- 

65 

58 

28 

16 

48 

1873  . 

18 

24 

37 

42 

66 

76 

75 

77 

60 

47 

36 

20 

47 

1X71   

18 

22 

32 

45 

68 

75 

81 

78 

65 

51 

32 

26 

49 

1X75 

3 

6 

25 

43 

62 

67 

73 

70 

63 

50 

29 

30 

43 

1X76  

21 

24 

22 

50 

63 

68 

60 

47 

30 

16 

46 

1877 

15 

35 

29 

48 

60 

66 

75 

73 

66 

47 

33 

31 

48 

1X78 

24 

33 

45 

51 

55 

68 

77 

75 

62 

49 

40 

18 

50 

1X7!)  , 

18 

17 

38 

53 

64 

71 

74 

74 

63 

60 

33 

8 

48 

1880  

29 

27 

31 

48 

liX 

70 

76 

63 

48 

23 

4 

47 

1881  

4 

14 

23 

41 

66 

72 

76 

80 

61 

49 

33 

32 

46 

1882 

23 

30 

36 

48 

56 

70 

70 

74 

65 

53 

34 

21 

48 

1883 

'  18 

32 

49 

55 

70 

73 

72 

60 

46 

36 

25 

45 

1884 

14 

S 

30 

46 

61 

73 

7I{ 

71 

65 

54 

36 

12 

45 

1885 

9 

14 

35 

50 

60 

69 

711 

68 

64 

48 

29 

47 

1886   ... 

8 

26 

30 

50 

65 

70 

80 

76 

64 

55 

S9 

17 

48 

1887  

10 

23 

34 

51 

65 

76 

68 

61 

46 

35 

15 

47 

1888  

6 

23 

28 

51 

F541 

[711 

-T791 

70 

61 

47 

35 

28 

F46] 

1889  

20 

19 

42 

55 

61 

71 

70 

60 

51 

31 

35 

49 

1890 

13 

21 

30 

51 

55 

71 

80 

1'2 

65 

54 

40 

31 

49 

1891 

28 

12 

25 

50 

59 

66 

69 

68 

68 

53 

32 

30 

47 

Means  

16 

22 

32 

47 

61 

71 

76 

74 

63 

50 

33 

22 

47 

110 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Month!;/  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May! 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1881   

35 

46 

69 

67 

74 

74 

59 

46 

34 

33 

I  SX1>    

25 

33 

37 

40 

51 

63 

70 

73 

63 

50 

32 

26 

47 

1  SSM    

13 

16 

35 

42 

48 

eg 

1XXS 

11 

28 

25 

50 

49 

lil 

71 

66 

62 

44 

31 

29 

44 

1889 

23 

21 

-  40 

50 

52 

65 

69 

T2 

58 

51 

33 

35 

47 

1890 

13 

22 

33 

47 

54 

66 

74 

70 

60 

49 

42 

34 

47 

1891 

32 

12 

25 

47 

55 

63 

68 

69 

'64 

50 

35 

32 

46 

Means 

20 

22 

33 

46 

53 

64 

71 

71 

61 

48 

34 

31 

46 

KEDFIELD,  S.  DAK. 


1889     

(246 

54 

?65 

ROSCOE,  S.  DAK. 


1889 

ft  51 

065 

«69 

no 

d54 

<J45 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  S.  DAK. 


1890         

j  72 

d58 

m46 

27 

1891 

L'li 

9 

21 

51 

59 

66 

71 

70 

28 

30 

Means  .  .  .  . 

71 

. 

SCKANTON,  S.   DAK. 


1889     

I 

20 

18SK)     

•1 

10 

•21 

50        r>u 

70 

77 

69 

45 

33 

1891              -   ... 

25 

8 

L'O 

47 

Means  

14 

9 

24 

48  

22 

SIOUX  FALLS,  S.  DAK. 


1890  

72 

74 

67 

60 

47 

33 

24 

1891  

23 

9 

1'LJ 

17 

66 

R7 

66 

49 

25 

''6 

Means  .... 

70 

67 

63 

48 

29 

25 

FORT  SISSKTOX  (FOk'MKI.'I.Y  FORT  WADSWOKTII),  S.  DAK. 


1866  

56 

46 

34 

14 

1x117  

—  1 

6 

1? 

MX 

51 

66 

7;i 

72 

60 

49 

29 

1869 

14 

12 

16 

38 

-,-, 

(;•> 

69 

fi7 

56 

S6 

00 

IK 

QO 

1X70  

3 

11 

15 

1  1 

VI 

(iX 

ii1) 

53 

gg 

43 

35 

17 

|  | 

1871  

6 

14 

23 

1  1 

ii'' 

66 

70 

68 

57 

43 

17 

1 

39 

1X72      

7 

12 

13 

89 

">! 

66 

70 

I  IS 

56 

48 

18 

1 

38 

1X7:;  

*       l 

7 

20 

:r> 

-,1 

70 

69 

69 

51 

36 

25 

10 

37 

1X74  

8 

IX 

:>(i 

61 

ti7 

74 

69 

(iO 

46 

20 

16 

40 

1X75  

—11 

r> 

15 

35 

57 

HO 

70 

66 

KT 

42 

19 

19 

ST 

1876  

!l 

5 

13 

40 

57 

(>•> 

71 

(j7 

53 

40 

4 

1X77  

2 

25 

15 

40 

(i't 

1X7X  

14 

39 

45 

50 

64 

72 

40 

8 

1879  

K 

4 

25 

47 

55 

70 

54 

54 

26 

—  4 

1880  

14 

12 

18 

60 

'  g5 

69 

66 

56 

42 

16 

3 

1881  

3 

18 

33 

61 

65 

72 

70 

53 

40 

22 

23 

CKRTA1N  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Ill 


Monthly  and  animal  menu  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — CoJitinucd. 
FORT  SISSETON  (FORMERLY  FORT  WADSWORTH),  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Jnue. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1882 

9 

lit 

L'O 

39 

51 

63 

65 

70 

59 

46 

26 

9 

40 

1XX3 

—  6 

6 

18 

40 

49 

63 

68 

67 

56 

40 

27 

12 

37 

!  xx  1 

0 

—  3 

17 

56 

70 

65 

86 

57 

46 

27 

3 

37 

1885 

—  3 

1 

23 

12 

53 

63 

70 

62 

58 

43 

28 

20 

38 

ISM; 

—  5 

12 

23 

hi 

58 

65 

74 

70 

56 

49 

21 

4 

40 

ISST 

—  (> 

1 

25 

43 

60 

fix 

69 

63 

57 

39 

28 

6 

38 

188X 

6 

13 

40 

18 

64 

70 

lil 

58 

43 

31 

22 

:w 

1889 

I.I 

5 

33 

46 

Mrans  

3 

8 

19 

40 

55 

(;:, 

70 

67 

57 

43 

25 

10 

38 

SMITHV1LLE,  S.  DAK. 


1881 

- 

78 
068 
[62 

/75 
ftl 

80 
<Z72 

62 
e66 

J6* 

31 

30 

1882 

21 

29 

»  22 

ft  35 
d29 

«43 

1883 

,ir,\ 



26 

32 

68 

73 

76 

64 

SPEARFISH,  S.  DAK. 

isx'.i           

24 
15 

32 

23 
22 
13 

39 
33 
25 

50 
48 
47 

55 
54 

56 

69 
68 
62 

70 
76 
68 

74 
72 
70 

57 
60 
63 

51 

48 
49 

33 
44 
35 

34 
35 

32 

48 
48 

Hi 

IXill)                    

18!H   .. 

SPRING  LAKE,  S.  DAK. 


1888    

17 

17 

1  XX'  1 

16 

15 

34 

48 

54 

66 

69 

70 

FORT  SULLY,  S.  DAK. 


ISlit)    

12 

17 

21 

45 

1868 

55 

34 

22 

ixi;:> 

21 

20 

29 

41 

58 

65 

73 

73 

fiO 

42 

29 

22 

45 

1870        

13 

25 

20 

49 

62 

74 

80 

71 

H7 

50 

44 

30 

4!t 

1X71        

M> 

24 

34 

48 

68 

76 

XI) 

77 

67 

52 

25 

14 

49 

1X7'>       

17 

25 

28 

44 

58 

70 

74 

72 

62 

52 

24 

1  '' 

45 

1X73   

10 

15 

32 

42 

54 

74 

74 

76 

57 

42 

35 

15 

41 

1874 

l(i 

20 

28 

44 

63 

70 

79 

76 

65 

51 

26 

27 

47 

1X7.") 

0 

4 

22 

39 

HO 

66 

74 

71 

61 

49 

24 

27 

41 

1  876 

19 

16 

62 

68 

16 

59 

47 

28 

14 

1X77 

14 

:;:; 

24 

45 

59 

ill 

73 

65 

45 

32 

29 

46 

1878  

22 

31 

44 

50 

53 

68 

77 

74 

60 

48 

39 

17 

4(1 

1X7!) 

16 

16 

36 

52 

61 

71 

72 

61 

56 

32 

3 

46 

1XXO 

23 

24 

28 

44 

64 

69 

75 

72 

62 

46 

21 

8 

45 

1881 

2 

13 

22 

40 

65 

70 

75 

58 

45 

29 

30 

45 

1882   

23 

27 

30 

44 

54 

7:t 

73 

78 

67 

53 

31 

20 

48 

1883  .-•-  

8 

17 

31 

37 

53 

liX 

72 

71 

63 

47 

34 

21 

44 

IXXl 

12 

6 

27 

44 

60 

74 

71 

71 

64 

56 

36 

9 

44 

1  xxr,  

7 

12 

36 

51 

60 

68 

7I> 

69 

63 

l!l 

35 

26 

46 

1886 

2 

24 

29 

47 

62 

68 

76 

76 

61 

52 

30 

9 

45 

1887 

S 

2 

34 

r>8 

64 

71 

68 

63 

46 

33 

14 

44 

1XXX 

2 

18 

20 

50 

52 

t!7 

II!) 

62 

47 

34 

26 

44 

1889 

17 

15 

38 

52 

55 

68 

72 

74 

60 

50 

28 

28 

47 

1890 

2 

15 

29 

51 

56 

70 

77 

72 

61 

50 

39 

28 

46 

1891 

28 

9 

22 

49 

57 

65 

72 

73 

68 

49 

28 

27 

46 

Means  

13 

18 

28 

46 

59 

69 

75 

73 

62 

49 

31 

20 

45 

112  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

TYNDALL,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Mav. 

June. 

July. 

An};. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

70 

68 

50 

39 

29 

VERMILLION,  S.  DAK. 


1884 

fl2 

13 

(J32 

45 

d60 

ft  68 

172 

<Z55 

36 

034 

1885 

16 

mil 

7'  32 

j  51 

«62 

A  77 

Z67 

62 

a  48 

39 

a  28 

1886           ...     . 

o5 

24 

628 

/52 

62 

668 

675 

<773 

e63 

e57 

e31 

014 

46 

1890        

11 

22 

26 

•  50 

56 

71 

75 

67 

58 

46 

34 

26 

45 

1891 

24 

12 

Means  

12 

16 

30 

50 

60 

69 

76 

70 

61 

52 

35 

26 

46 

WKBSTER,  S.  DAK. 


1882 

71 

73 

78 

70 

56 

33 

15 

1883 

—  1 

11 

25 

46 

51 

69 

77 

73 

63 

45 

33 

14 

42 

1884 

2 

0 

19 

38 

58 

77 

73 

71 

62 

52 

35 

9 

41 

1885 

4 

7 

28 

46 

58 

67 

75 

67 

62 

45 

31 

23 

43 

1886 

0 

18 

29 

50 

63 

69 

77 

72 

59 

51 

23 

1 

43 

1887 

—13 

1 

29 

45 

61 

69 

72 

64 

58 

40 

31 

11 

39 

1888 

—  2 

12 

19 

43 

52 

67 

74 

66 

58 

43 

32 

23 

41 

1889   

11 

7 

34 

49 

55 

66 

71 

74 

59 

48 

29 

27 

44 

1890   

6 

15 

24 

50 

53 

69 

73 

68 

61 

47 

35 

26 

44 

1891 

•>.-, 

13 

22 

50 

64 

69 

70 

50 

27 

28 

Means  

4 

9 

25 

46 

56 

69 

73 

70 

62 

48 

31 

18 

43 

WENTWORTH,  S.  DAK. 


1883 

<•  r>(> 

1885 

44 

74 

I'M 

70 

1891 

24 

25 

WKS8IN(iT()\    STRINGS,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

68 

69 

68 

51 

27 

28 

WICK  LOW.   S.   DAK. 


1882      

773 

76 

as 

47 

28 

20 

1883 

0 

10 

43 

WOLSKY,  S.  DAK. 


1X80 

11 

n 

33 

48 

55 

67 

7t 

71 

55 

44 

23 

22 

43 

1X1)0 

4 

13 

•'ii 

49- 

55 

71 

7H 

70 

80 

46 

32 

24 

44 

iK'.n  

33 

6 

20 

48 

58 

66 

71 

70 

67 

47 

24 

22 

44 

Means  

13 

9 

26 

48 

56 

68 

74 

70 

61 

46 

26 

23 

43 

CE11TAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA8. 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  stations  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

WOONSOCKET,  S.  DAK. 


113 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June,. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Doc. 

Annual. 

1888  .. 

46 

51 

68 

75 

68 

50 

42 

91) 

22 

1889 

12 

10 

34 

49 

56 

67 

71 

72 

56 

44 

OS 

Ofi 

1890 

4 

13 

24 

49 

54 

69 

74 

68 

59 

44 

31 

OQ 

Means  

8 

12 

29 

48 

54 

68 

73 

69 

58 

43 

28 

24 

44 

YANKTON.  S.  DAK. 


1859  

* 

34 

14 

I860  

24 

30 

44 

52 

66 

72 

74 

74 

59 

52 

33 

16 

^n 

1861  

11 

25 

[32] 

[49] 

[58] 

1862  

70 

50 

32 

31 

1873  

40 

54 

73 

74 

77 

60 

46 

36 

20 

1874  

18 

19 

31 

44 

64 

71 

78 

73 

61 

49 

30 

23 

47 

1875  

0 

o 

23 

41 

61 

66 

70 

68 

60 

47 

26 

28 

43 

1876  

20 

21 

20 

46 

61 

66 

73 

72 

50 

45 

27 

12 

44 

1X77  

14 

34 

27 

45 

59 

65 

73 

70 

64 

47 

32 

32 

47 

1878  

23 

33 

44 

50 

54 

66 

75 

73 

60 

48 

39 

16 

4X 

1879  

16 

19 

36 

50 

63 

69 

75 

73 

60 

59 

35 

12 

47 

1880  

29 

22 

31 

47 

66 

70 

75 

73 

62 

46 

24 

15 

47 

1881  

6 

14 

22 

39 

65 

72 

75 

77 

60 

49 

32 

33 

45 

1882  

23 

29 

34 

48 

54 

68 

69 

72 

64 

53 

35 

19 

47 

1883  

7 

17 

30 

48 

53 

67 

72 

71 

59 

46 

35 

24 

44 

1884  

14 

12 

29 

44 

60 

72 

71 

69 

64 

54 

34 

12 

45 

1885  

9 

13 

33 

47 

57 

67 

73 

66 

62 

47 

35 

27 

45 

1886 

5 

23 

''X 

48 

62 

68 

76 

73 

62 

55 

31 

14 

45 

18X7 

8 

11 

34 

51 

64 

71 

74 

60 

62 

47 

35 

17 

4^ 

1XXX 

5 

93 

24 

48 

52 

69 

76 

71 

63 

49 

36 

20 

i^ 

I  XX!) 

20 

18 

39 

52 

60 

69 

73 

73 

61 

50 

32 

34 

48 

1890 

11 

''1 

29 

51 

56 

71 

76 

70 

62 

50 

39 

31 

47 

1891 

27 

12 

93 

51 

58 

65 

70 

T601 

68 

52 

30 

31 

46 

Menus  

14 

20 

31 

47 

59 

69 

74 

72 

62 

50 

33 

22 

46 

Mean  monthly  and  annual  temperatures  at  tioo  stations  in  Minnesota. 
MOOEHEAD,  MINN. 


1881  

—  3 

7 

19 

34 

60 

65 

71 

68 

53 

40 

20 

20 

38 

1882  

6 

17 

19 

39 

51 

63 

65 

69 

58 

46 

26 

6 

30 

1883  

—10 

3 

14 

39 

48 

62 

66 

63 

53 

40 

23 

6 

34 

1884   

—  4 

4 

15 

39 

54 

69 

64 

64 

57 

44 

25 

6 

36 

1885  

—  1 

3 

22 

41 

53 

62 

68 

60 

56 

41 

28 

15 

37 

1886  

—  7 

8 

24 

46 

56 

63 

70 

67 

54 

48 

22 

o 

38 

1887  

—  9 

—  2 

22 

41 

60 

68 

69 

63 

56 

38 

26 

6 

37 

1888 

9 

4 

12 

38 

48 

64 

69 

63 

57 

43 

29 

20 

37 

1889 

10 

0 

33 

45 

52 

64 

67 

60 

54 

44 

25 

20 

40 

1890 

—  1 

5 

18 

45 

48 

68 

69 

63 

55 

45 

33 

19 

39 

1891 

14 

2 

14 

47 

54 

g2 

63 

65 

62 

45 

20 

18 

39 

Menu  

i 

4 

19 

41 

53 

65 

67 

65 

56 

43 

25 

12 

37 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1X84 
188T. 
1886 
1887 
1888 


52 

4"0 

16 

2 

—  6 

9 

19 

31 

58 

02 

69 

66 

K1 

37 

16 

14 

36 

0 

7 

12 

33 

48 

59 

62 

66 

55 

49 

24 

5 

34 

—13 

o 

0 

34 

46 

61 

62 

60 

51 

37 

18 

1 

30 

g 

S 

11 

36 

53 

gg 

61 

£9 

K,l 

49 

99 

1 

33 

to 

4 

15 

37 

51 

59 

63 

KG 

KQ 

j-rt 

9S 

12 

34 

—11 

5 

18 

44 

55 

62 

69 

C4 

50 

46 

19 

1 

35 

13 

^ 

16 

38 

58 

65 

66 

fii 

CK 

^ 

20 

2 

33 

—14 

0 

8 

3.5 

46 

63 

flfi 

A1 

KB 

-11 

2fi 

15 

88 

Ex.  157—15 


114 


CKUTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATU11ES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Mean  monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  at  two  stations  in  Minnesota — Continued. 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN.— Continued. 


Fear. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1889 

7 

—  3 

30 

43 

50 

63 

65 

66 

52 

40 

24 

11 

37 

1890  

—10 

—  3 

12 

41 

45 

69 

69 

60 

51 

42 

28 

19 

35 

1891    

11 

—  3 

12 

44 

51 

(il 

61 

62 

58 

43 

19 

13 

36 

Mean  

-  6 

^ 

15 

38 

51 

63 

65 

62 

53 

40 

22 

8 

34 

Mean  monthly  and  annual  temperatures  at  three  stations  in  Nebraska. 
HAY  SPRINGS,  NEBR. 


18S« 

10 

29 

28 

41 

59 

64 

75 

69 

58 

47 

26 

20 

44 

1XX7 

17 

14 

37 

44 

56 

66 

71 

BE 

59 

40 

29 

18 

43 

1888 

9 

28 

25 

48 

49 

67 

71 

65 

60 

44 

30 

28 

44 

1889 

21 

19 

37 

47 

52 

64 

70 

70 

55 

47 

28 

32 

45 

1890 

12 

23 

33 

46 

53 

55 

74 

68 

60 

45 

34 

28 

45 

1891 

25 

11 

22 

46 

55 

c60 

66 

68 

61 

46 

31 

27 

43 

Mean  

16 

21 

30 

.  45 

54 

64 

71 

68 

59 

45 

30 

26 

44 

FORT  ROBINSON,  NEBR. 


1883   .. 

72 

71 

60 

41 

28 

31 

1884     

23 

18 

32 

42 

57 

72 

74 

70 

88 

54 

38 

12 

46 

1885     .  .  . 

19 

23 

37 

47 

58 

66 

74 

71 

63 

49 

41 

34 

48 

1886 

16 

34 

33 

47 

66 

68 

78 

71 

56 

50 

32 

25 

48 

1887 

21 

18 

41 

•19 

61 

72 

71 

68 

63 

45 

34 

'M 

47 

1888 

17 

32 

28 

53 

52 

T671 

73 

65 

61 

48 

37 

36 

I47T 

1889 

26 

27 

43 

50 

53 

65 

70 

71 

58 

52 

32 

38 

49 

1890  

16 

28 

37 

48 

ft 

67 

76 

70 

61 

49 

33 

1891  

29 

16 

25 

48 

57 

62 

67 

70 

68 

4!) 

34 

Mean  .  .  . 

21 

24 

34 

48 

57 

67 

73 

70 

61 

'I'l 

36 

39 

47 

VALENTINE,  NEBR. 


1885  

60 

'16 

37 

IXXfi  

7 

27 

27 

1  1 

61 

65 

76 

72 

(ill 

52 

30 

19 

45 

1XX7 

15 

13 

36 

47 

61 

70 

72 

67 

45 

ixxx        

9 

28 

35 

50 

M 

68 

74 

68 

61 

l'43  1 

11 

34 

rl'^i 

1889 

25 

25 

1  1 

52 

55 

66 

72 

73 

r>x 

50 

32 

'ill 

49 

1X9(1 

11 

23 

50 

55 

69 

76 

69 

62 

49 

38 

32 

AT 

28 

13 

•>•> 

48 

57 

64 

68 

69 

65 

51 

'i'i 

31 

Aft 

Mean  

16 

22 

31 

48 

57 

67 

73 

70 

61 

48 

35 

29 

40 

Mean  monthly  and  annual  temperature*  at  one  station  in  Iowa. 
SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA. 


1857  

71 

/.in; 

27 

9R 

1868 

98 

14 

11 

44 

54 

71 

73 

70 

6'' 

J.Q 

97 

1O 

1859  

L'l 

1861 

9 

19 

''X 

•17 

55 

70 

70 

CO 

AJ 

01 

1862 

7 

17 

S3 

38 

59 

68 

73 

i;'i 

fi9 

An 

09 

1864  

22 

19 

32 

22 

1865  

15 

28 

31 

45 

61 

1878  

*29 

*39 

*51 

"-,'.< 

1889  

76 

73 

61 

50 

33 

yc 

1890 

14 

23 

''8 

52 

58 

79 

7ft 

RQ 

ft9 

1891  

28 

13 

25 

53 

59 

58 

(I'l 

£8 

rn 

OA 

01 

Mean  

19 

22 

34 

48 

58 

70 

73 

70 

63 

49 

31 

27 

47 

*  Mean  temperature*  from  one  observation  daily  at  noon. 


APPENDIX  No.  41. 

Jformnl  monthly  and  annual  temperatures  from  the  stations  of  longest  record. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

AbercronibU',  Fort 

4 
4 
5 
5 
6 
—  0.5 
10 
3 

6 
10 
—  3 
0.2 
4 
—  2 
6 

8 
8 
10 
10 
4 
4 
7 
2 
10 
16 
10 
6 
10 
5 
11 

16 
21 
22 
22 
26 
20 
26 
14 
17 
25 
24 
14 
20 
17 
26 

39 
41 
42 
42 
46 
41 
46 
37 
42 
42 
40 
36 
40 
38 
46 

59 
56 
55 
55 
54 
45 
50 
53 
59 
58 
52 
57 
57 
54 
57 

70 
66 
64 
65 
66 
66 
64 
63 
67 
68 
61 
63 
66 
64 
69 

73 
71 
69 
70 
70 
66 
70 
68 
70 
75 
70 
70 
71 
68 
73 

70 
70 
67 
67 
66 
67 
67 
64 
66 
70 
65 
68 
68 
66 
70 

59 
58 
57 
55 
55 
53 
54 
54 
58 
58 
56 
56 
55 
55 
62 

44 
45 
44 
43 
43 
41 
39 
40 
40 
45 
45 
40 
42 
42 
47 

26 
27 
26 
26 
26 
26 
29 
») 
24 
26 
29 
19 
24 
23 
30 

10 
14 
15 
13 
20 
17 
18 
6 
11 
16 
11 
14 
9 
8 

IX 

40 
-40 
40 
39 
40 
37 
40 
35 
39 
42 
38 
37 
39 
36 
43 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort 

Bismarck  ....   _  . 

Buford,  Fort 

Davenport  _  . 

(Tallatiu  

New  England  Citv 

Pembina,  Fort  .. 

Ransom,  Fort 

Rice,  Fort  .  . 

Richardton  . 

Seward,  Fort.. 

Stevenson,  Fort 

Tottcn,  Fort  .. 

Yates,  Fort  . 

Means  .  .  

3 

8 

21 

41    55 

65 

70 

67 

56 

43 

25 

13 

39 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 
Alexandria  

10 
12 
13 
21 
12 
7 
13 
18 
16 
13 
16 
20 
3 
13 
12 
4 
8 
14 

10 
15 
]0 
23 
16 
12 
10 
21 
22 
14 
22 
22 
8 
18 
16 
9 
12 
20 

26 
30 
24 
32 
28 
27 
25 
31 
32 
28 
32 
33 
19 
28 
30 
25 
29 
31 

46 
47 
47 
40 
46 
46 
47 
44 
46 
48 
47 
46 
40 
46 
50 
46 
48 
47 

54 
57 
54 
50 
60 
66 
55 
54 
60 
56 
61 
53 
55 
59 
60 
56 
54 
59 

67 
68 
65 
60 
70 
66 
68 
65 
69 
67 
71 
64 
65 
69 
69 
69 
68 
69 

71 
72 
69 
65 
73 
71 
71 
71 
73 
72 
76 
71 
70 
75 
76 
73 
73 
74 

60 
71 
66 
65 
74 
68 
68 
70 
73 
69 
74 
71 
67 
72 
70 
70 
69 
72 

64 
61 
59 
54 
61 
59 
60 
59 
61 
60 
63 
61 
57 
62 
61 
62 
58 
62 

49 
47 
44 
44 
49 
46 
46 

•IS 

46 
48 

50 
48 
43 
49 
62 
48 
43 
50 

32 
30 
27 
33 
30 
30 
27 
33 
30 
30 
33 
34 
25 
31 
35 
31 
28 
33 

22 
20 
24 
23 
16 
19 
25 
24 
17 
32 
22 
31 
10 
20 
26 
18 
24 
22 

43 
44 
42 
42 
45 
42 
43 
45 
45 
44 
47 
46 
38 
45 
46 
43 
44 
46 

Hennett,  Fort  . 

lirookings  

Headwood  

Male,  Fort  

Huron  

Kimbnll  

Meade,  Fort  

Olivet  

Parkston  

Randall,  Forl  .  . 

Rapid  City  

Sisseton,  Fort.  .  . 

Sully,  Fort  

Vermillion  

Webster  

Woonsockct 

Yankton  

Means  

13 

16 

28 

46 

56 

67 

72 

70 

60 

47 

31 

22 

44 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead  

——  1 

-  6 
19 

16 
21 
16 

4 
—  1 

22 

21 
24 
22 

19 
15 

34 

30 
34 
31 

41 

38 

48 

45 
48 
48 

53 
61 

58 

54 

57 
57 

65 
63 

70 

64 
67 
67 

67 
65 

73 

71 
73 
73 

65 
62 

70 

68 
70 
70 

56 
53 

63 

59 
61 
61 

43 

40 

49 

45 
49 

48 

1 

25 
22 

31 

30 
36 

35 

12 

8 

27 

26 
29 
29 

37 
34 

47 

44 
47 
46 

St.  Vincent  

IOWA. 

Sioux  City  

NEBRASKA. 

Hay  Springs  

Robinson,  Fort  

Valentine  

115 


APPENDIX  No.  42. 
Temperature  normals  (degrees  Fahrenheit),  Wwitlur  llnrmu,  10  years,  1881  to  1890. 

[Computed  from  the  averages  of  the  readings  of  scll'-r*-^i^l''i  ini;  maximum  ;unl  mini  mum  thermometers.] 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

Bismarck 

1 

8 

24 

43 

54 

65 

70 

68 

57 

44 

29 

14 

40 

Buford,  Fort 

0.2 

g 

25 

44 

54 

65 

70 

68 

56 

44 

28 

13 

•40 

0  6 

8 

24 

44 

54 

65 

70 

liS 

56 

44 

28 

14 

40 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

Deadwood 

14 

23 

33 

46 

54 

66 

71 

68 

60 

50 

36 

27 

46 

Huron  .  . 

5 

12 

29 

47 

55 

67 

72 

69 

60 

47 

31 

18 

43 

Sully,  Fort 

6 

14 

30 

49 

.">7 

69 

76 

72 

63 

50 

34 

21 

45 

Yankton 

11 

19 

31 

48 

59 

70 

74 

72 

63 

"id 

36 

•>l 

46 

9 

17 

31 

48 

56 

68 

73 

70 

62 

•I') 

•;| 

•;•> 

45 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead 

—  3 

4 

20 

41 

53 

68 

67 

62 

54 

42 

25 

11 

37 

St.  Vincent 

—  8 

_  l 

15 

37 

51 

63 

66 

63 

53 

40 

''2 

6 

34 

APPENDIX  No.  43. 
Temperature  normals  (degrees  Fahrenheit),  naxr^x  tables,  8  years,  1879  to  1SS6. 

[Computed  from  synchronous  observations,  at  7  a.  m.,  3,  and  1!  p.  in.) 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

.rune. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

NORTH    DAKOTA. 

Bismarck  

2 

9 

23 

40 

56 

65 

69 

67 

56 

43 

96 

12 

39 

Bnford,  Fort  

2 

g 

24 

41 

55 

65 

68 

66 

54 

42 

26 

12 

39 

Means  

2 

g 

24 

40 

56 

65 

68 

66 

55 

42 

26 

12 

39 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

Dead\vood  

20 

22 

31 

39 

50 

60 

65 

64 

54 

44 

32 

24 

42 

Huron  .  . 

7 

13 

28 

44 

57 

67 

70 

68 

58 

46 

29 

15 

42 

Sully,  Fort  

g 

15 

X 

45 

59 

68 

73 

68 

57 

•Hi 

30 

18 

43 

Yankton  

13 

18 

30 

46 

60 

69 

73 

71 

62 

50 

33 

'>0 

45 

Means  

12 

17 

30 

44 

56 

66 

70 

68 

58 

46 

31 

19 

43 

MINNESOTA, 

Moorhead 

1 

5 

19 

<*Q 

KK 

CK 

i;s 

Kf, 

KK 

42 

24 

g 

37 

St.  Vincent  

7 

0 

14 

35 

53 

63 

65 

62 

53 

40 

20 

5 

33 

116 


APPENDIX  No.  44. 
Temperature  normals  (degrees  Fahrenheit),  Weather  Bureau,  9  years,  1881  to  1880. 

[Computed  from  synchronous  observations  at  7  a.  in.  and  11  p.  in.,  from  1881  to  1888,  combined  with  S  a.  in.  ami  S  p.  in.  observations  for  188Dj 
reducing  the  former  to  tbe  latter  by  applying  corrections  lor  diurnal  variation.] 


Stations. 

.Ian. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

NORTH    DAKOTA. 

Bismarck 

_  1 

6 

22 

41 

55 

66 

70 

68 

56 

42 

25 

14 

39 

Buford,  Fort  . 

-  1 

6 

24 

42 

53 

65 

68 

66 

53 

40 

24 

12 

38 

Means 

-  1 

6 

23 

42 

54 

66 

69 

ti7 

54 

41 

24 

13 

88 

SOUTH    DAKOTA. 

Dead  wood  .  . 

16 

21 

31 

42 

51 

62 

67 

65 

56 

44 

32 

26 

4;) 

Huron  .... 

6 

11 

26 

43 

56 

6(i 

70 

67 

56 

44 

27 

16 

41 

Sully,  Fort     

6 

14 

28 

46 

56 

68 

73 

70 

58 

44 

28 

18 

42 

Yauktoii  

10 

16 

29 

46 

58 

70 

74 

72 

60 

48 

32 

21 

•15 

Means  

10 

16 

28 

44 

55 

66 

71 

68 

58 

45 

30 

20 

43 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead  .  .. 

—  4 

2 

19 

40 

54 

65 

68 

65 

54 

41 

23 

10 

;;i; 

St.  Vincent    

—10 

—  2 

14 

35 

52 

64 

66 

62 

50 

38 

20 

6 

33 

APPENDIX  No.  45. 
Monthly  and  annual  mean  temperatures  from  certain  selected  stations. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

lire-. 

Anniitil. 

Yours 

ol'  rrr- 
ord. 

ABsinaboine   Fort   Mont 

7 
14 

6 

15 
21 
15 
12 
15 
—  5 
8 
14 

12 
—  2 
3 
—11 
—  8 

9 

—  8 
—26 
—22 

14 
21 
12 
22 
28 
23 
19 
20 
3 
16 
22 

14 

7 
10 
—  6 
—  2 
8 
—  2 
—18 
—17 

30 
34 
22 
32 
33 
34 
29 
30 
24 
27 
33 

28 
25 
28 
12 
16 
24 
12 
—11 
—  7 

44 
46 
38 
49 
43 
43 
47 
41 
43 
46 
43 

38 
40 
44 
34 
37 
42 
35 
11 
17 

53 
55 
49 

61 

55 
50 

60 
50 

.").") 
59 
52 

49 
50 
54 
48 
50 
50 
52 
25 
35 

63 
65 
58 
69 
67 
60 
60 
59 
66 
68 
63 

56 
56 
62 
58 
60 
60 
62 
40 
52 

68 

72 
66 

74 
74 
C7 
73 
66 
69 
72 
70 

60 
60 
66 
62 
62 
65 
66 
56 
62 

66 
70 
64 
71 
70 
66 
70 
64 
65 
70 
69 

58 
58 
64 
58 
61 
63 
64 
52 
54 

55 
59 
GO 
63 
58 
57 
63 
54 
56 
60 
57 

50 
49 
55 
49 
50 
53 
52 
40 
42 

43 
47 
45 
51 
45 
44 
50 
43 
43 
48 
43 

41 
40 
44 
36 

38 
42 
38 
24 
28 

29 
32 
89 
36 
33 
30 
SB 
34 
26 
31 
26 

29 
24 
29 
20 
21 
26 
18 
7 
6 

19 
23 
17 
21 
24 
24 
23 
25 
8 
18 
24 

16 
10 
16 
2 
5 
12 
3 
—13 
—13 

11 
44 
38 
47 
46 
43 
46 
42 
39 
43 
43 

38 
35 
40 
30 
32 
37 
33 
16 
20 

9 
9 
<i 
!l 
13 
•I 
9 
6 
5 
«l 
12 

6 
7 
7 
7 
7 
5 
17 
3 
9 

Fetterman    Fort   Wvo 

Helena,  Mont 

La  Crosse,  Wis  . 

Ma<rinnis    Fort,  Mont 

Poplar  River,  Mont,            

St.  Paul,  Minn     

Washakie   Fort   Wvo 

CANADIAN   STATIONS. 

Calvary 

Medicine  Hat       

Miunedosa     .. 

Qu'Appello          ...  

Swift  Current  

Churchill    Fort 

York  Factorv  

117 


APPENDIX  No.  46. 
Mean  annual  temperatures,  with  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations,  in  degrees  FaJirenJidt. 

[The  mean  annual  deviation  is  obtained  by  dividing  half  the  sum  of  the  excesses  and  deficiencies,  neglecting  the  algebraic  signs,  by  the  mean 

aunual  temperature.] 


Stations. 

Mean 
annual. 

1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1805. 

NOIiTII     DAKOTA. 

40 

-i-O 

4-0 

j-1 

4-2 

_LO 

40 

40 

Buford  Fort 

39 

35 

Rice  Fort 

42 

1 

39 

Totten  Fort 

36 

Yates  Fort                     

43 

SOUTH   JMKOTA. 

44 

42 

Hale,  Fort            

45 

Huron 

43 

43 

45 

Randall  Fort 

47 

—3 

4-0 

J-0 

J-2 

+1 

_1 

-1-1 

4-3 

46 

Sisseton,  Fort 

38 

Sully,  Fort 

45 

Webster 

43 

46 

-1-4 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead  

37 

St   Vincent 

34 

NEBRASKA. 

Hay  Springs  

44 

Robinson,  Fort  .   .   . 

47 

Valentine  .         ... 

46 

Annual  sums 

42 

—3 

-t-6 

j-1 

—  1 

4-2 

4-5 

4-2 

Annual  sums  North  Dakota 

39 

i  0 

4-0 

_i_l 

4-2 

4-2 

Annual  sums  South  Dakota  .  .  . 

44 

—3 

±0 

±o 

+6 

+1 

+1 

+3 

118 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  119 

Mean  annual  temperalm-cx,  irith  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations,  etc. — Continued. 


Stations. 

1866. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

NORTH    DAKOTA. 

-t-0 

j-0 

+  3 

±o 

1 

—  2 

+  1 

—  2 

+  3 

5 

+3 

+2 

+  2 

+0 

—1 

-  3 

±  o 

—  3 

I 

—  2 

t  ° 

—  a 

Rice  Fort 

+  1 

+  1 

—1 

2 

+_  o 

+  2 

—  3 

+2 

+  2 

±0 

.  i 

-2 

±0 

—  5 

Totten  Fort                       

+  * 

±0 

—1 

—  2 

±o 

—  4 

-. 

SOUTH    DAKOTA. 

| 

Hale   Fort 

Kimb'ill 

Randall    Fort      ".  

1 

±0 

+1 

+  3 

+2 

+1 

±  o 

+  2 

—  4 

+  1 

+  3 

+1 

-t-0 

—  1 

+  2 

g 

Sully  Fort                

±o 

+  4 

+4 

-J-0 

—  1 

+  2 

-  4 

+  1 

—  5 

MINNESOTA.                ' 

St   Vincent 

NEltKASKA. 

—1 

+5 

+5 

+22 

+6 

—6 

—13 

+i:s 

-46 

-i-O 

-1-5 

+3 

+12 

1 

—  7 

—11 

+  6 

—30 

Annual  sums  South  Dakota  ..  . 

—1 

±0 

+2 

+10 

+7 

+1 

—  2 

+  7 

—16 

120  CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  f)AKOTAy. 

Mean  annual  tempcralitrctt.  iritli  annual  and  mean  annual  deriations,  etc. — Continued. 


Stations. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

Abercrombie,  Fort                     .  .. 

—  3 

4-  0 

4-  4 

+  6 

4-0 

4-  0 

<> 

0 

-3 

4-  2 

+  5 

±0 

2 

_(-0 

+  1 

2 

0 

Btil'ord   Fort 

—  2 

+  5 

J_0 

'> 

4-0 

-4-  2 

3 

•} 

3 

+  2 

+  6 

2 

—2 

4-0 

-4-  0 

+  5 

±8 

—1 

4-0 

4-  1 

Totten    Fort 

—  2 

+  4 

+  8 

4-1 

j-1 

4-  2 

» 

|        Q 

Yates  Fort 

±  0 

1 

•J 

SOUTH  DAKOTA.       • 

Bennett  Fort     .  .            .  -• 

4-0 

4-  2 

2 

0 

—1 

_i_  i 

n 

Hale  Fort                                      

-fi 

4-0 

—  1 

±2 

3 

Huron  

4-  2 

1 

1 

Kimball  

_i_l 

i    0 

±|) 

1 

_L   1 

4-  3 

-LI 

ID 

I 

J-  1 

V 

0 

Rapid  City      

_L    1 

Sisseton,  Fort  

_j_  2 

1 

Sully,  Fort 

-f    1 

4-  * 

+1 

4-0 

3 

_i_  3 

I 

Webster  

1 

•  » 

Yaukton 

—  2 

4.    1 

4-  2 

4-1 

.LI 

j 

-1-  1 

Q 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead  

4-1 

-4-  2 

3 

1 

St.  Vincent  

4-2 

4-  0 

4 

J 

NEBRASKA. 
Hay  Springs  

Robinson,  Fort  

Valentine  

Annual  sums  .   . 

—19 

+25 

:i4 

4-2 

•  -6 

4-0 

4-23 

30 

07 

An  1111:1]  Hums  North  Dakota   ... 

—16 

4-22 

j_25 

2 

g 

_4_1 

-4-  fi 

10 

tj 

Annual  sums  South  Dakota 

—  3 

J_  3 

_L  9 

-4-4 

4-0 

5 

4-1  Pi 

IK 

~\f\ 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS.  121 

Mean  annual  temper  attires,  with  annual  and  mean  annual  deviations,  etc. — Continued. 


Stations. 

1885. 

1886. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Abso- 
lute va- 
riation. 

Mean 
vari- 
ation. 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

-j-O 

Per  cent. 
.02 

4-0 

_j_0 

—  3 

4-  2 

+  1 

+0.5 

.03 

Bismarck              

±0 

±0 

—  2 

k   —  1 

4-  3 

+  1 

+  1 

—0.2 

.04 

Buford,  Fort  

+1 

+1 

-1 

*   -1 

+  * 

+  1 

+  2 

+0.3 

.04 

4-0 

4-0 

—  1 

4-  3 

+  1 

+  9 

+0.9 

.05 

+0.3 

.03 

—0.7 

.03 

Totten  Fort 

1 

4-0 

—  -_2 

—  1 

+  5 

+1.0 

.05 

Yates  Fort 

-1-0 

±0 

—  1 

—  2 

+  3 

+  1 

+  1 

^0.2 

.02 

SOUTH    DAKOTA. 

4-  2 

+  2 

+0.2 

.03 

-1-1 

+2 

4.  i 

—0.4 

.03 

Hale  Fort 

—0.3 

.05 

4-0 

+6 

-  1 

^ 

4-  2 

+  1 

+  1 

+0.3 

.02 

Kimball 

.{-  0 

+  1 

±0.0 

.01 

-1-0 

+1 

4-  0 

4-  i 

+  1 

+  1 

^0.2 

.(fe 

Randall,  Fort 

±0 

+1 

±0 

1 

4-  2 

+  2 

4-  0 

+0.2 

.02 

Rapid  City           .                          ... 

•  2 

+  1 

+  1 

±0 

—0.2 

.02 

4-0 

+2 

4-  0 

4-  0 

+0.4 

.02 

Sully   Fort 

-)-l 

±o 

1 

4-  2 

+  1 

+  1 

+0.5 

.03 

Webster    .... 

40 

-j-O 

A 

2 

4-  1 

+  1 

—1.0 

.02 

Yankton  

i 

—    1 

j 

4-  2 

+  1 

±  o 

—0.1 

.03 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorliead  

40 

4-1 

+_  o 

±  o 

4-  3 

+  2 

+  2 

+0.4 

.03 

St.  Vincent  

±0 

+1 

J 

4-  3 

+  1 

+  2 

+0.1 

.04 

NEBRASKA. 

40 

—  1 

4-  0 

4-  1 

+  1 

j 

±0 

.01 

-)-l 

4-1 

4-  0 

4-  0 

4-  2 

+0.5 

.01 

4-  3 

+  1 

±  o 

+0.6 

.02 

Annual  sums       ... 

4-2 

48 

—19 

—15 

+45 

+19 

420 

+2.9 

.03 

Annual  sums  North  Dakota       

4-0 

41 

—  1» 

—  5 

+20 

+  5 

+13 

+1.9 

.03 

Annual  SIMMS  South  Dakota        

+1 

45 

—  6 

—  8 

+13 

+  9 

+  4 

^0.6 

.02 

S.  Ex.  145 16 


APPENDIX  tfo.  47. 
Maximum  and  minimum  and  mean  annual  ranges  of  temperature. 


.States  and  stations. 


Temperature  ranges. 


Highest.     Lowest. 


Mean 
annual. 


Length  of 
record. 


X«l:TII    DAKOTA. 


Bismarck 

Buford,  Fort 

Pembina,  Fort 

Kiclitirdton 

Tot  ten,  Fort 

Yatcs,  Fort 

SOl.'Tll    DAKOTA. 

Dead  wood 

Huron 

Olivet 

Randall,  Fort 

Rapid  City 

Sisseton,  Fort 

Sully,  Fort 

Webster 

Vankton 

MINNESOTA. 

Moorhead 

St.  Vincent 

NEBRASKA. 

Robinson,  Fort 

Valentine 

SIII.KCTED   STATIONS. 

Assinnaboine,  Fort,  Munt 

Duluth,  Minn 

Helena,  Mont 

McKinney.  Fort,  Wyo . 

Poplar  River,  Mont 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

Washakie,  Fort,  Wyo 

('  \  X  A  1)1  A  X.  STATIONS. 

Calgary 

Churchill,  Fort 

Kilinonton 

Medicine  Hat 

Minnedosa 

yu  'Appelle 

Refjina 

Swift  Current 

Winnipeg 


141 

154 
151 
146 
148 
151 


124 

142 
136 
145 
130 
141 
144 
146 
133 


145 
146 


140 
138 


157 
135 
140 
131 
159 
135 
141 


134 
124 
144 
158 
155 
141 
156 
146 
148 


120 
116 
122 
127 
120 
128 


106 
114 
118 
103 
117 
112 
110 
128 
108 


127 
132 


115 
121 


120 
110 
108 
109 
146 
109 
114 


116 
119 
135 
130 
134 
130 
143 
121 
129 


132 
141 
137 
135 
133 
138 


116 
131 

126 
129 
124 
126 
132 
138 
119 


134 

138 


127 
128 


137 
120 
122 
118 
155 
123 
124 


125 
121 
140 
143 
141 
137 
148 
133 
138 


1875-1891 
1867-1891 
1872-1891 
1884-1887 
1870-1890 
1882-1891 


1879-1887 
1882-1891 
1878-1XX2 
1860-1 89 1 
1888-1891 
1869-1X88 
1869-1 S91 
1883-1891 
1874-1891 


1881-1891 
1881-1890 


1884-1891 
1886-1891 


1881-1891 
1873-1891 
1881-1X91 
18S8-1891 
1884-1888 
1873-1891 
1888-1890 


1885-1890 
1885-1887 
1883-1886 
1884-1890 
1883-1890 
1883-1890 
1885-1889 
1886-1890 
1883-1890 


122 


APPENDIX  No.  48. 
Average  monthly  absolute-rouges  of  temperature. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Length  of  record. 

FortBnford,  N.  Dak.. 
Bismarck,  N.  Dak  
Ft.  Stevenson,  N.  Dak. 
St.  Vincent,  Jliun  
FortTotten,  N.  Dak.. 
Fort  Yates,  N.  Dak... 
Moorliead,  Minn 

80 
73 
71 
75 
73 
77 
73 

79 
73 
74 
75 
73 
78 
75 

75 
70 
66 
68 
59 
72 
65 

67 
64 
69 

74 
70 
68 
69 

64 
58 
55 
61 
57 
60 
61 

56 
53 
54 
56 
53 
59 
55 

53 
50 

50 
49 
47 
51 
48 

59 

55 
53 
57 
52 
59 
56 

62 
61 
59 
60 
59 
65 
61 

64 
61 
59 
59 
59 
65 
58 

70 
68 
62 
68 
68 
71 
68 

73 
69 
70 
71 
66 
67 
66 

67 
63 
62 
64 
61 
66 
63 

1879-1891 
1875-1891 
1879-1882 
1881-1891 
Jnly  1880-Dec.     1890 
1883-1891 
1881-1891 

Fort  Bennett,  S.  Dak. 

Dead  wood,  S.  Dak... 
Huron,  S.  Dak 

75 

70 
73 

79 

73 
76 

74 

61 
71 

65 

53 
64 

60 

50 
58 

56 

50 
54 

54 

47 
50 

59 

50 
53 

62 

52 
62 

64 

58 
61 

67 

62 
70 

73 

67 
71 

66 

58 
63 

^Sept.  1880-Nov.    1885 
JFeb.  1889-Oct.     1891 
1878-1887 
July  1881-1891 

Fort  Meade,  S.  Dak.. 
Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak... 
Yankton,'S.  Dak  

76 
72 
70 

86 
78 
71 

71 
73 
70 

04 
64 
64 

62 

60 
55 

54 
54 
49 

52 
54 
45 

58 
58 

48 

59 
64 

57 

63 
66 
62 

73 
70 
67 

75 
69 
68 

66 
65 
60 

Jan.   1883-Dec.     1891 
Jan.   1883-Jmie    1891 
Apr.   1873-1891 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak... 
Ft.Pemoina,N.  Dak.. 
Fort  Randall,  S.  Dak. 
Valentine  Nebr 

73 
73 
78 
78 

77 
72 
78 
78 

73 
69 
75 

78 

66 

72 
68 
68 

58 
62 
60 
61 

53 
57 
55 
51 

48 
51 
53 
51 

53 
56 
57 
56 

60 
62 
67 
62 

57 
66 
69 
65 

68 
73 
76 
76 

67 
71 
76 
73 

66 
65 
68 
66 

1888-1891 
Nov.  1872-Dec.     1891 
Jan.   1872-Dec.     1891 
Sept.  1885-Dec.     1891 

Webster  S  Dak 

74 

83 

79 

69 

61 

53 

50 

57 

68 

67 

79 

77 

68 

June  1882-Dec.     1891 

Fort  Robinson,  Nebr.  . 

72 

81 

71 

64 

65 

53 

56 

59 

60 

66 

76 

71 

66 

1884-1891 

Means 

74 

77 

71 

66 

.   59 

54 

50 

56 

61 

63 

70 

71 

64 

APPENDIX  No.  49. 
Monthly  and  annual  mean  daily  temperature  ranges. 


Bismarck,  N.  Dak  
Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak. 
Dead  wood,  S.  Dak... 
Huron  S  Dak 

22 
23 
23 
23 

22 
23 
21 
22 

20 
22 
20 
20 

23 
24 
19 

25 

23 
26 
20 
25 

23 
25 
21 
24 

23 
27 
21 
24 

25 
29 
22 
25 

25 
29 
22 
26 

22 
24 
20 
25 

21 
22 
20 
23 

20 
21 
18 
21 

22 
25 
21 
24 

1877-1891 
1879-1891 
1878-1887 
July  1881-Dec.     1891 

Alimrhead,  Minn  
St.  Vincent,  Minn  
Yankton,  S.  Dak  
Fort  Bennett,  S.  Dak. 
Rapid  City,  S.  Dak... 
Ft.  Stevenson,  N.Dak. 

Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak... 
Valentine,  Nebr 

21 
21 
21 
26 
22 
20 

20 
25 

22 
22 
21 
25 
22 
21 

20 

25 

20 
23 
21 
24 
22 
21 

21 
24 

22 
22 
23 
24 
24 
22 

24 
25 

25 
25 

21 
24 
22 
23 

25 
24 

23 
24 
21 
24 
22 
24 

24 
23 

23 
24 
21 
24 
22 
24 

27 
26 

24 
25 
22 
26 
25 
25 

26 
25 

24 
25 
24 
26 
27 
25 

27 
27 

21 
21 
23 
26 
24 
22 

26 

27 

19 
18 
21 
25 
24 
18 

24 
26 

19 
20 
19 
23 
23 
18 

21 
25 

22 
22 
22 
25 
23 
22 

24 
25 

1881-1891 
1877-1891 
1877-1891 
Oct.    1880-Nov.    1885 
1888-1891 
Feb.   1879-May     1883 
(Jan.           -Oct.     1877 
/Apr.  1885-June    1891 
Sept.  1885-Dec.     1891 

22 

22 

22 

23 

24 

23 

24 

25 

26 

23 

22 

21 

23 

123 


APPENDIX  No.  50. 

Oreatest  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  icith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  North  Dakota. 

BISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Jllllr. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Auuual. 

1885       .              .          

43 

39 

34 

39 

34 

32 

33 

36 

48 

40 

25 

47 

38 

1886 

4'2 

51 

40 

33 

39 

36 

35 

37 

40 

43 

44 

4« 

41 

1887 

57 

47 

35 

37 

43 

34 

37 

40 

39 

36 

43 

30 

40 

1888 

:i7 

49 

12 

44 

37 

36 

30 

40 

45 

46 

38 

40 

40 

1889 

48 

49 

•11 

40 

42 

37 

3x 

50 

4-' 

51 

45 

39 

44 

1890 

•Hi 

51 

42 

45 

46 

31 

15 

46 

45 

33 

41 

41 

43 

1891 

46 

r>i 

54 

40 

:)* 

37 

32 

39 

45 

40 

38 

28 

•11 

46 

49 

41 

40 

40 

35 

30 

41 

43 

42 

39 

40 

41 

BUFORD,  FORT,  N.  J)AK. 


1885                     .   . 

41 

32 

35 

42 

43 

35 

40 

37 

47 

44 

27 

36 

38 

1886 

48 

41 

43 

38 

39 

38 

38 

40 

43 

ts 

42 

47 

42 

1887 

51 

53 

39 

41 

44 

32 

43 

37 

39 

41 

3ll 

42 

42 

1888 

55 

II 

43 

36 

40 

40 

40 

43 

42 

36 

34 

1889  

48 

88 

41 

42 

37 

411 

48 

51 

48 

51 

43 

40 

45 

1890         

53 

40 

18 

44 

43 

37 

47 

43 

46 

38 

40 

33 

43 

1891  ...            .          ..     .. 

43 

43 

43 

42 

47 

38 

31 

41 

43 

39 

35 

37 

40 

Means                       .  . 

47 

43 

42 

42 

41 

38 

41 

41 

44 

43 

37 

38 

41 

TOTTEN,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1885 

43 

31 

40 

36 

35 

32 

35 

51 

39 

24 

44 

1886  

30 

49 

39 

33 

38 

38 

38 

39 

41 

43 

34  • 

4li 

40 

1887  

51 

36 

39 

44 

40 

32 

34 

27 

39 

33 

35 

50 

38 

1888     

30 

in 

33 

33 

35 

38 

31 

42 

44 

38 

40 

36 

30 

1889  

43 

Minns 

41 

39 

37 

38 

37 

35 

34 

36 

44 

38 

33 

44 

38 

YATES,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1887  

40 

45 

41 

39 

41 

47 

40 

47 

31 

1888  

45 

44 

42 

44 

38 

39 

41 

43 

49 

49 

38 

45 

43 

1889 

50 

42 

39 

45 

45 

46 

48 

40 

Means  ... 

42 

44 

41 

40 

43 

47 

45 

44 

39 

Oreatest  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  South  Dakota. 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


1885  ... 

31 

33 

25 

31 

31 

30 

32 

32 

34 

35 

34 

31 

32 

1886 

55 

28 

29 

30 

34 

31 

32 

32 

32 

30 

35 

39 

34 

1887 

36 

49 

30 

36 

29 

33 

36 

36 

35 

35 

40 

Means 

41 

37 

27 

30 

34 

30 

32 

33 

34 

33 

35 

37 

34 

124 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


125 


Greatest  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  South  Dakota — Continued. 

HURON,  S.  DAK.    ' 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juue. 

July. 

AIIR. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1  XX5                                   

39 

36 

3!) 

46 

42 

32 

33 

36 

40 

46 

30 

44 

39 

ISSli                                   

47 

47 

43 

45 

48 

37 

III 

43 

44 

111 

41 

44 

44 

1887                           

Hi 

43 

35 

45 

45 

35 

38 

33 

40 

47 

II 

54 

42 

18X8                         

II 

43 

41 

47 

38 

36 

37 

41 

52 

52 

43 

37 

42 

1XX!)                            

H; 

47 

44 

49 

30 

•is 

34 

43 

48 

44 

4X 

50 

46 

1SHO                 

40 

35 

32 

51 

43 

35 

41 

If, 

49 

51 

48 

42 

43 

1X1)1                 

53 

43 

39 

15 

42 

36 

33 

43 

50 

47 

40 

34 

42 

45 

42 

39 

47 

42 

37 

38 

41 

46 

48 

42 

44 

43 

PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 


RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


SULLY,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


801 

38 

39 

49 

47 

42 

31 

1888                                  

48 

56 

43 

44 

36 

34 

3!) 

34 

43 

48 

41 

40 

42 

IjjSO                                    

40 

37 

52 

40 

39 

41 

50 

41 

40 

41 

II 

44 

42 

]X<«)                                    

IX 

46 

39 

40 

40 

34 

38 

46 

45 

40 

IX 

37 

42 

180]                                

37 

45 

41 

43 

39 

36 

36 

39 

48 

44 

42 

39 

41 

Means        

43 

46 

44 

42 

38 

36 

41 

40 

44 

43 

44 

40 

42 

1887 

32 

35 

36 

38 

43 

44 

38 

1888          

49 

50 

46 

44 

38 

38 

38 

39 

46 

47 

44 

39 

43 

1889          

41 

45 

41 

38 

37 

42 

46 

44 

46 

45 

43 

38 

42 

1890      

41 

1!) 

42 

46 

47 

39 

39 

40 

48 

49 

45 

40 

'  44 

1891 

III 

46 

37 

41 

43 

32 

45 

48 

42 

42 

41 

37 

40 

40 

44 

46 

44 

39 

42 

1885          

33 

.'il> 

40 

42 

41 

27 

29 

28 

41 

43 

35 

40 

36 

1886          

40 

41 

33 

35 

38 

32 

38 

34 

39 

46 

37 

38 

38 

1887         

11 

SO 

42 

43 

39 

35 

32 

35 

32 

40 

42 

53 

39 

1888          

41 

46 

35 

42 

32 

29 

32 

31 

50 

48 

48 

37 

39 

188!)          

43 

41 

40 

44 

39 

38 

38 

33 

45 

42 

42 

38 

40 

1890      

44 

38 

35 

43 

36 

29 

32 

36 

44 

47 

45 

45 

40 

1891 

46 

40 

33 

45 

36 

33 

29 

36 

44 

35 

33 

42 

39 

37 

42 

39 

32 

33 

32 

41 

44 

41 

41 

39 

Greatest  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Minnesota. 

MOORHEAD,  MINN. 


1885  

35 

32 

39 

38 

34 

35 

31 

43 

41 

45 

29 

35 

36 

1X8H 

41 

53 

35 

36 

38 

34 

42 

42 

48 

42 

37 

1887 

51 

36 

30 

49 

48 

37 

36 

35 

40 

44 

40 

52 

42 

18XX 

40 

35 

31 

32 

40 

43 

35 

40 

46 

49 

36 

43 

39 

1889 

40 

41 

3fi 

50 

44 

40 

40 

42 

46 

44 

42 

34 

42 

1890           .  . 

51 

40 

33 

51 

42 

33 

41 

42 

44 

34 

40 

36 

41 

1891  ..      

41 

42 

41 

51 

46 

34 

33 

39 

44 

37 

40 

32 

40 

43 

40 

35 

44 

42 

37 

36 

40 

43 

43 

38 

38 

40 

126 


CKKTAIN  CLIMATIC  FKATULiKS  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Greatest  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Minnesota — Continued. 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


Year. 

.Ian. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

.IlltlC'. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1883    ..     

• 
40 

36 

39 

43 

34 

35 

31 

41 

40 

35 

25 

39 

36 

1886 

48 

37 

35 

37 

41 

44 

40 

44 

44 

46 

34 

37 

41 

1887 

42 

31 

38 

38 

49 

45 

40 

40 

51 

47 

42 

38 

42 

1888 

46 

43 

38 

32 

43 

46 

35 

43 

54 

42 

40 

37 

42 

1889 

34 

36 

37 

15 

47 

43 

45 

45 

48 

39 

37 

45 

42 

1890 

48 

49 

40 

45 

44 

43 

39 

45 

41 

33 

35 

36 

42 

1891 

38 

46 

38 

50 

52 

32 

38 

36 

47 

35 

40 

36 

41 

42 

40 

38 

41 

44 

41 

38 

42 

46 

40 

36 

38 

40 

Greatest  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Iowa. 

SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA. 


1889 

22 

30 

46 

38 

33 

:;i 

1890 

41 

35 

37 

44 

40 

29 

34 

34 

38 

41 

46 

38 

88 

1891   

46 

42 

28 

35 

33 

31 

32 

29 

43 

46 

29 

34 

36 

Means  ...  

43 

38 

32 

40 

36 

30 

29 

31 

42 

42 

36 

35 

36 

Greatest  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Nebraska. 

VALENTINE,  NEBR. 


86  .. 

50 

37 

43 

38 

36 

31 

40 

40 

46 

41 

.'!() 

40 

40 

87  

44 

49 

37 

16 

12 

40 

55 

58 

36 

II 

51 

:;<; 

45 

88   

48 

66 

47 

48 

38 

44 

42 

36 

48 

17 

IS 

89  

51 

53 

56 

49 

42 

41 

43 

II 

53 

IS 

43 

II 

47 

90   

42 

42 

39 

12 

46 

34 

12 

40 

46 

46 

52 

43 

43 

91        

43 

40 

49 

45 

38. 

33 

38 

38 

43 

17 

88 

39 

'ID 

Means    

47 

48 

45 

45 

40 

37 

42 

42 

45 

46 

45 

42 

•II 

*  APPENDIX  No.  51. 

Least  dally  ranges  of  temperature,  icith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  North  Dakota. 

BISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1885   

9 

7 

7 

4 

12 

10 

10 

6 

11 

6 

7 

10 

8 

1886   

11 

8 

8 

11 

9 

11 

14 

13 

14 

8 

11 

7 

10 

1887      

8 

9 

5 

9 

13 

18 

11 

9 

13 

6 

12 

8 

10 

1X8X     

!) 

10 

S 

7 

3 

7 

11 

7 

12 

4 

3 

1 

6 

ISS'I 

4 

3 

5 

13 

5 

18 

11 

13 

4 

7 

5 

5 

8 

18')0 

5 

5 

•; 

9 

8 

9 

12 

18 

6 

5 

6 

<; 

X 

ixiii     

8 

4 

5 

3 

11 

4 

8 

10 

9 

4 

2 

8 

6 

8 

7 

5 

8 

9 

11 

11 

11 

10 

6 

7 

6 

8 

BUFORD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1885    .  .     

11 

10 

10 

9 

16 

11 

17 

8 

14 

11 

4 

8 

11 

ISSli            

8 

11 

7 

9 

11 

11 

15 

10 

14 

6 

7 

6 

10 

1XX7             

7 

5 

4 

8 

10 

IB 

9 

8 

9 

6 

12 

8 

8 

18XX                  '  .. 

10 

11 

7 

7 

7 

14 

10 

9 

3 

6 

5 

|XX!I       

11 

fi 

5 

8 

1 

15 

17 

8 

10 

12 

8 

5 

9 

IS1IO       

7 

(3 

5 

6 

5 

X 

13 

11 

5 

4 

8 

6 

7 

IX'.U      

7 

8 

r, 

6 

11 

3 

10 

18 

6 

6 

4 

2 

7 

8 

7 

7 

8 

9 

10 

14 

11 

10 

7 

7 

6 

9 

TOTTEN,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


188T 

10 

4 

3 

9 

12 

12 

8 

7 

6 

3 

8 

1XX6           

9 

10 

7 

7 

11 

11 

14 

13 

8 

6 

5 

7 

ii 

1887       

13 

9 

9 

4 

6 

12 

4 

6 

8 

7 

10 

8 

X 

1888       

6 

to 

6 

11 

8 

8 

11 

6 

3 

3 

5 

2 

7 

IX^'l 

7 

9 

8 

7 

6 

8 

11 

11 

8 

6 

6 

6 

6 

8 

YATES,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1887 

11 

15 

8 

12 

12 

4 

20 

9 

7 

1888       

4 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

12 

10 

21 

10 

8 

6 

9 

1889 

3 

20 

16 

21 

12 

10 

10 

11 

9 

8 

12 

13 

14 

12 

13 

9 

8 

Least  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with,  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  South  Dakota. 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


1  88;".                                 

6 

8 

4 

8 

9 

8 

10 

9 

6 

10 

11 

9 

8 

I8xt?              

4 

6 

4 

5 

7 

7 

12 

7 

10 

7 

10 

3 

7 

1887 

7 

8 

6 

5 

13 

7 

5 

8 

9 

8 

6 

Moans  .  

6 

7 

4 

6 

7 

9 

10 

7 

8 

9 

10 

6 

7 

127 


128 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Least  dally  ranges  of  temperature,  icith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  South  Dalcota — Continued. 

HUKON,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juni'. 

July. 

• 

\n«. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1885           

7 

9 

8 

0 

7 

10 

10 

7 

6 

12 

4 

7 

7 

1886           

10 

8 

6 

9 

15 

17 

12 

14 

12 

10 

5 

4 

10 

1887                       

11 

5 

7 

9 

12 

7 

8 

9 

14 

6 

8 

9 

9 

1888                              

9 

7 

7 

11 

6 

6 

14 

5 

10 

6 

7 

2 

8 

1889                       

5 

6 

7 

4 

7 

15 

6 

10 

6 

7 

5 

5 

7 

1XSIO           

4 

5 

9 

10 

6 

7 

12 

8 

15 

5 

7 

7 

8 

1891                            

3 

5 

3 

10 

4 

4 

14 

16 

14 

4 

4 

5 

7 

7 

6 

7 

8 

8 

9 

11 

10 

11 

7 

6 

6 

8 

PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 


1891                            

11 

10           5 

9 

7 

5 

RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1888  

11 

9 

10 

14 

7 

5 

10 

4 

7 

8 

7 

6 

8 

1889         

7 

3 

7 

4 

6 

7 

7 

10 

5 

8 

8 

5 

6 

1890        '... 

5 

9 

6 

6 

9 

5 

13 

8 

8 

10 

2 

7 

7 

1891         .     

4 

5 

4 

2 

2 

9 

10 

10 

10 

4 

10 

7 

r, 

7 

6 

7 

6 

6 

li 

10 

8 

8 

6 

7 

0 

7 

SULLY,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1887 

13 

13 

5 

11 

5 

8 

G 

1888              

7 

4 

4 

11 

7 

8 

14 

5 

7 

8 

i; 

3 

7 

1889  

2 

3 

5 

5 

13 

10 

12 

5 

3 

6 

1 

6 

1890   

5 

4 

10 

6 

9 

9 

12 

ID 

6 

3 

5 

6 

7 

1891 

7 

4 

4 

3 

6 

3 

6 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

12 

8 

7 

5 

6 

•I 

7 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


1885  

2 

(i 

9 

12 

10 

12 

8 

5 

3 

7 

7 

7 

7 

1886    

8 

5 

5 

10 

11 

12 

1  1 

12 

7 

13 

3 

5 

0 

1887     

8 

6 

5 

5 

10 

9 

10 

4 

7 

8 

11 

4 

7 

1888       

6 

5 

<; 

5 

3 

S 

11 

9 

12 

7 

4 

3 

7 

1889         

5 

4 

7 

H 

14 

12 

3 

10 

4 

7 

5 

5 

7 

1890 

5 

5 

3 

12 

3 

7 

1 

6 

10 

:; 

7 

6 

(i 

1891 

4 

4 

2 

7 

3 

11 

14 

X 

5 

5 

7 

Moans   ... 

5 

5 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

7 

7 

(i 

5 

7 

Z/eas*  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Minnesota. 

MOORHKAD,  MINN. 


1885   

11 

9 

9 

6 

5 

12 

15 

4 

15 

5 

4 

9 

9 

1886  

5 

7 

7 

6 

6 

15 

13 

13 

8 

6 

7 

1887   

5 

6 

7 

3 

11 

13 

13 

7 

11 

3 

li 

4 

7 

1888   

6 

6 

7 

4 

9 

10 

10 

8 

5 

5 

3 

6 

1889  

2 

3 

4 

9 

5 

13 

13 

12 

5 

2 

4 

5 

6 

1890   . 

5 

5 

5 

13 

8 

7 

8 

7 

8 

5 

6 

7 

1891    

7 

7 

5 

4 

10 

5 

9 

11 

4 

2 

3 

4 

6 

Means    ....  ... 

6 

6 

6 

6 

8 

10 

12 

9 

9 

4 

4 

5 

7 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


129 


Least  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Minnesota — Continued. 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juno. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Annual. 

1885  .. 

12 

5 

10 

5 

8 

12 

10 

14 

13 

7 

4 

9 

9 

1886 

6 

9 

g 

6 

11 

12 

14 

12 

12 

6 

4 

4 

9 

1887 

7 

9 

7 

7 

6 

12 

7 

7 

15 

9 

12 

10 

9 

1888 

» 

6 

8 

7- 

7 

8 

12 

8 

8 

3 

4 

4 

7 

1889 

7 

2 

•     5 

6 

5 

11 

7 

9 

4 

6 

8 

7 

6 

1890 

2 

5 

3 

6 

8 

4 

10 

10 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

IS!  1  1 

7 

7 

11 

4 

7 

6 

5 

13 

8 

5 

4 

5 

7 

i 

Mouns 

7 

6 

7 

6 

7 

9 

9 

10 

9 

6 

5 

6 

7 

i/i/  ranges  of  temperature,  icith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Iowa. 
SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA. 


1889 

4 

10 

8 

7 

6 

5 

1890 

6 

7 

5 

10 

5 

8 

7 

10 

9 

4 

7 

4 

7 

1891 

5 

6 

5 

10 

5 

4 

10 

14 

8 

3 

4 

6 

7 

Menus 

6 

6 

5 

10 

5 

6 

7 

11 

8 

5 

6 

5 

7 

Least  daily  ranges  of  temperature,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  in  Nebraska, 

VALENTINE,  NEBH. 


1886 

8 

9 

5 

7 

14 

8 

15 

14 

8 

10 

7 

8 

9 

1887 

12 

12 

8 

3 

.  8 

13 

13 

7 

10 

7 

10 

8 

9 

1888 

8 

7 

9 

11 

7 

11 

13 

6 

11 

9 

9 

1889 

6 

6 

11 

5 

7 

8 

8 

11 

5 

4 

5 

6 

7 

1890 

4 

6 

2 

9 

6 

12 

10 

10 

10 

11 

10 

8 

8 

1891 

4 

6 

3 

5 

6 

7 

11 

5 

10 

8 

9 

6 

7 

7 

8 

6 

7 

8 

10 

12 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

S.  157 17 


APPENDIX  No.  52.' 
Monthly  and  annual  mean  maximum  temperatures. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Kdi. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Si'i>l. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Length  of  record. 

I.ismarck,  N.  Dak  
Fort  liuford,  N.  Dak  . 

15 
14 
9 
4 
18 
19 
24 
31 
26 
15 
29 

20 
20 
15 
10 
23 
24 
39 
32 
36 
21 
32 

33 
35 
29 
26 
38 
40 
40 
42 
46 
37 
43 

54 
56 
52 
49 
59 
60 
60 
60 
62 
61 
48 

67 

67 
66 
64 
68 
69 
71 
64 
63 
70 
59 

76 
77 
76 
75 
79 
80 
81 
75 
75 
81 
70 

81 
82 
79 
77 
83 
87 
85 
83 
87 
84 
76 

80 
81 
77 
75 
81 
84 
83 
82 
83 
82 
75 

70 
70 
68 
66 
73 
75 
75 

8 

74 
65 

56 
55 
54 
51 
59 
68 
62 
lil 
62 
59 
55 

39 
37 
35 
31 
42 
46 
15 
48 
'19 
44 
40 

25 
25 
22 
17 
30 
32 
34 
45 
41 
29 
33 

51 
52 
48 
45 
54 
57 
57 
58 
59 
55 
52 

1880-1891 
1880-1891 
1881-1891 
Sept.  1880-Dec.  1891 
July  1881-Dec.  1891 
1885-1891 
1880-1891 
1888-1891 
L888-1890 
1883-1891 
1882-1887 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  
Huron,  S.  Dak  ...  . 

Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak... 
Yankton  S  Dak 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak.  .  . 
Valentine,  Nobr  . 

Fort  Yates,  N.  Dak  .  . 
Dead  wood,  S.  Dak  

17 

21 

37 

56 

65 

77 

82 

80 

71 

58 

42 

30 

53 

APPENDIX  No.  53. 
Monthly  and  annual  mean  da  Hi/  -car-lability  of  temperature. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

6 
6 

6 
6 
6 

7 
H 

7 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

r.cn^tli  of  rooord. 

Fort  Kuford.N.  Dak.. 
Hi.sma.rck,  N.  Dak  
St.  Vincent,  Minn  
Fort  Totten,  N.  Dak  .  . 
Moorhead,  Minn  
T  1  M  r<  »n  ,  ft.  Dak  ....  

9 
9 
9 
8 
10 
9 
8 
9 

9 

<) 
10 
10 

JO 
9 
9 
9 

7 

7 
8 
8 

7 
7 

6 

6 
6 
6 
(i 
6 
6 
6 

6 
5 
6 

5 
(i 
.- 

6 

5 

4 

1 

•I1 

:> 

4 

1 

4 
4 

4 
1 
1 
4 
5 
4 

4 

5 
5 
4 
4 
4 
5 
1 

5 
(i 
5 
5 
6 
6 
6 
5 

5 
6 

6 
6 
fi 
6 
6 
5 

8 
8 
8 

8 

X 
7 
7 
7 

6 

! 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

1881-1891 
1881-1891 

1881-1891 
June  1884-Jan.  1889 
Dor.   1881-1891 
July  1881-1891 
Dor.    18.S5-.luno  1891. 
1881-1  MM 

Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak  
Yankton,  S.  Dak  

Means  .  

9 

9 

7 

6 

5 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

8 

6 

NOTE. — The  variability  of  temperature  is  expressed  by  the  change  in  the  daily  mean  temperature  from  day  to 
day  independent  of  whether  the  temperature  rises  or  falls. 

130 


APPENDIX  No.  54. 
temperature  normals — quarterly  values — records  for  many  years. 


First  quarter. 

Second  quarter. 

Third  quarter. 

Fourth  quarter. 

Jan.     Feb.    Mar. 

Apr.    May.  June. 

July.    Aug.    Sept. 

Oct.    Nov.     Dec. 

NOHIll    DAKOTA. 
Abercrombic,  Fort.  ..          

9 

56 

67 

27 

4ft 

Abraham  Liucoln,  Fort 

11 

54 

66 

29 

1J1 

Hismarck  

12 

54 

64 

28 

At) 

Buford,  Fort  

12 

54 

64 

27 

Q.O 

DavenpoFt 

12 

55 

64 

QA 

Gallatin 

X 

50 

62 

90 

New  England  City  .   .       .     . 

14 

53 

64 

29 

J.O 

Pembiua,  Fort 

4 

51 

62 

99 

Ransom,  Fort 

11 

56 

65 

9K 

Rice,  Fort-  . 

17 

56 

68 

on 

Richardton  

10 

51 

64 

28 

QQ 

Seward,  Fort 

7 

52 

65 

24 

•Stevenson,  Fort 

11 

54 

65 

9K 

Totten,  Fort.  . 

7 

r,'> 

63 

91 

Yatos,  Fort.. 

14 

57 

68 

SQ 

Menus  

11 

54 

65 

97 

OQ 

SOI'TII    DAKOTA. 

Alexandria  

9 

56 

67 

97 

,10 

Bennett,  Fort  

19 

57 

68 

82 

I'.rookings  

16 

55 

65 

S9 

Di-auwood  

25 

50 

61 

89 

Hale,  Fort.. 

19 

VI 

nn 

09 

Huron  

15 

56 

68 

39 

Kiinball  

Ifi 

57 

06 

<M 

Meade,  Fort  

•>:; 

54 

07 

8K 

Olivet  

23 

58 

69 

^1 

Parkstou  

18 

57 

67 

^ifi 

Randall,  Fort  

23 

60 

71 

35 

Rapid  City  

25 

54 

68 

38 

Afi 

Sisscton,  Fort  .  . 

10 

53 

65 

26 

00 

Sully,  Fort  

20 

58 

70 

00 

Vcrmillion  

19 

60 

69 

00 

Webster  

13 

57 

68 

Q9 

Woonsooket  

16 

57 

67 

°.9 

Yankton  

22 

55 

69 

or; 

Means  

18 

56 

67 

QQ 

IOWA,  MINNKSOTA,  AMI    M. 
BRABXA. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa  

25 

59 

60 

J7 

Moorhcad,  Minn.  . 

7 

53 

63 

97 

07 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

3 

51 

60 

'''! 

Hay  Springs,  Nobr  

22 

r,4 

66 

34 

Fort  Robinson,  Nehr 

2(> 

57 

KK 

•JQ 

Valentine,  Nebr  

93 

57 

SK 

07 

131 


APPENDIX  No.  55. 

Seasonal  temperature  normals — records  for  many  years. 


Stations. 

Dry  season.  —  Winter. 

Wet  season.  —  Spring,  summer,  and  autumn. 

Annual. 

Jan.     Fob.    Nov.     Dec. 

Mar.     Apr.    May.  June.  July.    Aug.   Sept.    Oct. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

12 
13 
14 
13 
14 

\i 

16 
6 
13 
17 
12 
10 
12 
8 
16 

54 
54 
52 
52 
53 
50 
52 
49 
52 
55 
52 
51 
52 
50 
56 

40 
40 
40 
39 
40 
37 
40 
35 
39 
42 
38 
37 
39 
36 
43 

Davenport       

Oallatin            

Totten   Fort             

Yates  Fort            .           

13 

52 

39 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

18 
19 
18 
25 
.       18 
17 
19 
24 
21 
22 
23 
27 
12 
20 
22 
16 
18 
22 

56 
57 
54 
61 
58 
55 
55 
55 
59 
56 
59 
56 
52 
57 
58 
56 
55 
57 

43 
44 
42 
42 
45 
42 
43 
45 
45 
44 
47 
46 
38 
45 
46 
43 
44 
46 

Kimball  

Meade,  Fort  

Olivet    

Parkstou                .     

Randall,  Fort         .       

Rapid  Citv 

Sisseton,  Fort 

Sully,  Fort 

Vemiillion 

Webster  

Woonsocket 

Yankton  

Means  

20 

56 

44 

IOWA,  MINNESOTA,  AND  NE- 
BltASKA. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa  

25 
10 
6 
23 
28 
26 

58 
61 
48 
54 
67 
57 

47 
37 
34 
44 
47 
46 

Moorhead,  Minn.  .  .  .  

St.  Vincent,  Minn....  

Hav  Springs,  Nobr  . 

Robinson,  Fort,  Nebr 

Valentine,  Nebr  .  ..... 

132 


APPENDIX  No.  56. 
Seasonal  temperature  normals — records  for  many  years. 


Stations. 

Dry  season.  —  Winter,  spring,  and  autumn. 

Wet  season.  —  Summer. 

Annual. 

Jan.     Feb.    Mar.    Sept.    Oct.     Nov.     Dec. 

Apr.    May.  June.  July.   Aug. 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

Abercrombie,  Fort             . 

24 
25 
26 
25 
26 
23 
26 
19 
24 
28 
24 
21 
23 
21 
28 

v                          ~v  •  —  ' 

62 
61 
59 
60 
60 
57 
59 
57 
61 
63 
58 
59 
60 
58 
63 

40 
40 
40 
39 
40 
37 
40 
35 
39 
42 
38 
37 
39 
30 
43 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort          ^ 

Bismarck    .     

Buford,  Fort                       .  .. 

Daveuport 

Gallatin 

New  England  City    . 

Pembina,  Fort 

Uausoiii,  Fort 

Rice,  Fort  

Richardtoii  ..           

Se  ward,  Fort  

Stevenson,  Fort  .  .         .  

Totten,  Fort  

Yates,  Fort  ...         

Means  ...  

24 

60 

39 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

28 
31 
29 
33 
30 
28 
29 
33 
82 
32 
34 
36 
24 
32 
33 
28 
29 
33 

61 
63 
60 
56 
65 
61 
62 
61 
64 
62 
66 
61 
59 
64 
65 
63 
62 
64 

43 
44 
42 
42 
45 
42 
43 
45 
45 
44 
47 
46 
38 
45 
46 
43 
44 
46 

Bennett   Fort 

Brookin^s 

Deadwood 

Hale,  Fort 

Huron 

Kimball 

Meade,  Fort 

Olivet  

Parkston  . 

Randall,  Fort 

Rapid  Citv 

SisHeton,  Fort.  . 

Sullv,  Fort  

Vermilliou  . 

Webster  

Woonsocket  

Yanktou  

Means 

31 

62 

U 

IOWA,  MINNESOTA,  AND  NE- 
BRASKA. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa.... 

35 
22 
19 
32 
36 
34 

64 
58 
56 
60 
63 
63 

47 
37 
34 
44 

47 
46 

Moorhead,  Minn.  

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

Hay  Springs,  Nebr  

Robinson,  Fort,  Nebr  

Valentine,  Nebr  

133 


APPENDIX  No.  57. 
Seasonal  temperature  normals — records  for  many  years. 


Stations. 

Dry  season.  —  October  to  March,  in- 
clusive. 

Wet  season.  —  April  to  September,  in- 
clusive. 

Annual. 

Jan.     Feb.    Mar.     Oct.     Nov.    Dec. 

Apr.    May.  June.  July.   Aug.    Sept. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

18 
20 
20 
20 
21 
18 
22 
13 
18 
23 
19 
15 
18 
16 
23 

62 
r                      60 
59 
59 
60 
56 
58 
56 
60 
62 
57 
58 
60 
58 
63 

40 
40 
40 
39 
40 
37 
40 
35 
39 
42 
38 
37 
39 
36 
43 

Buford  Fort              

Gillatin         '                     

Rice  Fort  

Seward  Fort  

Totten   Fort                

Yates  Fort  

Moans  

19 

59 

39 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

22 
26 
24 
29 
25 
24 
24 
29 
27 
27 
29 
31 
18 
26 
28 
22 
24 
28 

62 
63 
60 
56 
64 
01 
62 
60 
64 
62 
65 
66 
59 
64 
64 
63 
62 
64 

43 
44 
42 
42 
45 
42 
43 
45 
45 
44 
47 
46 
38 
45 
46 
43 
44 
46 

Hale  Fort             

Huron  

Kimball 

Olivet     

Parkston               

Randall  Fort       

Rapid  City          

St.-  -i-l  on    Fort 

SuUy  Fort 

Means 

26 

59 

44 

IOWA,    MINNESOTA,  AND    \K 
BRASKA. 

Sionx  City,  Iowa  

30 
17 
13 
28 
32 
30 

64 
58 
55 
60 
63 
63 

47 
37 
34 
44 

47 
46 

Moorhead,  Minn  

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

Hay  Spring,  Nebr.  .. 

Robinson,  Fort,  Nebr  . 

Valentine,  Nebr..  .  . 

134 


Warm  Periods  . 

Tra,fi/{s  ofJlreasofZtowPre'S-suj^e.  (Storm  Centers.  / 
January  7889  aneS  789  7,  and  February  7886  . 


Total  '.Excess  ofTemjjeraZitre 


>j ' 


3  Ei .  /?  /     62  1 


APPENDIX  No.  58. 
Excess  of  temperature  (degrees  Fahrenheit)  as  compared  with  normal  values  for  many  years. 


WARM  PERIODS. 


Stations. 


February, 

1886. 


January, 
1889. 


January, 
1891.' 


Total 
excess. 


Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort,  N.  Dak. 

Bismarck,  Fort,  N.  Dak 

Buforel,  Fort,  N.  Dak 

Pembina,  N.  Dak 

Yates,  Fort,  N.  Dak 

Huron,  S.  Dak 

Meade,  Fort,  S.  Dak 

Randall,  Fort,  S.  Dale 

Sully,  Fort,  S.  Dak 

Webster,  S.  Dak 

Yankton,  S.  Dak 

Moorhead,  Minn 

St.  Vincent,  Minn 

Sums . . 


7 
6 
7 

-  1 

9 

7 

10 

1 

ti 
9 
3 
4 
8 


77 


10 

10 

7 

10 

11 

6 

4 

4 

4 

7 

6 

11 

13 


103 


21 
19 
17 
26 
20 
17 
13 
12 
15 
21 
13 
15 
17 


226 


38 
35 
31 
35 
40 
30 
27 
20 
25 
37 
22 
30 
36 


406 


135 


APPENDIX  No.  60. 
Deficiency  of  temperature  (degrees  Fahrenheit)  as  compared  icith  normal  values  for  many  years. 


COLD  PERIODS. 


Stations. 


January, 
1886. 


January, 

1887. 


February, 
1887. 


Total  de- 
ficiency. 


Abraham  Lincoln,  Fort,  N.  Dak .'. 10 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak 9 

Buford,  Fort,  N.  Dak 9 

Peinbina,  N.  Dak 9 

Totten,  Fort,  N.  Dak 8 

Yates,  Fort,  N.  Dak 8 

Deadwood,  S.  Dak 6 

Huron,  S.  Dak 7 

Meade,  Fort,  S.  Dak 11 

Randall,  Fort,  S.  Dak 

Sisseton,  Fort,  S.  Dak 8 

Sully,  Fort,  S.  Dak 11 

Webster,  S.  Dak 4 

Yankton,  S.  Dak 9 

Moorhead,  Minn 6 

St.  Vincent,  Minn 5 

Sums . .  128 


13 

12 

9 

10 

9 

8 

1 

7 

1 

6 

9 

10 

17 

6 

8 

7 


133 


19 

14 

15 

6 

11 

11 

8 

8 

5 

+  1 
7 
16 
8 
9 
6 
3 


145 


42 
35 
33 
25 
28 
27 
15 
22 
17 
13 
24 
37 
29 
24 
20 
15 


406 


136 


G>ldPericds. 

Tracffs  of Jlre  as  of  Low  Pressure.  (Storm  Centers.) 

titccr-jr  /886 'artc?  788^  artct February  J88Y. 


Tbicc.1  ^Deficiency  of  Terrz^eT-ctii^re 


Degrees  ftz 


rot'       lor'       rof'        'as'       /»*"        roi'        >oz"       mi'       roe'        99'        Jf 


52  1 


APPENDIX  No.  62. 


Record  of  the  number  of  days  on  which  the  maximum  temperature  equaled  or  exceeded  90°  throughout 

the  year. 

[Letters  prefixed  to  records  indicate  the  number  of  days  of  observations  missing,  thus  the  letter  d  shows  four  days  not  recorded.] 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1874  .. 

0 

0 

0 

1 

6 

10 

15 

2 

4 

0 

0 

0 

38 

1875 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1876    

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

5 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11 

1877  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

4 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

1878  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

7 

2 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1879     ... 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1880  

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1881  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

8 

6 

1 

0 

0 

0 

16 

1882  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

1 

0 

0 

0 

6 

1883     

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

4 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

11 

1884  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8 

1885  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

3 

2 

0 

0 

0 

8 

1886  

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

20 

13 

1 

0 

0 

0 

38 

1887  

0 

0 

1 

1 

5 

4 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1888  '  

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

3 

5 

2 

0 

0 

0 

13 

1889  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

r 

6 

2 

0 

0 

0 

17 

1890  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

12 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

24 

Means  

o 

0 

0 

0.1 

0.6 

2 

5 

4 

1 

0.1 

0 

0 

14 

BISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 


1875  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

1876    .  .     

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

4 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1877  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

5 

1878  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

6 

6 

1 

0 

0 

0 

15 

1879  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

u 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1880         

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

3 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

1881  .        

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

13 

1882  .             

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

1 

0 

0 

0 

6 

1883 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

2 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

9 

1884               .  .  . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1885          . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

6 

1886          ... 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

16 

11 

1 

0 

0 

0 

30 

18X7          

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

4 

4 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11 

1888      

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1889          

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

5 

1 

0 

0 

0 

10 

1890      .     

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

8 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

14 

1891     

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

5 

2 

0 

0 

0 

8 

Means  ..  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.3 

1 

4 

4 

0.6 

0 

0 

0 

10 

BUFORD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1873 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

5 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1874 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

14 

0 

'2 

0 

0 

0 

20 

1875 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1876 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

4 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

9 

1877  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1878 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S  1S7    IS 

137 

138 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Record  of  tlw  number  ofdtiys  on  /cliicJi  1he  •maximum  temperature  equaled  or  exceeded 90°  throughout 

the  i/tar — Continued. 

BUFORD,  FORT,  X.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Animal. 

1879  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

• 
1 

1880  .... 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

5 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

1881  ... 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

9 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

18 

1882 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

6 

18 

4 

0 

0 

o 

29 

1888 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

6 

3 

1 

0 

0 

o 

16 

1884 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12 

2 

10 

0 

0 

0 

o 

24 

1885 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

2 

5 

1 

1 

0 

0 

o 

9 

1886 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

4 

17 

11 

0 

o 

0 

o 

32 

1887 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

3 

2 

o 

o 

o 

o 

9 

1888 

0 

0 

o 

0 

o 

6 

12 

9 

2 

o 

o 

o 

29 

1889 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

5 

5 

5 

1 

o 

o 

o 

16 

1890 

0 

0 

0 

o 

o 

0 

9 

4 

1 

o 

o 

o 

14 

1891 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

3 

o 

o 

o 

o 

3 

Means    .  

0 

0 

0 

o 

0.1 

3 

6 

5 

0.6 

o 

o 

o 

15 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


1X78 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1879     

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

1 

1 

o 

o 

o 

1880 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

o 

2 

o 

o 

o 

o 

3 

1881 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

2 

6 

4 

o 

o 

o 

o 

12 

1882 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

1883 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

1884  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

1885  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1886  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

8 

4 

o 

o 

o 

o 

12 

1887 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

Means 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0  7 

2 

1 

o 

o 

o 

o 

4 

HAY  SPRINGS,  NEBR. 


1888  . 

0 

0 

o 

0 

o 

t5 

1 

o 

1 

o 

o 

o 

13 

1889 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

<2 

y 

9 

3 

o 

o 

o 

23 

1890 

0 

o 

0 

0 

1 

«3 

14 

7 

o 

o 

o 

Q 

9^ 

1891 

0 

o 

0 

o 

o 

eO 

o 

8 

2 

o 

y 

Q 

in 

Means  . 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0  2 

•2 

7 

6 

1 

0 

o 

o 

16 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


1X81  

4 

6 

o 

0 

0 

0 

1882  .. 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

•) 

g 

3 

0 

A 

1883  

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

3 

3 

2 

0 

0 

0 

() 

1884  

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

'> 

0 

0 

2 

Q 

0 

0 

4 

1XX5  

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

6 

o 

1 

0 

0 

7 

1886  

0 

0 

o 

o 

1 

1 

14 

9 

'> 

0 

0 

97 

1887  

0 

0 

o 

1 

1 

5 

5 

•> 

Q 

0 

1888  

0 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

1X89  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

4 

4 

11 

J 

A 

A 

OA 

1X90  .  . 

0 

o 

o 

o 

1 

3 

13 

g 

1 

n 

Qf> 

1891  

0 

o 

o 

o 

1 

1 

0 

3 

7 

0 

0 

A 

19 

Means 

0 

o 

o 

0  1 

0  4 

2 

•> 

MEADE,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1879  

- 

4 

6 

0 

18X0  

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

11 

o 

Q 

0 

n 

1X81  

0 

o 

o 

o 

(J 

2 

12 

12 

o 

1X82  

o 

o 

() 

o 

o 

o 

3 

Q 

a 

1883  .. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

S 

9 

1 

n 

n 

A 

m 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


139 


Record  oftitc  number  of  days  on  which  the  maximum  ICDIJH  raturc  equaled  or  exceeded  90°  throughout 

the  year — Continued. 

MEADE,  FORT,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1884           

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

9 

1885                      

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

15 

1886                        

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

2 

15 

14 

1 

0 

0 

0 

35 

1887             

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

6 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11 

1888                    

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

7 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1889                        

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

4 

6 

1 

0 

0 

0 

14 

1890                        

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

17 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

26 

1891             

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

•     t> 

'> 

0 

0 

0 

11 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0.4 

2 

7 

7 

1 

0 

0 

0 

17 

MOORHEAD,  MINN. 


1881       

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1882         

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1883       

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1884           

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1885          

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1886        

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

7 

1 

0 

0 

0 

11 

1  887        

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

3 

2 

0 

I) 

0 

0 

0 

8 

1888           

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

l,xx!t      

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

4 

ISild      

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1891           

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

3 

3 

0 

0 

0 

9 

Means  

0 

0 

0 

0.1 

0.  1 

0.8 

1 

2 

0.0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

PEMBINA,  N.  DAK. 


1873 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1874 

0 

0 

•  0 

0 

1 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1875 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1876 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1877 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1878 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1879 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1880 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.1 

0.5 

0.5 

0.1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

RANDALL,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1875                

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

4 

4 

2 

1 

0 

0 

14 

1876 

0 

0 

ct 

0 

2 

7 

15 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

31 

1877 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

8 

5 

3 

0 

0 

0 

18 

1878 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

6 

7 

2 

0 

0 

0 

17 

1879 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

4 

10 

7 

0 

6 

0 

0 

29 

1880 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

6 

9 

13 

2 

2 

0 

0 

39 

1881      

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

8 

18 

2 

0 

0 

0 

30 

1882  .    .     

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

4 

12 

4 

0 

0 

0 

21 

1883     .     

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

4 

4 

1 

0 

0 

0 

12 

1884  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

4 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

11 

1885  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

17 

1 

4 

0 

0 

0 

36 

1886  

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

21 

14 

3 

0 

0 

0 

41 

1887  

0 

0 

0 

3 

3 

9 

12 

3 

2 

0 

0 

0 

32 

1888  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

12 

7 

3 

0 

0 

0 

28 

1889  

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

10 

10 

15 

2 

0 

0 

0 

39 

1890 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

4 

18 

10 

3 

0 

0 

0 

36 

1891 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

0 

2 

9 

0 

0 

0 

14 

() 

0 

0 

0.2 

1 

4 

10 

8 

3 

0.5 

0 

0 

27 

140 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Record  of  the  number  of  days  on  ichich  the  maximum  temperature  equaled  or  exceeded  90°  throughout 

the  year — Continued. 

SULLY,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juiie. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1875   

0 

0 

5 

10 

5 

1 

0 

o 

o 

1876            

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

8 

13 

9 

o 

o 

o 

0 

09 

1877 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

14 

13 

6 

o 

o 

o 

07 

187X 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

14 

10 

2 

o 

o 

o 

on 

IST'I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

10 

8 

0 

3 

o 

0 

OK 

1880   

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

5 

12 

11 

1 

1 

o 

o 

35 

1881   

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

12 

14 

1 

o 

o 

o 

SO 

1882   .    

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

7 

20 

10 

o 

o 

o 

38 

1883         

0 

0' 

0 

0 

0 

4 

6 

10 

4 

o 

o 

o 

24 

1884        

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12 

7 

11 

5 

o 

o 

o 

S*i 

1885         

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

18 

5- 

o 

o 

0 

^1 

1886         

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

4 

21 

is 

3 

o 

o 

o 

4.7 

1887           

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

5 

13 

3 

2 

o 

0 

o 

97 

1888  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Q 

1889  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

5 

12 

3 

o 

o 

o 

24 

1890   

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

16 

8 

1 

o 

o 

o 

30 

1891   

0 

0 

0 

2 

2 

3 

8 

14 

11 

o 

o 

o 

40 

o 

0 

o 

0  2 

1 

4 

11 

10 

3 

0  2 

oq 

VALENTINE,  NEBR. 


1X85     

5 

o 

0 

o 

1886        

0 

0 

0 

o 

1 

1 

16 

13 

3 

o 

0 

0 

34 

1887        

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

4 

6 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

14 

1888  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8 

11 

3 

1 

0 

o 

1889 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

3 

6 

13 

3 

0 

0 

0 

9^; 

1890   

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

5 

12 

5 

2 

0 

o 

o 

05 

1891     

0 

0 

0 

o 

1 

0 

0 

4 

5 

0 

o 

o 

10 

0 

0 

o 

o 

0  5 

4 

8 

7 

3 

0 

n 

00 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


1881  

0 

o 

o 

2 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

1882   

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

0 

0 

1883      

0 

0 

0 

o 

o 

2 

1 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

3 

1884         

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

o 

o 

0 

o 

0 

0 

1 

1885         .     

0 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

1 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1886 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

6 

5 

0 

o 

0 

0 

11 

1887 

0 

o 

o 

o 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

'0 

9 

1888 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1889 

o 

o 

o 

0 

0 

1 

•> 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

5 

18!M)   

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

3 

1 

1 

0 

0 

o 

0 

5 

1891  

0 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

0 

Meuus  

o 

o 

o 

o 

0  2 

1 

'> 

0  8 

0  1 

0 

0 

0 

4 

SISSETON,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1870  

0 

0 

0 

o 

1*77  

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

1878  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

o 

o 

0 

1879  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

0 

0 

o 

o 

1X80  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

1 

0 

0 

o 

o 

L881 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

A 

A 

0 

1 

1882  

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

•> 

ixx:j  

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1884  

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

1885  

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

1 

O 

2 

0 

o 

0 

3 

1886  

o 

o 

0 

o 

0 

o 

8 

9 

1 

0 

0 

0 

18 

1XX7  

o 

o 

o 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

188S   

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

2 

4 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

1X8!  1  

0 

0 

o 

o 

Moans    ....... 

o 

0 

0 

0  1 

0  1 

0  5 

2 

2 

0  4 

0 

0 

0 

5 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATMRES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


141 


Record  of  the  number  of  days  on  which  the  maximum  temperature  equaled  or  exceeded  90°  through- 
out the  year — Continued. 


YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1873 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

2 

6 

12 

3 

o 

o 

o 

91 

1874 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

4 

13 

7 

2 

o 

o 

0 

9R 

1875 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

•j 

1876                         

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

5 

3 

0 

o 

o 

o 

10 

1877 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

2 

0 

o 

o 

o 

ej 

1878    

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

7 

1 

o 

o 

o 

•    15 

1879 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

2 

8 

5 

0 

o 

o 

o 

1880 

I) 

0 

0 

0 

4 

~1 

8 

7 

1 

o 

o 

o 

01 

1  S8  1            

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

13 

1 

o 

o 

o 

2(i 

1882 

o 

0 

0 

0 

o 

2 

4 

10 

2 

o 

o 

o 

18 

1X81!     

I) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

7 

2 

0 

o 

o 

o 

12 

1884 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

4 

1 

0 

o 

Q 

0 

Q 

1885 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

8 

0 

3 

o 

Q 

o 

1S 

1881!     

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

15 

12 

3 

o 

o 

o 

32 

1887  

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

4 

8 

6 

2 

o 

o 

o 

22 

1888         .                  

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

o 

o 

0 

188!)        

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

5 

5 

6 

0 

0 

o 

o 

17 

1890 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

12 

6 

1 

o 

o 

o 

24 

1891 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

o 

o 

o 

Moans 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.6 

2 

6 

6 

1 

o 

o 

o 

16 

YATES,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1882 

0 

0 

1 

5 

9 

2 

0 

o 

o 

1881!       

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

10 

8 

3 

0 

0 

0 

26 

1881      

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

1 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

16 

1885       

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

7 

4 

3 

0 

0 

0 

17 

1886      

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

3 

20 

13 

2 

0 

0 

0 

40 

1887      

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

4 

9 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

19 

1888       

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

4 

5 

1 

0 

0 

0 

13 

188fl       

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

4 

10 

1 

rO 

0 

0 

18 

1890       

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

12 

8 

1 

0 

0 

0 

25 

1891          

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

1 

0 

9 

4 

0 

0 

0 

17 

•  Means  . 

0 

0 

0 

0.2 

0.4 

3 

7 

8 

2 

0 

0 

0 

20 

APPENDIX  No.  63. 
Dates  of  first  and  last  kUUny  frosts. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 


Stations. 

Season  of  — 

First 
frost. 

Last 

frost. 

Bismarck  ---  -  

1881-1882 

Sept.  f5 

May      23 

Fort  Buford  

1881-1882 

Sept.  17 

May      *>3 

Bismarck    .  -  -  - 

1882-1883 

Se.pt    23 

MJ1V           It 

Fort  Buford  

1882-1888 

Sept     9 

Juiie      2 

INKi-1884 

Sept      8 

Mnv        1 

Fort  Bnford        

1883-18X1 

An"    22 

M'iv        f» 

Bismarck           .         ..         -  

1884-1885 

Sept    27 

May        9 

Fort  Buford                

ISM  -1885 

Sept     'Hi 

Mav      1  1 

Fort  Totten                      

1884-1885 

Sept    30 

M  1  v         17 

Bismarck  .  

1885-1886 

Sept      1 

May      15 

Fort  Buford                                           

1885-1886 

Sept     1 

Fort  Totten  

18K5-1886 

Ail"     ''~i 

Bismarck  -  

188(>-1887 

Sept    18 

Mav      17 

Fort  Buford  

1886-1887 

Sept    16 

M'iv        17 

Fort  Totten  .  

1886-1887 

\ii"    SI 

Bismarck    ...  

1887-1888 

Sept    15 

Fort  Buford  

1887-1888 

Sept    15 

May      1G 

Fort  Totten  

1887-1888 

Bismarck  

1888-1889 

Sept    12 

Fort  Buford  

1888-1889 

Sept    ''"> 

Fort  Totten  

1888  issi) 

\ii"     17 

Bismarck  

1889  1890 

Sept    26 

Davenport  

1889  1S'H) 

Sept    15 

Fort  Buford  

IKS')   IK'IO 

Sept     11 

Fort  Yates  .  

188't  1890 

Srpt     15 

Gallatin  

1XS<)  1890 

Grand  Forks  

1889  1890 

Napoleon  

18X9  1890 

Sept    15 

New  England  City  

18x')  1890 

Se.pt      5 

Steele  

1889  1890 

Sept     15 

Wahpeton  

1889  1890 

Sept    14 

Bismarck  

1890  1891 

Sept     13 

Fort  Buford  

ix'io  1891 

S'i»t    12 

Gallatiu  

is1  io  1891 

Sept     Y> 

"U'i'v         •>.-. 

Davenport  

1890-  l,xc  11 

Sept    13 

Kelso  

1890  IX'H 

A  ii  IT     92 

Napoleon  

1890  1891 

New  England  City  

isc  ID  1891 

Sept    13 

Steele  

1X<  10-1891 

Sept      8 

Wahpeton  

18"  10  1891 

An"    22 

\;  ;• 

Wild  Rice  

IX'tl)  1891 

<r-lit      19 

Fort  Yates  

1890-1891 

CAnf     19 

APPENDIX  No.  64. 
Dates  of  first  and  last  killing  frosts. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


Stations. 


Last 
frost. 


Fort  Bennett 1881-1882 

Huron i  1881-1882 

Yankton .    1881-1882 


Dead  wood 18X1-1882 

Fort  Bennett |  1 882-1 8S3 

Huron 1882-1883 

Yaukton !  1882-1883 

Deadwood |  1882-1X8:1 

Fort  Bennett i  1883-1884 

Huron :  1883-1 884 

Yankton ixx:!- 188 1 

Deadwood !  1883-1884 

Fort  Bennett ixxl-lsxr, 

Huron !  1884-1885 

Yank  ton 18X4-1 885 

Deadwood '. 1884-1885 

Fort  Bennet  t 1885-1886 

Huron IXX.VlXXt; 

Fort  Sully 1885-1886 

Yankton i  1885-1886 

Deadwood ,  1885-1886 

Huron 18X6-1887 

Deadwood J  886-1 887 

Fort  Sully 1886-1887 

Yaukton ]XXti-lXX7 

Dead  wood 1 887- 1 888 

Garden  City 1 887- 1 888 

Higbrnore 1887-1888 

Huron .    1887- 1 888 


Huron 

Rapid 

Fort  S 

Yankton 

Aberdei 

Alexani 

Brookii 

Canton 

Clark 

De  Smet 

Etta  K 

Flandi 

Fort  S 

Highn 

Huron 

Kimball 

Millbanl 

Oelricbs 

Onida 

Parks  I 

Rapid 

Roscoe 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

<>et. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 


13  May 

9  May 

Iti  May 

:;o  Ma\ 


22 

22 
23 
23 

16  I  May       12 


21  |  Apr. 


May 

May 
Ma'y 

May 


30 
5 
15 
1 
2 
23 
6 
24 

June  22 
May  10 
June  16 


2  |  Apr. 
21  May 
30 


Apr. 


May  6 

June  3 

May  16 

May  16 
Apr. 
Apr. 


25 

24 


<nllv  

1887-1888 

Oct.      9 

socket  

1887-1  xxs 

Sept    19 

.on  

1887-1  XXX 

Oct.    11 

i  

1XXX-1889 

Sept.  12 

City  

1888-1889 

Oct       2 

Sully  

1888-1889 

Sept.  29 

on  . 

1888-1889 

Oct       2 

eon  

18811  1«90 

n  dria  

18S1I-1X1KI 

Sept.  16 

ings  . 

1889  181KI 

Sept    15 

u  

1889-1890 

Sept    17 

1889-1890 

Sept    17 

let  

1889-1890 

Oct     14 

Uine  

1889-1890 

reau  

1889-1890 

illll  y  

1889-1890 

Oct.    17 

aore  

1889-1890 

i..  .... 

1889-1890 

Get       5 

ill  

1889-1890 

Oct       5 

ink  

1889  1890 

bs  

1889  1890 

1889  1890 

ton  

1889  1890 

City  

1889-1890 

Sept    15 

e  

18s;i    I.XHO 

Sept    17 

isll     

1889  1X90 

Sept.  15 

llion  

1889-1890 

30 

4 

1 

4 

5 

1 
81 

25 
30 

1  I  May        4 
9  I 

15  I  May  14 
15  i  No  rec'd. 
23  |  May  If. 
'  May  18 
Apr.  7 
16 
12 
2 
15 
2 
3 
7 
16 
16 


May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
June 
May 
May 


May      16 


May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 

May 

May 


12 
17 
15 
19 
15 
15 
5 
15 
25 
15 
13 

15 
7 


143 


144 


CEBTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUKES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Dates  of  first  and  last  Trilling  frosts — Continued. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA— Continued. 


Stations. 


Season  of- 


Webster 1889-1890 

Wolsey 1889-1890 

Woonsocket 1889-1890 

Yankton 1889-1890 

Aberdeen 1890-1891 

Alexandria 1890-1891 

Brookings 1890-1891 

Canton 1890-1891 

Clark 1890-1891 

Flandreau 1890-1891 

Fort  Bennett 1890-1891 

FortMeade 1890-1891 

Fort  Randall 1890-1891 

Fort  Sully 1890-1891 

Highmoro 1890-1891 

Howard 1890-1891 

Huron 1890-1891 

Millbank 1890-1891 

-Onida 1890-1891 

Oelrichs 1890-1891 

Rapid  City 1890-1891 

St.  Lawrence 1890-1891 

Scranton '- 1890-1891 

Sioux  Falls 1890-1891 

Spearfish 1890-1891 

Vermillion , 1890-1891 

Webster 1890-1891 

Wolsey 1890-1891 

Woonsocket 1890-1891 

Yankton 1890-1891 


First 
frost. 


Sept.  15 
Sept.  15 
Sept.  15 
Oct.  5 
Sept.  8 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  5 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  6 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  19 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  19 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  12 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  6 
Sept.  13 
Aug.  22 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  13 
Oct.  18 
Sept.  13 
Aug.  22 
Sept.  13 
Aug.  22 
Sept.  13 


Last 
frost. 


May  18 

May  15 

May  16 

May  5 

May  25 

May  13 

May  17 

Apr.  14 

May  16 

May  6 

May  10 

May  10 

May  8 

May  5 

May  4 

May  16 

May  4 

May  21 

May  9 

May  10 

May  4 


May      10 
May       3 


APPENDIX  No.  65. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota. 

ABERCROMBIE,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 
[Letters  prefixed  to  records  indicate  the  number  of  days  of  observations  missing,  thus  the  letter  d  shows  four  days  not  recorded.] 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1860  .. 

102 

86 

78 

51 

40 

1861  

31 

38 

46 

67 

80 

94 

95 

98 

90 

77 

54 

40 

68 

1862 

30 

38 

47 

70 

86 

94 

93 

91 

94 

78 

70 

50 

70 

1863  

33 

37 

41 

83 

93 

99 

98 

1864  

40 

1865  

34 

38 

45 

68 

89 

90 

92 

89 

82 

67 

40 

1866  

39 

36 

42 

89 

94 

94 

58 

38 

1867 

28 

33 

32 

66 

SI 

96 

97 

89 

80 

71 

35 

186S  

33 

37 

49 

78 

87 

97 

92 

88 

74 

68 

68 

38 

67 

186!)  

43 

34 

47 

74 

90 

88 

98 

96 

90 

72 

78 

1870 

30 

34 

41 

83 

90 

98 

95 

99 

86 

78 

til 

50 

70 

1871 

35 

33 

47 

70 

96 

96 

104 

101 

94 

82 

57 

34 

71 

1872 

30 

38 

32 

76 

96 

94 

95 

16 

85 

81 

I'l 

35 

67 

1873  

29 

36 

41 

60 

75 

99 

102 

93 

80 

78 

55 

32 

65 

1874 

39 

31 

42 

80 

102 

95 

96 

94 

98 

79 

67 

4fi 

72 

1X75 

17 

24 

45 

65 

93 

94 

96 

00 

98 

90 

59 

47 

68 

1X76 

36 

"'7 

48 

SI) 

!K) 

102 

98 

100 

79 

72 

50 

42 

89 

1877  

38 

48 

50 

72 

84 

92 

90 

92 

Mr;it's 

33 

35 

43 

73 

89 

95 

96 

95 

89 

79 

61 

40 

69 

1S74 
1X75 
1X76 
1X77 
1X7S 
1879 
1XXO 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 


BATHGATK,  N.  DAK. 


BERTHOLD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


BISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 


38 

30 

51 

67 

88 

89 

95 

91 

is 

•IS 

42 

76 

86 

93 

100 

]()-, 

•11 

tiO 

'10 

66 

XI 

K2 

'H 

(>2 

- 

42 

50 

72 

71 

71 

02 

100 

96 

46 

11 

68 

75 

76 

91 

05 

90 

49 

55 

67 

74 

92 

85 

93 

101 

39 

46 

45 

so 

85 

90 

102 

97 

40 

60 

67 

7° 

77 

89 

90 

99 

40 

40 

55 

73 

82 

99 

92 

92 

42 

44 

58 

70 

80 

92 

89 

91 

K91  

70 

60 

41 

1866  .. 

89 

92 

58 

61 

1867  

43 

46 

43 

74 

81 

S.  Ex.  157- 


-19 


90 

83 

54 

43 

85 

82 

5S 

55 

6S 

7* 

74 

67 

43 

72 

99 

67 

66 

56 

71 

91 

70 

60 

48 

72 

81 

88 

66 

36 

71 

82 

80 

63 

44 

74 

90 

71 

63 

60 

72 

94 

67 

50 

38 

70 

92 

73 

60 

54 

71 

81 

81 

64 

45 

•  70 

145 

146 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperature*,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

—  Continued. 


JUSMAKCK,  X.  DAK.—  Ontinuoil, 


Year. 

Juu. 

Fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1885   

39 

48 

49 

72 

83 

87 

97 

92 

95 

80 

51 

53 

71 

1886       

39 

56 

61 

81 

92 

92 

102 

104 

92 

81 

58 

47 

76 

1887         

44 

45 

r.i 

87 

91 

97 

96 

91 

85 

73 

73 

47 

74 

1888           

40 

46 

47 

81 

74 

!I5 

96 

98 

93 

79 

59 

57 

72 

1889            

46 

48 

69 

85 

81 

97 

95 

102 

93 

86 

63 

42 

76 

1890           .    

S9 

46 

52 

82 

83 

91 

98 

103 

88 

84 

70 

64 

75 

1891            

50 

48 

50 

90 

93 

87 

86 

94 

92 

78 

63 

46 

73 

41 

48 

56 

77 

84 

91 

95 

96 

83 

78 

61 

49 

72 

BUFORD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1866     

97 

96 

60 

1867       

52 

50 

44 

80 

82 

96 

100 

88 

76 

57 

40 

1868      

28 

44 

78 

88 

89 

96 

106 

99 

71 

78 

67 

45 

74 

1869         

43 

40 

62 

70 

82 

95 

100 

100 

99 

78 

78 

40 

74 

1870            

43 

44 

52 

87 

95 

106 

99 

97 

90 

88 

59 

49 

76 

1871            

40 

40 

69 

70 

99 

95 

102 

100 

90 

75 

53 

47 

73 

1872 

41 

47 

46 

72 

90 

95 

104 

101 

97 

85 

48 

48 

73 

1873  

45 

40 

53 

69 

74 

91 

100 

102 

84 

80 

60 

43 

70 

1874   

38 

35 

50 

82 

90 

101 

103 

90 

96 

80 

57 

39 

72 

1875     

34 

32 

47 

69 

90 

85 

95 

92 

82 

79 

59 

50 

68 

1876         

45 

43 

41 

79 

80 

91 

99 

101 

76 

74 

62 

42 

69 

1877 

37 

51 

49 

73 

84 

87 

90 

90 

89 

75 

65 

55 

70 

1878 

58 

49 

68 

68 

70 

86 

94 

71 

52 

60 

45 

1879 

45 

44 

70 

81 

85 

89 

94 

98 

95 

95 

62 

40 

75 

1880 

47 

50 

68 

80 

95 

95 

96 

92 

85 

77 

61 

46 

74 

1881 

36 

47 

51 

92 

90 

96 

104 

102 

87 

70 

58 

51 

74 

1882  

45 

57 

70 

75 

79 

91 

97 

107 

100 

65 

55 

46 

74 

1883  

45 

41 

53 

76 

87 

107 

96 

% 

91 

74 

58 

46 

73 

1884   

46 

45 

59 

76 

85 

99 

93 

100 

80 

86 

62 

57 

74 

1885 

45 

46 

58 

75 

84 

91 

96 

90 

90 

78 

58 

59 

73 

1886 

44 

51 

69 

79 

89 

94 

106 

104 

86 

85 

57 

45 

76 

1887 

42 

47 

59 

88 

93 

98 

98 

92 

89 

80 

68 

45 

75 

1888  

42 

49 

51 

82 

75 

100 

95 

96 

93 

76 

54 

58 

69 

1889  

45 

51 

72 

76 

76 

101 

98 

99 

87 

89 

61 

44 

75 

1890     

42 

49 

51 

82 

83 

88 

100 

98 

91 

80 

65 

56 

74 

1891     

50 

39 

58 

87 

90 

82 

>vl 

97 

87 

75 

68 

47 

72 

43 

45 

58 

78 

86 

95 

q« 

97 

88 

79 

61 

48 

73 

CARRINGTON,  N.  DAK. 


1889  ... 

77 

87 

85 

97 

101 

99 

1891  

98 

% 

gg 

46 

Means  

98 

CHURCHS  FERRY,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

86 

83 

90 

DAVENPORT,  N.  DAK. 

1890.. 

41 

41 

45 

83 

89 
91 

90 
93 

100 

S5 

94 
94 

90 

79 

1891  

Means  





90 

92 

92 

94 



CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


147 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

DICKINSON,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

• 
1891  

71 

45 

ELLENDALE,  N.  DAK. 

1890 

53 

1891 

48 

41 

54 

88 

95 

~96 

89 

100 

96 

76 

62 

44 

74 

48 

FARG.O,  N.  DAK. 

1891 

95 

84 

95 

92 

79 

62 

44 

GALLATIN,  N.  DAK. 

1889       

72 
82 
90 

82 
84 
92 

96 
96 
94 

102 
102 

84 

98 
100 
98 

96 
§0 
96 

80 
84 

74 

60 
62 
64 

40 
50 
42 

1890  

32 
46 

40 
40 

44 

50 

72 
72 

1891  

Means         .  .   

39 

40 

47 

81 

86 

95 

96 

99 

94 

76 

62 

44 

72 

GRAFTON,  N.  DAK. 

1891 

46 

30 

91 

84 

85 

92 

88 

71 

61 

41 

• 

GRAND  FORKS,  N.  DAK. 

1890 

82 

81 

99 
92 

104 

"92 

.  :  .  — 

87 

76 

63 
61 

48 
45 

1891 

43 

33 

96 

62 

46 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  N.  DAK. 

1891 

95 

102 

97 

77 

65 

42 

HOPE,  N.  DAK. 

1891 

90 

88 

93 

85 

71 

63 

JAMESTOWN,  N.  DAK. 

1891  

85 

KELSO,  N.  DAK. 

1890    . 

94 
90 

95 
93 

85 
92 

77 
72 

60 
64 

52 

48 

1891 

4r, 

35 

47 

89 

92 

94 

72 

92 

94 

88 

74 

62 

50 

148 


CKKTAIN   CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  ma.rimiim  temperatures,  with   monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

DAKOTA,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

An-;. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891  

98 

81 

93 

• 
7") 

57 

II) 

LEECH  FAEM,  N.  DAK. 


1888  

71 

72 

97 

94 

95 

96 

88 

KC 

1889  

42 

40 

68 

83 

91'- 

92 

96 

95 

95 

73 

PIS 

AA 

70 

1890  

41 

41 

45 

83 

89 

90 

100 

94 

90 

79 

Means 

41 

40 

56 

79 

84 

93 

97 

95 

Q1 

KO 

fix 

70 

LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1873  :  

95 

96 

95 

92 

(i"> 

**if) 

1874  

49 

53 

56 

92 

98 

98 

103 

94 

101 

77 

57 

44 

77 

1875     

32 

32 

46 

60 

89 

89 

96 

97 

87 

84 

58 

•"if) 

ftQ 

1876 

53 

65 

43 

76 

90 

96 

100 

110 

80 

76 

X'' 

41 

77 

1X77 

45 

60 

52 

66 

89 

97 

95 

95 

85 

70 

00 

fift 

70 

1878 

*  50 

52 

74 

78 

86 

90 

99 

98 

'IS 

68 

'Vt 

44 

7^ 

1879  

45 

45 

66 

74 

89 

96 

93 

80 

92 

45 

30 

1880  

1!) 

36 

64 

65 

95 

84 

94 

84 

79 

62 

41 

1881 

46 

34 

68 

79 

84 

92 

103 

98 

'I1  1 

71 

riX 

Afi 

70 

1XX2  

42 

50 

66 

72 

73 

85 

88 

100 

'!"> 

68 

r>d 

40 

fin 

1883  

34 

42 

50 

74 

84 

104 

94 

92 

93 

74 

60 

50 

71 

1884 

40 

44 

60 

72 

84 

92 

88 

96 

82 

80 

65 

48 

71 

1885 

38 

42 

49 

74 

84 

90 

!(!(> 

96 

100 

XI 

55 

57 

79 

1XS»> 

34 

62 

64 

83 

95 

96 

lOfi 

100 

95 

85 

63 

43 

70 

1887 

36 

37 

43 

91 

92 

101 

96 

'id 

90 

XX 

v\ 

AQ 

71 

188S  

45 

49 

47 

84 

76 

98 

97 

102 

'Hi 

SO 

(II) 

59 

74 

1SX9   

44 

47 

67 

83 

80 

98 

96 

104 

96 

X'! 

64 

44 

7fi 

1XIHI 

II 

4X 

51 

83 

80 

93 

102 

lir> 

89 

xo 

69 

62 

7K 

1891  

50 

48 

50 

68 

88 

S3 

Means 

43 

47 

56 

76 

85 

13 

96 

99 

91 

79 

61 

48 

70 

MINOT,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

41 

42 

NAPOLEON,  N.  DAK. 


1889  

98 

% 

L06 

'Mi 

8' 

59 

49 

IS!  Ml  

40 

42 

49 

82 

95 

99 

101 

XT 

78 

67 

57 

ISill  

47 

42 

42 

90 

02 

92 

86 

96 

99 

7'' 

58 

S8 

Moans  

44 

42 

46 

86 

96 

93 

101 

'»•' 

77 

HI 

46 

7"* 

NEW  ENGLAND  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1889  .. 

43 

66 

85    80 

104 

97 

101 

Rfi 

8K 

fi! 

^fi 

1X90  

42 

48 

60 

87    87 

88 

102 

99 

87 

SO 

fifi 

**% 

7= 

1891  

58 

44 

57 

91 

Means  

50 

45 

61 

86    84 

MI; 

100 

100 

Kft 

89 

fil 

KA 

77 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


149 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

PEMBINA,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


Your. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1871 

82 

72 

41 

36 

1X72 

si 

39 

82 

59 

79 

91 

97 

100 

85 

77 

48 

34 

65 

1ST;; 

31 

33 

43 

64 

81 

93 

89 

91 

80 

82 

45 

35 

64 

1874 

37 

32 

.17 

76 

98 

94 

94 

94 

92 

76 

51 

39 

69 

1X7.". 

21 

22 

40 

64 

91 

87 

93 

88 

90 

82 

46 

41 

64 

1X7(1 

36 

33 

48 

76 

86  - 

-92 

95 

96 

77 

71 

65 

41 

68 

1877 

50 

44 

46 

69 

80 

Illl 

89 

89 

88 

69 

56 

49 

68 

1878 

41 

48 

70 

73 

73 

87 

90 

89 

81 

72 

53 

41 

68 

1879 

35 

31 

53 

73 

79 

90 

90 

80 

90 

50 

37 

1880  

42 

36 

46 

72 

87 

86 

91 

82 

80 

78 

52 

36 

60 

1881  

34 

32 

42 

73 

85 

X4 

93 

89 

»0 

68 

47 

35 

63 

1882   

30 

40 

41 

58 

77 

85 

90 

91 

89 

1883  

23 

40 

67 

71 

91 

93 

86 

86 

76 

57 

45 

1884 

34 

34 

39 

66 

83 

58 

11 

1885   .          

39 

40 

41 

68 

84 

89 

94 

90 

83 

73 

44 

40 

(>5 

1886            

24 

47 

42 

82 

86 

91 

96 

101 

88 

83 

58 

33 

69 

1887   .     .     

°2 

33 

44 

71 

92 

95 

91 

88 

87 

73 

68 

42 

67 

1888 

30 

38 

42 

76 

80 

95 

94 

99 

84 

78 

53 

43 

68 

1889 

51 

36 

70 

74 

83 

96 

97 

97 

96 

78 

63 

40 

73 

1890 

35 

33 

47 

77 

83 

97 

96 

94 

84 

82 

64 

48 

70 

1891 

38 

28 

48 

90 

93 

92 

85 

93 

91 

75 

in 

50 

71 

34 

34 

46 

71 

84 

ill 

92 

92 

85 

77 

54 

40 

67 

POWER,  N.  DAK. 


1891 

94 

88 

94 

94 

78 

69 

45 

RANSOM,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1868      

46 

1869        

34 

39 

63 

73 

83 

86 

103 

97 

87 

70 

70 

35 

70 

1870      .     

32 

32 

47 

82 

85 

97 

99 

102 

84 

81 

58 

54 

71 

1871      .     

37 

38 

46 

64 

89 

97 

102 

100 

99 

81 

54 

36 

70 

1872      

34 

39 

39 

76 

91 

98 

96 

35 

37 

49 

74 

87 

94 

100 

100 

90 

77 

61 

42 

70 

RICE,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


RICHARDTON,  N.  DAK. 


1868      

107 

100 

72 

57 

60 

41 

1869             

48 

45 

66 

72 

90 

91 

93 

76 

71 

11 

1870           .    .  ... 

44 

48 

66 

90 

101 

102 

98 

82 

80 

68 

50 

1871  

49 

46 

57 

73 

89 

97 

110 

103 

90 

78 

54 

46 

74 

1872             

40 

45 

42 

78 

79 

101 

99 

102 

94 

84 

56 

42 

72 

1873                .  . 

40 

42 

54 

74 

80 

94 

104 

98 

% 

89 

70 

42 

74 

1874             

46 

40 

64 

87 

97 

102 

108 

102 

106 

83 

54 

41 

78 

1875   .       

36 

32 

54 

72 

92 

90 

101 

94 

92 

86 

67 

57 

73 

1876             

52 

47 

50 

70 

90 

94 

102 

109 

79 

74 

64 

43 

73 

1877   

44 

56 

54 

72 

84 

90 

95 

100 

102 

70 

60 

55 

74 

1878   

39 

50 

74 

70 

75 

90 

103 

100 

97 

70 

Means  

44 

45 

58 

74 

86 

95 

102 

101 

91 

77 

62 

46 

73 

1884  

38 

64 

71 

76 

88 

88 

91 

78 

80 

68 

41 

1XX5   

37 

40 

48 

70 

80 

83 

95 

94 

97 

79 

56 

59 

70 

18X6   

32 

51 

52 

76 

87 

88 

104 

106 

80 

58 

38 

1887 

30 

52 

97 

84 

78 

70 

40 

Means  

33 

43 

54 

72 

81 

89 

96 

94 

87 

79 

63 

44 

70 

150 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

ST.  JOHNS,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

J.-ni. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Doe. 

Annual. 

1891 

84 

71 

53 

42 

ST.  THOMAS,  N.  DAK. 

1891 

94 

90 

90 

78 

60 

42 

SA\BOR\,  X.  DAK. 


1890                            

41 

SEWARD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1873   

30 

37 

46 

70 

76 

98 

96 

99 

84 

83 

64 

41 

69 

1874     

42 

37 

58 

87 

99 

98 

103 

94 

99 

78 

49 

42 

74 

1875   .     

27 

28 

56 

64 

88 

«78 

96 

92 

87 

79 

57 

47 

67 

1876        

40 

36 

36 

81 

88 

96 

99 

104 

82 

69 

68 

37 

70 

1877 

37 

58 

44 

63 

81 

83 

89 

86 

80 

35 

39 

48 

72 

86 

91 

97 

95 

86 

77 

59 

42 

69 

SHEYENNE,  N.  DAK. 


1872  

96 

96 

»94 

SPIRITWOOD,  N.  DAK. 


1881    

32 

40 

75 

90 

STEELE,  N.  DAK. 


1889  :  

87 

84 

99 

101 

110 

99 

9+ 

63 

43 

1890   

It 

40 

48 

88 

86 

92 

108 

104 

97 

86 

72 

61 

77 

1891 

48 

45 

50 

92 

93 

89 

87 

96 

97 

83 

Means 

46 

42 

49 

89 

88 

93 

99 

103 

98 

88 

67 

52 

76 

STEVENSON,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1868 

29 

51 

65 

78 

84 

93 

100 

95 

75 

73 

64 

42 

71 

1870  

34 

44 

49 

82 

94 

102 

94 

85 

78 

59 

47 

1871  

45 

43 

52 

65 

90 

91 

99 

102 

86 

75 

50 

36 

70 

1872  

35 

48 

45 

76 

94 

100 

103 

101 

86 

81 

50 

40 

72 

1873  

37 

43 

51 

69 

75 

91 

91 

92 

88 

86 

59 

42 

69 

1874  

43 

43 

56 

86 

94 

101 

108 

93 

97 

83 

69 

47 

76 

1875   .        

37 

29 

52 

63 

83 

86 

90" 

88 

86 

85 

55 

50 

67 

1876       

44 

45 

43 

74 

82 

89 

100 

100 

76 

75 

68 

43 

70 

1877  

40 

55 

40 

68 

82 

j  93 

93 

95 

72 

65 

55 

1878 

42 

52 

71 

73 

74 

90 

96 

94 

78 

59 

55 

1879 

43 

42 

59 

77 

76 

87 

<tr> 

90 

85 

90 

58 

33 

70 

1880 

42 

62 

82 

95 

87 

93 

100 

85 

86 

62 

39 

1881 

36 

38 

45 

78 

89 

91 

103 

% 

90 

67 

58 

55 

71 

1882 

88 

54 

57 

66 

79 

89 

91 

102 

96 

67 

55 

41 

70 

1883  

88 

42 

46 

75 

39 

45 

53 

74 

85 

91 

97 

96 

87 

78 

59 

45 

71 

CEETAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


151 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

TOBACCO  GARDEN,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1882                

54 

66 

72 

81 

90 

93 

102 

99 

64 

55 

27 

1883 

83 

82 

TOTTEN,  FORiy  UT  DAK. 


1869              

94 

«7 

70 

76 

30 

1870 

30 

38 

52 

83 

88 

98 

91 

90 

86 

80 

60 

48 

70 

1871  

40 

35 

39 

63 

89 

89 

97 

96 

86 

74 

45 

36 

66 

1872     

34 

40 

30 

56 

77 

94 

99 

100 

86 

77 

40 

3(> 

64 

1873     

29 

38 

39 

60 

74 

93 

92 

93 

83 

81 

58 

40 

65 

1874               

40 

37 

43 

77 

97 

94 

98 

90 

95 

79 

51 

36 

70 

1875  .    

16 

26 

46 

60 

83 

81 

90 

89 

84 

84 

50 

46 

63 

1876     

39 

33 

38 

76 

81 

89 

94 

105 

76 

74 

68 

34 

67 

1877 

36 

45 

41 

64 

80 

85 

89 

90 

92 

G6 

60J 

49 

66 

1878  

41 

46 

69 

67 

68 

89 

93 

94 

87 

72 

57 

39 

68 

1879    

37 

40 

CO 

70 

79 

87 

94 

93 

81 

90 

56 

40 

69 

1880      

35 

40 

45 

72 

85 

84 

86 

82 

81 

79 

50 

37 

65 

1881  .    

35 

31 

40 

SO 

86 

82 

95 

95 

83 

64 

45 

49 

65 

1882  

30 

42 

43 

62 

78 

85 

91 

94 

93 

69 

49 

32 

64 

1883 

35 

35 

41 

71 

76 

104 

88 

88 

92 

74 

53 

40 

66 

1884     

35 

38 

42 

65 

82 

94 

87 

94 

88 

86 

62 

43 

68 

1885     

40 

39 

40 

74 

86 

88 

93 

86 

96 

79 

44 

43 

67 

1886 

32 

45 

44 

80 

86 

88 

95 

103 

81 

80 

63 

37 

70 

1887 

35 

35 

52 

84 

90 

91 

90 

84 

81 

68 

70 

41 

68 

1888 

35 

38 

41 

74 

76 

93 

88 

94 

87 

78 

59 

54 

68 

1889     

45 

46 

71 

84 

82 

95 

96 

97 

98 

82 

58 

36 

74 

1890 

35 

40 

40 

79 

75 

93 

98 

95 

87 

78 

76 

35 

38 

46 

71 

82 

90 

93 

93 

87 

76 

57 

40 

67 

VALLEY  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1891       .             

94 

72 

62 

42 

WAHPETOX,  N.  DAK. 


1889               

.  95 

96 

97 

81 

48 

1890      

47 

52 

55 

88 

88 

93 

99 

99 

89 

80 

60 

54 

75 

1891   "  

52 

54 

56 

88 

90 

90 

90 

94 

94 

80 

58 

45 

74 

50 

53 

56 

88 

89 

92 

94 

96 

93 

80 

64 

49 

75 

WILD  RICE,  N.  DAK. 


1890 

89 

97 

85 

62 

60 

54 

1891 

49 

90 

92 

42 

48 

WILLOW  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

94 

92 

75 

45 

42 

WOODBRIDGE,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

79 

64 

37 

152 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  animal  averages,  at  stations  in  Iforth 

Dakota — Continued. 

YATES,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1882  

•46 

56 

54 

78 

81 

92 

96 

102 

99 

74 

57 

(i3 

76 

1883      

43 

47 

65 

77 

85 

108 

98 

% 

96 

78 

64 

55 

76 

1884         

42 

49 

50 

70 

83 

97 

96 

96 

90 

89 

68 

52 

74 

1885           

45 

49 

56 

76 

89 

93 

97 

97 

98 

87 

58 

56 

75 

1886           

35 

63 

67 

81 

98 

96 

107 

106 

95 

85 

61 

40 

78 

1887 

29 

46 

54 

88 

92 

101 

99 

95 

81 

76 

45 

1888            

50 

47 

49 

83 

76 

100 

102 

101 

95 

82 

59 

64 

76 

1889             

53 

52 

72 

81 

85 

99 

99 

102 

97 

84 

67 

52 

79 

1890  

57 

54 

58 

86 

87 

97 

100 

101 

92 

81 

71 

53 

78 

1891  

52 

47 

58 

96 

95 

93 

88 

103 

98 

78 

68 

46 

77 

45 

51 

59 

82 

87 

98 

98 

100 

96 

82 

64 

63 

77 

Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota. 

ABERDEEN,  S.  DAK. 


1890  .. 

47 

89 

93 

96 

103 

100 

88 

82 

63 

51 

1891  

48 

39 

50 

87 

90 

94 

88 

103 

97 

79 

65 

39 

73 

Means   .  .  . 

48 

88 

92 

95 

96 

102 

92 

80 

64 

45 

ALEXANDRIA,  S.  DAK. 


1882  

70 

80 

80 

1889  

98 

101 

98 

92 

58 

59 

1890  

45 

50 

55 

83 

96 

98 

103 

103 

95 

79 

68 

62 

78 

1891  

54 

46 

52 

90 

95 

92 

93 

100 

;»? 

50 

Means  

50 

48 

59 

84 

90 

% 

100 

100 

95 

63 

57 

ARMOUR,  S.  DAK. 


1889  

89 

98 

98 

97 

'  BANGOR,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

96 

BENNETT,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1880  .. 

90 

63 

50 

1881  .. 

44 

43 

56 

75 

(I2 

98 

101 

104 

91 

72 

65 

(j-> 

7r 

1882  .  . 

55 

63 

78 

86 

82 

90 

94 

104 

95 

76 

58 

r»7 

1883 

47 

60 

72 

78 

85 

97 

100 

98 

95 

83 

63 

rfl 

70 

1884  . 

49 

50 

71 

74 

86 

97 

97 

98 

92 

85 

7f) 

KQ 

77 

1XX5  

49 

51 

63 

78 

87 

90 

102 

97 

94 

83 

54 

1890  

46 

55 

68 

89 

91 

102 

107 

106 

91 

86 

75 

61 

81 

1891  

55 

43 

57 

95 

>)6 

95 

96 

108 

103 

82 

44 

52 

66 

82 

88 

>4(i 

«i'i 

-ino 

qi 

£9 

i;  i 

K7 

BRITTON,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

96 

82 

65 

40 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


153 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

BROOKINGS,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1888 

95 

101 

94 

93 

8'' 

69 

58 

1889 

41 

43 

64 

83 

91 

93 

98 

97 

89 

71) 

60 

58 

74 

1890  

48 

48 

51 

84 

90 

90 

94 

99 

91 

74 

68 

56 

74 

1891 

52 

48 

50 

88 

92 

89 

88 

100 

98 

80 

62 

52 

75 

45 

46 

53 

85 

91 

92 

95 

98 

93 

78 

65 

56 

75 

CANTON,  S.  DAK. 


1889           

96 
95 

89 

87 

78 
76 

56 
65 

54 

58 

1890         

53 

52 

58 
40 

54 

48 

84 
86 

91 
90 

98 

87 

101 

77 

1891         

Means    

52 

49 

51 

85 

90 

92 

96 

88 

77 

60 

56 

CASTLEWOOD,  S.  DAK. 

1891            

99 

96 

82 

61 

50 

CLARK,  S.  DAK. 

1889 

100 
105 
93 

100 
99 
100 

92 
91 
100 

79 

82 

57 
64 
63 

55 
54 

48 

1890 

44 
50 

50 
46 

59 
55 

85 

87 

93 
102 

95 
90 

76 
76 

1891  

47 

48 

57 

86 

98 

92 

99 

100 

94 

82 

61 

52 

76 

CROSS,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

69 

97 

85 

96 
90 

86 

88 

74 

78 

1891 

54 

60 

86 

86 

81 

60 

91 

93 

87 

76 

DAKOTA  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1886  

86 

DAKOTA,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 

1866  

80 

87 

1868  

85 

64 

37 

...  X  ... 

1869  

40 

39 

63 

69 

87 

Means  

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 

1878  

54 
56 
55 
47 

59 
53 
55 

58 

66 
71 
63 
65 

65 
71 
74 
82 

68 
81 

84 
80 

68 
63 
61 
60 

54 
50 
68 

58 

1879  

92 
95 

;ir> 

92 
90 
102 

92 
93 
101 

84 
86 
HI 

1880  

77 
73 

78 

1881  .. 

S. 


154 


CEftTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEBS  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA S. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


1882                        

49 
62 
59 
47 
49 
45 

60 
62 
50 
56 
59 
58 

73 
70 
52 
55 
60 
65 

77 
59 
62 
65 
69 
73 

70 
73 
72 
73 
86 
80 

82 
90 
91 

81 
82 
92 

88 
89 
86 
90 
96 
90 

93 

87 
83 
85 
93 
88 

85 
71 
78 
83 
83 
80 

70 
66 
76 
76 
78 
75 

56 
66 
62 
«3 
53 
64 

51 
59 
53 
58 
51 
49 

71 
71 
69 

69 
72 

72 

1883                            

1884                          

1885                           

1886                            

1887  

Means           .          .... 

52 

57 

64 

70 

77 

89 

91 

91 

82 

74 

62 

54 

72 

DE  SMET,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

34 

38 

63 
76 

71 

82 

85 

82 

77 

62 

53 

1891                                 .-   -- 

Means               .   ...  . 

70 

EGELAND,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

90 

92 

ELKTON,  S.  DAK. 

1890    ... 

41 

41 

47 

84 

87 

91 

98 

92 

78 

56 

46 

FLANDEEAU,  S.  DAK. 

1890  . 

93 
93 

94 
91 

95 
90 

98 
100 

91 

99 

75 
80 

75 
66 

1891       

52 

44 

52 

96 

57 

.    77 

Means  

93 

92 

92 

99 

95 

78 

70 

FORESTBUKG,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

90 

90 

94 

98 

99 

82 

64 

56 

FOREST  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

94 

112 

107 

95 

FRANKFORT,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

97 

86 

64 

45 

GARDEN  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1887  .. 

38 
55 

1888  

40 

46 

39 

65 

71 

97 

97 

94 

57 

Means  

46 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


155 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

GARY,  S.  DAK. 


Tear. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

92 

97 

96 

80 

61 

50 

GODDAED,  S.  DAK. 

188S  

45 

85 

74 

98 

108 

96 

95 

90 

62 

56 

1889  

40 

GRAND  VIEW,  S.  DAK. 

1888 

84 

87 

68 

HALE,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 

1879 

63 
60 
38 
48 
38 
48 

56 
65 
50 
63 
43 
49 

82 
64 
46 
68 
64 
68 

80 
90 
78 
88 
74 
75 

91 
96 
91 
82 
74 
86 

93 
91 
97 
89 
96 

96 
102 
94 
95 
97 

103 
103 
100 
97 
96 

87 
89 
90 
97 
90 

93 
86 
81 
80 
80 

76 
65 
"60 
64 
65 

38 
49 
61 
56 
55 

80 
80 
74 
77 
73 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883  . 

1884  . 

Means 

49 

54 

65 

81 

87 

93 

97 

100 

91 

84 

66 

52 

77 

HENRY,  S.  DAK. 

1886  

81 

58 

39 

1887  

33 

37 

64 

85 

87 

90 

91 

80 

HIGHMORE,  S.  DAK. 

1888  

51 

57 
62 
52 

104 
96 

97 
105 

1890    ... 

87 
88 

93 

105 

96 

81 

69 

57 

1891  . 

48 

41 

Means 

57 

88 

100 

101 

HOWARD,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

100 
95 

94 
98 

76 

82 

65 
64 

54 
55 

1891 

53 

44 

52 

90 

87 

89 

98 

96 

79 

64 

54 

HURLEY,  S.  DAK. 

1888 

36 

150 


CEKTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperature*,  irith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jau. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juue. 

July. 

AMI;. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

I>«T. 

Aiinual. 

18*1  

91 

96 

88 

74 

35 

58 

188L'       

46 

57 

75 

81 

77 

89 

93 

ill 

93 

81 

63 

5Q 

lxx:> 

45 

48 

70 

79 

79 

94 

99 

91 

88 

77 

69 

r»7 

71 

1SX-I      . 

44 

44 

65 

72 

83 

94 

90 

89 

96 

82 

67 

01 

70 

1885 

Hi 

50 

64 

75 

86 

89 

98 

89 

91 

82 

55 

r>'4 

70 

1886 

42 

60 

65 

83 

96 

90 

104 

IDII 

05 

X") 

60 

j« 

1887 

38 

47 

68 

94 

92 

97 

99 

•11 

89 

78 

76 

dft 

1888 

40 

45 

50 

80 

74 

95 

!()•' 

'Hi 

88 

79 

(ili 

(!'J 

1888 

42 

45 

70 

84 

90 

98 

104 

97 

92 

78 

R9 

r.r, 

1X90 

4.'i 

45 

50 

84 

92 

'II 

10'j 

10^ 

'H 

79 

7O 

r,i 

18111 

55 

46 

50 

87 

92 

92 

90 

97 

96 

8'' 

fi9 

r- 

44 

49 

63 

82 

86 

93 

98 

95 

99 

XII 

fid. 

KIMBALL,  S.  DAK. 


1889.. 

99 

109 

99 

77 

1890 

45 

56 

60 

82 

91 

97 

105 

109 

9r> 

74. 

69 

1891 

56 

44 

51 

87 

94 

84 

91 

103 

M8 

wi 

50 

50 

56 

84 

92 

95 

10'' 

101 

Of! 

7ft 

'  « 

LEAD  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


LOWER  BHULE  AGENCY,  S.  DAK. 


1878  

81 

92 

85 

86 

7'' 

1875  

100 

90 

73 

(\7 

1876  

62 

75 

55 

87 

95 

105 

105 

101 

90 

SI  I 

7A 

1877  

50 

67 

57 

74 

87 

104 

101 

99 

qx 

77 

CK 

1878  

49 

63 

81 

81 

82 

91 

98 

Q7 

Qfl 

01 

10 

(0 

Means  .. 

51 

6S 

64 

81 

88 

100 

101 

qo 

QK 

OQ 

o(l 

MEADE,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


379  .. 

100 

100 

QO 

'HI 

70 

380  

82 

60 

72 

81 

97 

93 

101 

88 

82 

71 

PLQ 

381  

54 

67 

61 

89 

84 

102 

108 

QA 

7K 

fi7 

382  

62 

71 

81 

78 

84 

94 

inx 

QO 

70 

i<83  

50 

60 

71 

71 

84 

100 

»N 

<)X 

QA 

7fi 

K84  

54 

57 

66 

73 

89 

97 

Q^i 

•it; 

QO 

Oft 

(O 

S85  

58 

65 

64 

78 

g9 

81 

M'l 

QK 

QJ_ 

X  I 

i^ 

•486  

52 

68 

72 

78 

94 

V, 

1Ofi 

1AO 

il 

«87  

49 

71 

73 

86 

88 

Ms 

1(V) 

xo 

^88  

61 

59 

67 

84 

77 

HI; 

QQ 

80 

•<89  

48 

57 

68 

79 

7Q 

Q4 

Q7 

76 

390  

54 

63 

64 

81 

'ii 

<i,; 

Ifll 

il 

<!>!  

55 

58 

61 

83 

<ii 

()1 

(11 

10 

80 

5b 

7s 

Means  

53 

62 

68 

80 

85 

<u 

QQ 

1AA 

7o 

MILLBANK,  S.  DAK. 


1890  .  . 

60 

87 

'IS 

MS 

1Ofi 

1891  

60 

48 

56 

XX 

UK 

Ml  1 



O.S 

54 

77 

Means  

74 

91 

9-1 

94 

101 

qo 

xi 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


157 


Monthly  abxolnte  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

J)ak<>  f« — Contin  nci  I . 

MITCHELL,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

88 

94 

94 

84 

65 

63 

MORRISTON,  S.  DAK. 


1878 

j 

45 
47 
55 
60 

48 

1879 

70 

10 

III 
52 

58 
70 
•14 
60 
70 

84 
72 
50 

65 

77 
70 

82 
85 
83 
68 
82 
78 

92 

96 
91 

82 
72 
85 

90 
92 
94 
90 
96 
98 

100 
102 
100 
96 
106 
98 

102 
104 
100 
96 
98 

93 

95 

70 
66 
70 
66 

82 

ixxo 

1881  

98 
96 
74 

80 

84 

71  i 
71 

1*82    

1883 

1884 

Means  

53 

60 

70 

80 

86 

93 

100 

100 

90 

86 

6X 

51 

78 

OKLRICHS,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

69 
60 

78 
102 

91 
94 

104   104 
96   104 

93 
97 

81 
76 

70 
80 

60 
57 

1891    

50 

49 

94 

XO 

64 

< 

90 
)LIVF 

92 
T,  S. 

100 

104 

95 

78 

75 

58 

DAK. 

1X77 

89 
91 
94 
95 
93 
90 

102 

inn 

102 
98 
100 
92 

94 
103 
98 
106 
98 
100 

93 
96 
89 
95 
97 
96 

79 
81 
91 

76 
80 

59 

71 
60 
61 
70 
66 

56 
52 
47 
54 
62 

1S7X   

4X 
58 
59 
39 

IX 

62 
53 

70 
II 
70 

77 
84 
72 
54 
82 

80 
82 
85 
78 
86 

84 
92 
93 
93 
85 

79 
79 
82 

77 

ISTil   

1880   

]XX1 

1882 

Means  

50 

60 

74 

82 

89 

92 

99 

100 

94 

83 

65 

54 

78 

ONIDA,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

40 
48 

46 
40 

56 
48 

84 

88 

90 
90 

104 
90 

104 
102 

88 

911 

84 

80 

69 

72 

1891 

96 

41 

76 

44 

43 

52 

86 

90 

97 

103 

94 

82 

70 

PARKER,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

89 

99 

96 

65 

59 

• 

PARKSTON,  S.  DAK. 

1887  

40 
52 
54 
58 
46 

60 
52 
70 
56 

48 

92 

82 

98 
80 

99 
96 

94 
92 

88 

104 

102 
100 

95 
92 

98 
97 
96 

93 

79 

82 

78 

48 
65 
66 
70 
54 

1888   . 

42 
50 
52 

68 

1889  

90 

81 

1890  

82 
82 

88 
86 

1891  .. 

98 

96 

84 

72 

76 

158 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Coi  i  ti  i  incd. 

PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

90 

104 

101 

81 

80 

56 

PLANKINTON,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

90 

89 

98 

RANDALL,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


I860         

68 

19 

94 

91 

96 

102 

90 

90 

74 

56 

1861           

38 

60 

62 

88 

84 

98 

106 

106 

92 

82 

70 

67 

79 

1862    

44 

54 

79 

78 

92 

98 

105 

98 

99 

88 

66 

58 

80 

1863    

54 

54 

76 

80 

92 

102 

104 

108 

106 

84 

66 

60 

82 

1864 

65 

67 

73 

87 

105 

106 

100 

99 

65 

47 

1865 

52 

52 

72 

82 

101 

100 

92 

1866 

87 

87 

74 

44 

1867 

44 

48 

36 

73 

81 

100 

94 

100 

60 

1868        

50 

58 

74 

74 

81 

92 

106 

98 

90 

90 

75 

53 

70 

1869       .  .      

59 

56 

70 

76 

86 

89 

96 

91 

80 

80 

47 

1870  

51 

65 

51 

88 

92 

104 

107 

100 

92 

80 

73 

67 

81 

1871 

61 

61 

76 

76 

96 

103 

102 

99 

85 

72 

50 

1872      

51 

57 

60 

79 

96 

96 

94 

104 

99 

90 

60 

50 

78 

1873       

49 

63 

73 

85 

83 

97 

100 

103 

99 

84 

75 

48 

80 

1874        

56 

58 

66 

95 

99 

102 

112 

103 

106 

89 

81 

59 

86 

1875 

35 

32 

73 

80 

90 

99 

98 

94 

92 

92 

70 

62 

76 

1876    

67 

77 

50 

86 

91 

102 

106 

99 

87 

78 

79 

58 

82 

1877     

63 

66 

67 

76 

85 

92 

98 

104 

94 

75 

63 

57 

78 

1878    

50 

61 

77 

80 

80 

92 

98 

102 

97 

82 

75 

65 

80 

1879     .   ...  

68 

62 

83 

83 

95 

97 

100 

107 

89 

93 

79 

42 

83 

1880 

65 

71 

80 

88 

96 

93 

97 

103 

92 

94 

60 

57 

83 

1881 

42 

47 

46 

80 

89 

94 

97 

104 

102 

77 

78 

57 

76 

1882  

57 

70 

85 

86 

91 

90 

96 

94 

96 

82 

65 

59 

81 

1883     

55 

60 

74 

78 

79 

95 

99 

99 

92 

82 

68 

64 

79 

1884     

48 

53 

70 

74 

89 

96 

95 

96 

97 

89 

78 

58 

79 

1885 

52 

56 

68 

81 

90 

98 

107 

91 

93 

83 

66 

61 

79 

1886 

53 

65 

69 

84 

97 

99 

110 

101 

98 

85 

67 

68 

83 

1887 

51 

48 

69 

94 

92 

99 

101 

95 

94 

81 

77 

40 

78 

1888  

46 

55 

59 

87 

73 

99 

107 

100 

91 

90 

72 

68 

79 

1889  

45 

53 

74 

86 

95 

99 

105 

100 

94 

79 

62 

65 

80 

1890  

58 

59 

65 

84 

92 

96 

104 

103 

98 

80 

75 

70 

82 

1891  

57 

47 

52 

87 

92 

92 

88 

95 

94 

86 

69 

61 

77 

53 

58 

66 

80 

90 

97 

101 

100 

95 

85 

69 

57 

79 

RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1881     .         .  . 

67 

87 

85 

100 

106 

104 

92 

71 

67 

80 

1882 

56 

65 

75 

82 

89 

90 

97 

103 

97 

75 

67 

57 

79 

1883 

46 

60 

72 

70 

79 

1888  

66 

59 

66 

84 

75 

99 

100 

91 

94 

79 

68 

68 

78 

1889 

57 

58 

69 

80 

82 

95 

100 

100 

94 

86 

72 

61 

80 

1890  

56 

66 

68 

82 

90 

99 

99 

101 

92 

79 

75 

75 

82 

1891  

59 

55 

64 

87 

88 

89 

92 

100 

94 

79 

77 

60 

79 

Means  

57 

60 

69 

82 

84 

95 

99 

100 

94 

78 

71 

64 

79 

REDF1ELD,  S.  DAK. 


1889 

71 

88 

100 

1 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


159 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

ROSCOK,  S.  DAK. 


Tear. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Star. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July.    Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dee. 

Annual. 

1889 

75 

103 

106       108 

91 

78 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  S.  DAK. 


1890            

101 

92 

80 

'  58 

1891 

53 

47 

52 

92 

90 

98 

92 

101 

68 

58 

Means    

101 

58 

SCRANTON,  S.  DAK. 


1890  

40 

44 

60 

87 

94 

97 

100 

102 

89 

75 

66 

55 

76 

1891  

50 

44 

55 

93 

Means  ..  

45 

44 

58 

90 

SIOUX  FALLS,  S.  DAK. 


1890                       

92 

96 

98 

87 

74 

60 

52 

1891                        '      

50 

43 

4ti 

90 

89 

90 

96 

82 

62 

55 

Means  

92 

94 

92 

78 

61 

54 

SISSETON,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1867 

SI 

35 

35 

72 

81 

90 

92 

89 

85 

66 

1868 

33 

1869 

34 

54 

65 

80 

85 

88 

85 

88 

75 

74 

35 

1870 

28 

34 

42 

81 

83 

90 

93 

95 

79 

76 

58 

55 

68 

1871 

35 

42 

48 

84 

84 

88 

102 

94 

93 

59 

36 

70 

1872  . 

37 

39 

35 

79 

90 

93 

99 

100 

8fi 

84 

42 

35 

68 

1873 

32 

36 

43 

li" 

70 

92 

98 

95 

xs 

78 

55 

33 

66 

1874 

40 

32 

51 

80 

93 

96 

100 

88 

101 

80 

60 

46 

72 

1875 

22 

24 

59 

62 

85 

86 

91 

93 

89 

85 

64 

53 

68 

1876 

44 

48 

54 

75 

87 

102 

94 

100 

76 

72 

40 

1877 

37 

47 

44 

68 

75 

90 

1878 

40 

62 

72 

82 

83 

91 

74 

39 

1879 

44 

40 

72 

73 

86 

90 

87 

56 

33 

1880 

44 

53 

54 

83 

92 

96 

84 

86 

56 

39 

1881 

35 

37 

76 

86 

85 

89 

91 

83 

71 

57 

45 

1882 

37 

51 

60 

76 

73 

80 

82 

93 

93 

71 

48 

31 

68 

1883 

35 

39 

42 

73 

74 

93 

95 

90 

86 

71 

57 

72 

69 

1884 

45 

42 

46 

65 

79 

89 

85 

86 

86 

78 

62 

42 

67 

1885  .. 

40 

41 

49 

69 

81 

85 

92 

89 

96 

80 

50 

50 

69 

1886  .. 

45 

54 

61 

79 

86 

88 

98 

100 

94 

80 

f>0 

40 

74 

1887  .. 

32 

48 

91 

94 

91 

92 

88 

80 

75 

73 

34 

1888  .. 

38 

40 

42 

70 

70 

95 

100 

95 

88 

77 

60 

55 

69 

1889  

34 

36 

69 

78 

Means  . 

37 

40 

50 

74 

82 

89 

93 

93 

88 

78 

59 

43 

69 

SMITHVILLE,  S.  DAK. 


1881  .. 

108 

112 

98 

82 

62 

64 

1882  

54 

65 

72 

83 

82 

92 

160 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Month!)/  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

SPEARFISH,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1890                                

55 

62 

66 

76 

83 

96 

105 

96 

88 

78 

69 

71 

79 

1891  

55 

49 

59 

88 

89 

89 

91 

96 

02 

ft 

79 

62 

78 

55 

56 

62 

82 

86 

92 

98 

96 

90 

80 

74 

66 

78 

SPRING  LAKE,  S.  DAK. 


SULLY,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1888 

65 

60 

IRRfl 

52 

48 

72 

84 

92 

92 

98 

96 

1866 

42 

50 

50 

83 

1868               .  

79 

67 

61 

1869   

53 

52 

71 

72 

88 

95 

104 

106 

BB 

80 

80 

46 

78 

1870       

50 

57 

56 

79 

93 

104 

107 

105 

82 

87 

71 

64 

80 

1871     

61 

59 

70 

89 

94 

104 

114 

107 

100 

88 

64 

54 

84 

1872     ...      

50 

64 

64 

77 

96 

108 

106 

105 

101 

93 

62 

48 

79 

1873          

45 

48 

70 

82 

84 

106 

108 

104 

100 

87 

69 

45 

79 

1874               

52 

60 

68 

98 

101 

106 

105 

107 

107 

89 

63 

55 

84 

1875    

30 

30 

59 

81 

88 

98 

103 

101 

98 

90 

69 

59 

76 

1876    

56 

52 

46 

84 

93 

103 

105 

108 

87 

78 

78 

56 

79 

1877       

47 

62 

54 

67 

85 

98 

106 

100 

97 

77 

63 

57 

76 

1878      

48 

64 

83 

76 

89 

95 

107 

94 

96 

84 

<;» 

58 

80 

1S7II           

68 

59 

79 

82 

86 

98 

103 

99 

90 

95 

82 

38 

82 

JSXO           

56 

65 

71 

80 

96 

99 

101 

106 

94 

92 

68 

50 

X2 

1XX1   

12 

48 

49 

87 

90 

93 

104 

107 

88 

77 

68 

61 

7li 

1882           

55 

67 

66 

81 

85 

95 

100 

106 

98 

86 

60 

58 

79 

1883   

48 

60 

76 

67 

86 

96 

101 

90 

!!!> 

XI 

70 

60 

78 

1884  

52 

57 

72 

75 

88 

89 

100 

11!) 

9« 

X8 

70 

59 

79 

1885       

50 

58 

67 

80 

89 

97 

108 

103 

98 

87 

57 

61 

79 

1886      

46 

64 

74 

79 

98 

98 

10!) 

106 

100 

86 

63 

41 

81 

1887         

34 

49 

62 

92 

92 

99 

1().| 

98 

94 

78 

77 

46 

77 

1888            

50 

57 

59 

83 

74 

99 

104 

97 

95 

79 

66 

67 

78 

1889 

45 

47 

71 

85 

85 

99 

105 

107 

98 

85 

64 

53 

79 

1890               .  . 

46 

56 

69 

86 

90 

99 

103 

102 

93 

85 

77 

62 

80 

1891  

53 

44 

56 

93 

93 

91 

97 

109 

102 

80 

76 

52 

79 

Means   .... 

49 

55 

65 

82 

90 

99 

105 

103 

96 

85 

69 

51 

79 

TYNDALL,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

104 

93 

85 

65 

62 

VERMILLION,  S.  DAK. 


1883 

43 

1XX1 

47 

53 

70 

73 

84 

89 

66 

60 

1XX5 

46 

69 

64 

76 

85 

90 

99 

95 

91 

XI 

72 

58 

77 

1886 

41 

60 

58 

81 

!I2 

91 

72 

1890 

55 

58 

57 

80 

88 

97 

101 

96 

58 

1X91     

48 

33 

Means  ...  ..  

47 

55 

62 

78 

87 

9"3 

100 

96 

86 

70 

54 

WATERTOWN,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

37 

48 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


161 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

WEBSTER,  S.  DAK.      . 


Tear. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

ISS^ 

no 

96 

96 

98 

83 

53 

44 

IN,  :: 

39 

58 

60 

83 

80 

96 

108 

100 

96 

83 

75 

<i(i 

79 

IS.-  1 

39 

37 

54 

68 

87 

102 

97 

95 

93 

88 

61 

75 

- 

55 

62 

70 

79 

91 

94 

99 

99 

98 

83 

52 

68 

78 

1886 

44 

61 

69 

81 

93 

95 

102 

106 

97 

85 

63 

44 

78 

1  x><7            

:;i 

45 

70 

ill 

94 

94 

96 

89 

87 

73 

77 

:i8 

74 

1  SSS            

43 

47 

50 

75 

74 

98 

101 

97 

89 

81 

69 

(il 

71 

1889 

38 

41 

71 

81 

92- 

94 

96 

100 

92 

81 

60 

'!') 

75 

1890 

50 

50 

51 

80 

90 

88 

98 

98 

85 

77 

70 

5(i 

74 

1S1I1 

r.i 

45 

47 

87 

92 

104 

104 

88 

68 

51 

44 

49 

60 

80 

87 

94 

98 

98 

94 

82 

66 

53 

75 

WENTWORTH,  S.  DAK. 


!8S3      

81 

IHS.'i                           

73 

83 

87 

94 

189J 

69 

51 

i 

WESSINGTON  SPRINGS,  S.  DAK. 


1891    

88 

102 

97 

84 

64 

55 

WICKLOW,  S.  DAK. 


1883  

40 

40 

71 

92 

95 

97 

97 

42 

WOLSEY,  S.  DAK. 


1889          

40 

41 

70 

80 

88 

07 

105 

96 

90 

74 

'60 

50 

71 

1890 

44 

48 

52 

82 

96 

95 

104 

103 

96 

75 

68 

55 

1891 

54 

44 

52 

89 

92 

96 

94 

102 

99 

86 

64 

47 

'  ' 

Menus 

46 

44 

58 

84 

92 

96 

101 

100 

95 

78 

64 

51 

76 

WOONSOCKET,  S.  DAK. 


1888  

84 

80 

99 

107 

99 

90 

79 

64 

63 

1889 

45 

41 

73 

88 

92 

99 

104 

99 

14 

77 

62 

59 

78 

1890 

44 

48 

54 

84 

96 

99 

105 

104 

95 

80 

69 

57 

' 

Means  

44 

44 

63 

85 

89 

99 

105 

101 

93 

78 

65 

60 

77 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


1873  

73 

80 

94 

06 

103 

04 

86 

66 

4~y 

1874  

62 

58 

50 

89 

02 

94 

'17 

101 

95 

85 

71 

56 

79 

1875 

32 

'il 

72 

82 

89 

92 

03 

87 

80 

87 

65 

6b> 

70 

1876  

69 

I  i* 

45 

80 

87 

97 

93 

93 

82 

77 

76 

54 

76 

1877  

51 

59 

65 

78 

81 

87 

96 

93 

89 

73 

57 

57 

73 

1878  

46 

62 

77 

80 

78 

89 

94 

97 

92 

83 

73 

65 

1879  

62 

62 

87 

80 

P3 

92 

98 

97 

85 

89 

73 

4r> 

80 

1880  

67 

66 

68 

82 

94 

94 

97 

99 

91 

84 

82 

•"il 

80 

1881  

36 

52 

44 

79 

88 

96 

98 

101 

100 

76 

65 

71 

1882  

:>i 

64 

80 

86 

88 

93 

96 

95 

93 

82 

6° 

r>(i" 

79 

1883.. 

44 

50 

70 

78 

89 

95 

103 

92 

89 

81 

67 

60 

77 

S.  Ex.  157 21 


162 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC!  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1884    

50 

52 

66 

72 

82 

94 

94 

90 

88 

87 

fifi 

K7 

fJK 

1885  

50 

53 

66 

77 

86 

92 

101 

89 

92 

83 

68 

59 

76 

1886 

42 

66 

59 

80 

95 

90 

103 

99 

92 

S3 

1Q 

77 

1887 

47 

50 

78 

90 

90 

94 

98 

99 

91 

SI) 

78 

AK 

70 

1888  

50 

56 

69 

85 

79 

95 

102 

97 

93 

82 

79 

65 

1889  

47 

56 

72 

81 

94 

93 

98 

96 

88 

80 

60 

60 

77 

1890  

56 

60 

56 

86 

88 

93 

98 

99 

93 

75 

74 

67 

7Q 

1891  

57 

42 

49 

89 

90 

86 

94 

92 

86 

65 

61 

50 

56 

66 

81 

87 

93 

97 

96 

91 

82 

i;s 

fifi 

77 

Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  Nebraska. 

HAY  SPRINGS,  NEBR. 


1886  

50 

63 

68 

78 

93 

100 

08 

92 

83 

54 

50 

1887  

50 

57 

75 

85 

86 

92 

99 

•IX 

87 

Rf> 

7ft 

AC 

70 

1888  

55 

56 

69 

85 

79 

99 

101 

86 

94 

76 

7ft 

fit 

7ft 

1889  

49 

56 

67 

78 

82 

93  -1 

104 

98 

95 

84 

64 

64 

78 

1890  

54 

62 

71 

82 

91 

102 

102 

98 

90 

76 

70 

62 

80 

1891  

47 

49 

58 

87 

90 

89 

90 

97 

94 

76 

78 

55 

Means  

51 

58 

68 

82 

87 

95 

99 

96 

92 

80 

68 

*\7 

ROBINSON,  FORT,  NEBR. 


1883  .. 

103 

CM 

94 

84 

71 

60 

1884  

51 

56 

76 

88 

97 

101 

97 

94 

82 

73 

1885  

55 

55 

fi!) 

77 

86 

89 

100 

96 

06 

xx 

74 

74 

VI) 

1886  

56 

71 

73 

76 

95 

92 

104 

108 

80 

88 

79 

<yj 

01 

1887  

54 

59 

76 

88 

88 

95 

99 

97 

92 

88 

77 

riO 

80 

1888  

85 

1889  

55 

64 

70 

82 

89 

96 

106 

09 

97 

87 

G7 

66 

8"> 

1890  

63 

72 

70 

81 

90 

99 

102 

100 

93 

80 

74 

68 

SQ 

1891  

54 

46 

58 

87 

87 

85 

89 

06 

95 

79 

81 

57 

7fi 

56 

60 

69 

81 

89 

93 

100 

98 

94 

84 

74 

62 

8ft 

VALENTINE,  NEBR. 


1885  

94 

88 

69 

68 

1886  

57 

66 

74 

78 

95 

91 

103 

98 

88 

8i 

59 

61 

KO 

1887             . 

49 

56 

73 

89 

88 

94 

Q7 

'Hi 

93 

87 

7K 

KQ 

7Q 

1888  

63 

62 

67 

88 

77 

100 

103 

92 

99 

80 

68 

1889  

58 

66 

81 

82 

84 

92 

106 

98 

97 

86 

67 

66 

Q9 

1890  

r>!) 

66 

69 

83 

91 

08 

103 

98 

92 

80 

75 

liX 

09 

1891  

54 

45 

55 

89 

92 

87 

84 

99 

05 

84 

75 

fiO 

77 

Means  

57 

60 

70 

85 

88 

94 

99 

97 

95 

84. 

71 

fift 

an 

Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  Minnesota. 

MOORHEAD,  MINN. 


1881  .. 

34 

33 

40 

73 

88 

86 

95 

Q9 

8ft 

fiQ 

18 

1ft 

fie 

1882  

33 

49 

50 

63 

76 

85 

88 

93 

88 

71 

18 

QC 

fie 

1883  .  

37 

40 

44 

74 

72 

100 

01 

87 

87 

fil 

RK 

KK 

fi7 

1884....,  7  

43 

37 

53 

67 

85 

91 

83 

88 

81 

70 

Kfi 

1Q 

fi8 

1885  

43 

50 

49 

67 

85 

86 

92 

91 

M" 

81 

Ifi 

1ft 

fiQ 

1886 

32 

50 

59 

84 

Sfi 

8O 

<ii 

1!Vt 

00 

1887  .. 

30 

39 

46 

86 

95 

95 

95 

x.i 

XI 

71 

.    71 

ftfi 

fiQ 

CEKTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUEES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


163 


Monthly  absolute  maximum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  Minn? 

sota — Continued. 

MOORHEAD,  MINN.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1888        

30 

38 

40 

76 

71 

98 

95 

95 

87 

77 

65 

54 

69 

1889        -  -  -  

46 

39 

68 

•62 

87 

90 

93 

96 

94 

78 

59 

41 

73 

1890         

40 

47 

44 

82 

84 

91 

98 

93 

86 

76 

63 

47 

71 

1891      

42 

37 

48 

91 

91 

95 

83 

96 

92 

79 

62 

47 

72 

Means  . 

37 

42 

49 

77 

84 

91 

92 

92 

88 

76 

58 

44 

69 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


1880 

80 

77 

49 

37 

. 

1881    

35 

33 

49 

73 

85 

83 

92 

88 

78 

63 

47 

40 

64 

1882    

32 

42 

39 

55 

76 

83 

85 

90 

87 

73 

45 

27 

61 

1883  

22 

35 

42 

67 

74 

93 

93 

82 

89 

69 

57 

42 

64 

1884    

36 

30 

38 

67 

85 

90 

83 

89 

80 

75 

59 

45 

65 

1885   

39 

38 

42 

65 

85 

84 

91 

86 

82 

70 

40 

39 

64 

1886  

26 

49 

44 

82 

83 

87 

95 

103 

84 

82 

58 

36 

69 

1887 

23 

28 

45 

83 

% 

93 

89 

88 

85 

71 

69 

43 

68 

1888  

36 

39 

41 

77 

77 

91 

89 

96 

84 

76 

50 

43 

67 

1889  

48 

38 

69 

83 

80 

92 

94 

95 

94 

77 

58 

40 

72 

1890 

32 

38 

40 

75 

82 

94 

95 

92 

82 

78 

57 

52 

68 

1891  

41 

31 

46 

90 

92 

90 

81 

88 

88 

71 

63 

46 

69 

Jlrans     ..  

34 

36 

45 

74 

83 

89 

90 

91 

84 

74 

54 

41 

66 

APPENDIX  No.  66. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota. 

ABERCEOMBIE,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 
[Letters  prefixed  to  records  indicate  the  number  of  days  of  observations  missing,  thus  the  letter  d  shows  four  days  not  recorded.] 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

So  jit. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

I860        

53 

33 

20 

—15 

—15 

1861         

—27 

—40 

—20 

27 

39 

53 

56 

49 

29 

21 

—13 

—16 

13 

1862 

—20 

—36 

—  9 

—  7 

36 

43 

55 

47 

32 

10 

—  4 

—16 

10 

1863 

—20 

—29 

—18 

18 

43 

47 

54 

1864 

—22 

1865 

—  23 

—  9 

—27 

—  4 

33 

46 

58 

45 

13 

18 

—  24 

1866 

—20 

—35 

—16 

33 

35 

18 

4 

—  24 

1867 

—30 

—30 

—  27 

9 

28 

54 

59 

53 

35 

14 

—13 

—  38 

10 

1868  

—40 

—40 

—23 

2 

43 

45 

56 

50 

22 

17 

0 

—27 

9 

1869  

—30 

—40 

—40 

25 

40 

40 

50 

52 

32 

7 

—  5 

1870  ...     

—35 

—29 

—18 

9 

36 

39 

44 

32 

32 

19 

10 

—20 

10 

1871  

—20 

—20 

—15 

20 

33 

45 

36 

39 

20 

18 

—22 

—21 

13 

1872 

—23 

—27 

—20 

4 

29 

40 

44 

41 

31 

15 

—16 

—32 

7 

1873 

—33 

—22 

—27 

21 

30 

28 

34 

43 

20 

10 

—  7 

—18 

7 

1874 

—29 

—22 

—18 

6 

19 

35 

47 

47 

27 

11 

—15 

—35 

6 

1875 

—30 

—27 

—21 

8 

18 

28 

42 

29 

25 

12 

—25 

—18 

3 

1876 

—23 

—23 

—23 

12 

22 

29 

40 

36 

20 

7 

—28 

—28 

3 

1877 

—32 

0 

—  11 

5 

38 

42 

38 

30 

Means  

—28 

—27 

—21 

10 

32 

41 

47 

44 

29 

14 

—  9 

—24 

9 

BATHGATE,  N.  DAK. 


1891 

20 

—20 

—23 

BERTHOLD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 

1866 

32 

14 

10 

—19 

1867 

—20 

—20 

—13 

25 

33 

BISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 


1874 

26 

6 

—16 

—29 

1875 

—34 

—31 

—25 

8 

21 

32 

46 

39 

39 

21 

—28 

—  6 

6 

1876 

—30 

—28 

—22 

16 

23 

33 

45 

42 

10 

14 

—15 

—23 

5 

1877 

—30 

—  5 

—  6 

2 

32 

34 

48 

42 

33 

25 

—  6 

2 

14 

1878 

—19 

9 

20 

27 

27 

46 

47 

44 

20 

19 

—20 

]879 

—29 

—26 

—21 

11 

30 

36 

48 

41 

25 

10 

1 

—38 

1880 

—21 

—17" 

—16 

7 

37 

40 

44 

44 

29 

12 

—14 

—28 

1(1 

18X1 

—34 

—23 

—  7 

1 

28 

48 

Hi 

40 

29 

17 

1  1 

1XX" 

-24 

—20 

17 

24 

37 

47 

43 

23 

2 

_-•>•> 

1  ; 

i  sx:> 

:•- 

—29 

—10 

11 

25 

33 

43 

42 

16 

20 

—14 

ixxt 

—  10 

—29 

—14 

17 

29 

44 

32 

45 

10 

—10 

—35 

7 

1XX5 

—36 

—28 

_  9 

19 

22 

34 

44 

39 

32 

16 

10 

—  11 

11 

1886 

—37 

—  25 

—13 

9 

30 

41 

51 

34 

22 

19 

—  8 

—34 

1XX7 

—  44 

—  43 

—16 

12 

26 

38 

50 

37 

28 

2 

—25 

—25 

3 

1888 

—37 

—31 

—20 

6 

20 

31 

49 

86 

29 

20 

0 

—  5 

8 

1889 

—  18 

—34 

4 

20 

22 

42 

48 

44 

26 

29 

—12 

—  6 

13 

1890 

—34 

—24 

19 

27 

46 

44 

40 

26 

22 

8 

_  7 

1  1 

1891 

—  9 

—23 

—33 

8 

20 

40 

41 

35 

32 

23 

—11 

—22 

8 

—30 

as 

—14 

13 

26 

39 

45 

41 

26 

16 

-  7 

—19 

9 

1 

164 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA?. 


165 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  unth  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

BUFORD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

186(>  .. 

37 

9 

—24 

18t>7  

—25 

—29 

—39 

14 

31 

44 

36 

34 

94 

4 

—  17 

1868  

—30 

—23 

10 

22 

40 

51 

58 

47 

19 

20 

-^ 

—''6 

15 

18ti!l  

—  8 

—15 

—18 

9 

31 

35 

40 

38 

27 

4 

-9 

—  19 

10 

1870 

—35 

—36 

—19 

13 

34 

35 

•ir> 

31 

8 

11 

16 

25 

Q 

1871 

—35 

—31 

5 

18 

37 

40 

40 

34 

30 

9 

—  33 

35 

7 

1872 

—  36 

—25 

—13 

18 

28 

32 

37 

29 

21 

11 

—28 

35 

3 

1873  

—36 

—28 

—  8 

5 

23 

48 

47 

35 

1C 

5 

—  2 

27 

6 

1874  .  . 

—28 

—25 

—22 

7 

~25~ 

10 

37 

44 

24 

5 

—21 

—  29 

5 

1875  

—33 

—34 

—20 

4 

L'I; 

30 

10 

37 

26 

21 

—37 

o 

5 

1876  

—34 

—33 

—22 

15 

19 

20 

42 

35 

19 

17 

—  15 

—28 

3 

1877  

—31 

—11 

—  7 

7 

24 

31 

43 

33 

29 

16 

—13 

10 

1878  

—22 

—  8 

12 

18 

23 

39 

44 

20 

10 

4 

—  20 

1879  

—17 

—35 

—22 

24 

30 

38 

44 

41 

26 

11 

0 

—  10 

g 

1880  

—35 

—22 

—23 

7 

31 

39 

48 

41 

24 

14 

—18 

—38 

6 

1881  

—  41 

—24 

3 

8 

28 

45 

43 

43 

28 

9 

—20 

—20 

g 

1882  

—27 

—24 

—19 

20 

22 

38 

43 

37 

31 

23 

—  3 

—  24 

10 

1883  

—46 

—  40 

—  7 

12 

22 

30 

40 

36 

18 

14 

—19 

—34 

2 

1884  

^1 

—  40 

—23 

12 

25 

44 

38 

44 

28 

14 

Q 

—  40 

4 

1885  

—46 

—32 

3 

19 

20 

36 

46 

40 

30 

15 

12 

—  10 

11 

1886  

—48 

—26 

—10 

11 

30 

36 

50 

34 

20 

22 

—10 

—33 

6 

1887  

—46 

—  11 

—10 

12 

32 

39 

45 

44 

31 

0 

—  '*) 

—  95 

4 

1888  

—49 

—28 

—28 

4 

22 

36 

49 

36 

25 

22 

1 

—  9 

7 

1889  

—18 

—32 

—  3 

15 

27 

38 

41 

42 

26 

15 

—28 

—12 

9 

1890  

—37 

—43 

—18 

20 

24 

42 

44 

36 

29 

25 

9 

—  2 

11 

1891 

—10 

—37 

—30 

10 

14 

36 

40 

35 

32 

15 

—  7 

17 

7 

—33 

—  29 

—13 

13 

27 

38 

44 

38 

25 

14 

—  10 

23 

g 

CARRINGTON,  N.  DAK. 


1889 

—  4 

15 

23 

40 

45 

40 

1891   .  . 

37 

30 

30 

—  96 

''8 

Means   .  

41 

35 

CHURCH'S  FERRY,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

37 

38 

28 

DAVENPORT,  N.  DAK. 


1890     

—30 

—25 

—28 

15 

16 

43 

42 

35 

30 

20 

1891    

17 

40 

40 

34 

Means  

16 

41 

41 

34 

DEVILS  LAKE,  N.  DAK. 


1884  

—36 

—33 

—22 

12 

DICKINSON,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

—  14 

—  8 

ELLENDALE,  N.  DAK. 


1890  .. 

—  6 

1891 

—10 

18 

—21 

19 

30 

44 

50 

25 

32 

26 

—  10 

166 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

FARGO,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1891 

41 

41 

31 

29 

22 

—28 

—17 

GALLATIN,  N.  DAK. 


1889                         

16 
14 
0 

28 
24 
20 

40 
48 
40 

46 
50 
44 

42 
36 

28 

28 
28 
28 

18 
26 
24 

—12 
0 
—32 

—12 
—22 
—32 

1890  

—40 
—20 

—42 
—32 

—36 
—32 

7 
3 

1891                                 -   -  -  - 

—30 

—37 

—34 

10 

24 

42 

47 

35 

28 

23 

—15 

—22 

6 

GRAFTON,  N.  DAK. 

1891                            

—24 

—30 

25 

40 

38 

29 

26 

16 

—21 

—22 

GRAND  FORKS,  N.  DAK. 

1890 

18 

16 

41 
31 

47 

28 

0 
—18 

—25 
—21 

1891 

—19 

—31 

32 

32 



36 

—  9 

—23 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  N.  DAK. 

1891  

35 

23 

24 

16 

—30 

—27 

HOPE,  N.  DAK. 

1891         

39 

40 

31 

30 

24 

9 

KELSO,  N.  DAK. 

1890    

41 
38 

32 
30 

27 
28 

22 
20 

—  1 

—26 

—18 

—20 

1891    

—16 

—37 

—25 

10 

19 

40 

5 

Means  

40 

31 

28 

• 

21 

—14 

—19 

6 

LAKOTA,  N.  DAK. 

1891  

36 

38 

30 

19 

28 

—30 

LEECH  FARM,  N.  DAK. 

1888  .. 

24 
21 
15 

21 
21 
16 

31 
36 
43 

48 
40 
42 

64 
38 
35 

34 
31 
30 

25 
19 
20 

17 
—  5 

^ 
—  7 

1889 

—.30 
—30 

—38 
—25 

—  2 

—28 

10 

1890  .. 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


167 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

• 
June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1873          ... 

53 

50 

28 

9 

3 

16 

1874          .      

—33 

—18 

—  7 

15 

20 

43 

54 

52 

43 

16 

—  12 

21 

13 

1875          

—40 

—27 

—  14 

10 

27 

41 

53 

45 

32 

22 

23 

I 

10 

1876          

—25 

—30 

—11 

18 

33 

41 

58 

52 

25 

20 

—  9 

20 

13 

1877   

—27 

—  7 

—  5 

38 

38 

51 

48 

42 

27 

—  9 

1 

17 

1878  

—15 

10 

22 

32 

28 

54 

54 

52 

30 

6 

20 

—  19 

23 

1879  

—34 

—30 

—25 

28 

50 

58 

54 

34 

16 

8 

•  43 

1880  

—24 

—16 

—20 

10 

-87- 

44 

48 

31 

10 

—19 

—33 

1881 

—36 

—22 

—  10 

1 

32 

47 

45 

48 

30 

17 

15 

1° 

10 

1882 

—24 

-  °5 

—21 

15 

•'2 

37 

46 

41 

30 

22 

g 

30 

9 

1883              .  .  .. 

—40 

—36 

—12 

13 

26 

37 

43 

42 

16 

17 

17 

31 

4 

1884         

—45 

—35 

—  18 

15 

29 

42 

42 

42 

30 

10 

15 

43 

4 

1885        

—42 

—35 

—15 

16 

22 

46 

BO 

38 

30 

13 

8 

11 

10 

1886      

—37 

—27 

—22 

g 

31 

41 

50 

32 

21 

17 

11 

34 

g 

1887  

—48 

—  44 

—28 

3 

31 

38 

50 

38 

30 

2 

24 

28 

2 

1888  

—36 

—33 

—21 

7 

18 

34 

48 

36 

27 

16 

0 

6 

g 

1889    

—19 

—30 

20 

21 

24 

42 

48 

48 

26 

23 

—  12 

8 

15 

1890   

—31 

—34 

—30 

11 

26 

45 

48 

37 

27 

21 

8 

8 

10 

1891  

—  9 

—27 

—30 

8 

20 

41 

48 

—32 

—26 

—  14 

12 

27 

42 

50 

44 

30 

16 

7 

20 

141 

MINOT,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

11 

22 

NAl'OLEON.  N.  DAK. 


1889  .. 

50 

45 

43 

25 

20 

7 

9 

1890  

—30 

—32 

—24 

14 

39 

38 

32 

22 

17 

2 

7 

1891       ..     

—14 

—26 

—20 

4 

18 

38 

39 

32 

28 

21 

19 

°5 

Means  

22 

29 

—22 

9 

42 

41 

36 

25 

19 

g 

14 

NEW  ENGLAND  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1888  .. 

42 

39 

17 

13 

4 

8 

1889 

—  T> 

—33 

0 

19 

20 

34 

37 

37 

25 

12 

"0 

14 

1890 

—36 

—43 

—19 

15 

16 

34 

38 

33 

20 

20 

5 

g 

1891  

—  8 

—32 

—35 

34 

Means 

—23 

—36 

—18 

17 

18 

34 

39 

33 

24 

15 

g 

ij 

7 

PEMBINA,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1871  

22 

14 

33 

36 

1872  ... 

—'-"8 

—33 

—  93 

7 

28 

38 

36 

41 

25 

15 

°8 

.  .  ^1 

1873  

—40 

—  31 

40 

16 

29 

38 

34 

34 

23 

3 

"5 

°7 

1874 

—  44 

32 

29 

^ 

26 

33 

41 

41 

93 

on 

1875  

—44 

—  45 

—29 

i 

15 

30 

41 

30 

20 

2 

36 

°S 

A 

1876 

37 

34 

27 

2 

17 

30 

40 

32 

20 

QO 

A<3 

1877  . 

—  44 

—24 

''1 

14 

26 

32 

43 

35 

23 

iri 

A 

A 

1878  

—25 

—  3 

13 

20 

22 

35 

45 

36 

19 

1 

on 

1879  

—30 

—40 

—26 

—  4 

28 

35 

44 

20 

8 

f] 

18 

1880  

—32 

—32 

—30 

0 

33 

35 

41 

38 

28 

13 

°fi 

37 

1881  

—42 

—32 

—15 

—12 

29 

37 

39 

36 

23 

15 

°1 

°0 

^ 

1882  

—40 

—34 

—24 

—  6 

23 

36 

42 

44 

23 

1883  

—45 

—33 

_  3 

22 

29 

39 

38 

11 

10 

°3 

35 

1884  

—35 

—37 

—26 

9 

29 

19 

.  47 

1885  .. 

—46 

—34 

—25 

—12 

22 

34 

38 

27 

as 

18 

a 

—  9A 

9 

168 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  mini  mum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  statiunx  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

PEMBINA,  FOET,  N.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

"Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1886... 

—  38 

—38 

—15 

—  2 

21 

26 

42 

34 

12 

12 

°0 

OK 

1887  

—  1T> 

—  10 

—24 

—  2 

22 

32 

40 

31 

18 

9 

"9 

(•> 

1888  

—51 

—  18 

—30 

4 

15 

30 

44 

34 

24 

''0 

8 

]  ^ 

1889  

—27 

—13 

—  8 

11 

23 

35 

37 

33 

26 

10 

o 

Oft 

1890  ..           x 

—37 

—46 

—30 

10 

12 

36 

38 

30 

26 

''3 

0 

1891   

—24 

—29 

—24 

5 

15 

34 

38 

30 

26 

18 

°4 

«>7 

Means 

—  38 

—34 

—23 

1 

23 

33 

40 

35 

22 

11 

in 

00 

POWER,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

42 

42 

31 

33 

22 

°1 

to 

RANSOM,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1868... 

17 

1869 

—  19 

—  19 

—  24 

21 

37 

42 

45 

53 

V> 

7 

1870  i. 

—25 

—29 

—  13 

11 

40 

43 

53 

39 

39 

19 

0 

.  ()1 

10 

1871  

—26 

—24 

—  5 

21 

36 

51 

53 

48 

31 

10 

07 

97 

19 

1872  

—29 

—32 

—21 

16 

29 

40 

40 

Means  .  .  . 

—25 

—26 

—16 

17 

35 

44 

48 

47 

34 

10 

Q 

01 

RICE,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1868  

60 

48 

12 

25 

5 

1°. 

1869  

—12 

—11 

—12 

15 

40 

44 

50 

1 

g 

00 

1870  

—24 

—31 

—14 

30 

46 

49 

39 

38 

25 

18 

22 

1871  

f>2 

—20 

—  5 

22 

45 

53 

59 

42 

34 

14 

QQ 

CM 

TO 

1872  

—28 

—31 

—18 

1 

32 

32 

41 

40 

27 

12 

10 

07 

1873    ...    

—  30 

—19 

_  7 

24 

38 

48 

43 

39 

23 

1° 

Q 

*»•> 

1874  

—29 

—  23 

_  7 

9 

34 

44 

50 

50 

39 

5 

IK 

°7 

1875 

—33 

—  28 

—  23 

10 

20 

41 

56 

51 

''9 

24 

07 

K 

1876 

—  28 

23 

24 

18 

36 

42 

60 

52 

23 

19 

A 

on 

1877 

—20 

4 

4 

10 

46 

44 

58 

r,-> 

40 

98 

Q 

7 

1878  

—29 

8 

19 

27 

29 

43 

44 

49 

20 

—  6 

Means  .  .  .  

•—36 

—  17 

—  10 

15 

34 

44 

52 

46 

''8 

14 

Q 

°ft 

10 

RICHARDTON,  N.  DAK. 


ISXl   

—34 

—  16 

13 

30 

^2 

50 

49 

8° 

g 

HI 

Q(J 

1KX5  

—36 

—23 

—  6 

20 

20 

40 

46 

42 

34 

•)•> 

11) 

10 

TO 

1886  

—40 

—22 

—13 

12 

32 

48 

55 

36 

94 

3 

35 

1887  

38 

g 

45 

43 

I 

.   QA 

O'J 

Means  . 

—38 

26 

—  11 

15 

27 

46 

50 

49 

Vt 

in 

*>fi 

ST.  JOHNS,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

31 

tfi 

17 

OA 

ST.  THOMAS,  N.  DAK. 


1891  

36 

29 

9fi 

18* 

°fi 

oe 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


169 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Uakota — Continued. 

SANBOKN,  N.  L»AK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Juno. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1890  

—36 

SEWARD,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1873   

—35 

—30 

—32 

18 

25 

42 

40 

43 

18 

0 

—10 

—26 

4 

1874  

—30 

—25 

—25 

1 

28 

37 

42 

45 

28 

6 

—  16 

—  26 

5 

1875    

—38 

—34 

—24 

11 

17 

32 

46 

31 

40 

20 

—28 

—  12 

5 

1876 

•>•> 

—20 

22 

6 

29 

34 

48 

42 

26 

12 

24 

30 

7 

1877  

—37 

—12 

—23 

1 

30 

25 

41 

36 

32 

Means          

—32 

—24 

—25 

7 

26 

34 

43 

39 

29 

10 

20 

24 

5 

SHEYENNE,  N.  DAK. 


1872  

44 

54  \p—  50 

1 

[ 

SPIRITWOOD,  N.  DAK. 


1881  

—24 

—  3 

—  4 

41 

STEELE,  N.  DAK. 


1889  

10 

15 

37 

40 

39 

22 

16 

13 

11 

igyo  

—  35 

—41 

—26 

3 

18 

40 

41 

33 

18 

11 

2 

10 

4 

1881  

—14 

—28 

—32 

5 

16 

35 

37 

28 

27 

19 

Moans 

•'4 

34 

—29 

6 

16 

34 

26 

33 

22 

15 

g 

10 

STEVENSON,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1868  

—24 

—30 

9 

15 

42 

48 

60 

48 

12 

15 

o 

°0 

IK 

1870  

—32 

—35 

—12 

10 

40 

52 

40 

34 

16 

16 

—  28 

1871  

—35 

—28 

—  2 

20 

45 

51 

53 

39 

27 

10 

32 

37 

1872 

•'9 

27 

20 

9 

31 

37 

38 

38 

26 

12 

05 

9K 

1873  

—35 

—28 

—30 

12 

25 

41 

41 

38 

16 

4 

5 

27 

\ 

1874 

29 

32 

24 

3 

32 

38 

41 

11 

27 

11 

18 

07 

1875  

—37 

—36 

—30 

7 

25 

22 

46 

38 

26 

20 

29 

12 

1876  

—  :u 

—30 

—24 

12 

22 

32 

45 

39 

15 

11 

92 

32 

3 

1877  

—41 

—13 

—  14 

2 

30 

j'40 

35 

28 

16 

11 

ij 

1*7*  

—32 

3 

12 

21 

24 

43 

48 

16 

8 

8 

34 

1X711  

—38 

—33 

—26 

14 

30 

44 

48 

40 

22 

13 

12 

54 

4 

1MSO  

—29 

—  28 

—  2 

48 

36 

42 

38 

20 

1 

98 

45 

1881  

—  6B 

—40 

—23 

—15 

24 

38 

44 

45 

27 

13 

22 

13 

2 

1882  

30 

—37 

—30 

14 

24 

33 

45 

34 

29 

22 

5 

34 

18»3  

47 

37 

—17 

—  7 

Means  ,  

—35 

—29 

—17 

8 

32 

39 

46 

40 

23 

12 

13 

99 

0 

TOBACCO  GARDEN,  N.  DAK. 


1882  

35 

14 

14 

22 

33 

41 

32 

21 

21 

.,,  5 

35 

S.  Ex.  157 


170 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  UAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

TOTTEN,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1869 

50 

29 

3 

—10 

—32 

1870     

—31 

—38 

—15 

8 

38 

40 

50 

43 

40 

19 

6 

—26 

11 

1871     

—34 

—34 

—  8 

20 

34 

50 

51 

44 

30 

16 

—29 

—32 

9 

1872          

—31 

—27 

—22 

13 

26 

42 

40 

43 

26 

15 

—21 

—36 

6 

1873          

—31 

—30 

—23 

16 

26 

44 

43 

42 

25 

2 

—10 

—38 

6 

1874           j.  

—33 

—25 

—19 

0 

29 

35 

48 

47 

31 

12 

—20 

—29 

6 

1875           

—40 

—34 

—20 

6 

23 

36 

48 

38 

32 

12 

—28 

—18 

5 

1876          

—27 

—27 

—15 

12 

24 

34 

48 

38 

27 

15 

—24 

25 

7 

1877  

—35 

—12 

—20 

10 

29 

31 

45 

41 

32 

21 

—  5 

—  3 

11 

1878            

—23 

6 

17 

29 

26 

45 

53 

45 

19 

9 

10 

—26 

18 

1879    

—34 

—35 

—22 

5 

30 

35 

45 

45 

26 

9 

—  6 

—51 

4 

1880     

—42 

—25 

—28 

8 

35 

47 

45 

46 

31 

10 

—20 

—38 

6 

1881      

—42 

—25 

—  8 

1 

25 

45 

52 

47 

45 

14 

—18 

—12 

10 

1882    

—31 

—25 

—20 

2 

25 

40 

45 

44 

28 

23 

—  2 

—29 

8 

1883      

—ii 

—40 

—19 

1 

24 

34 

45 

43 

12 

16 

—16 

—31 

2 

1884       

—39 

—31 

—21 

10 

29 

46 

43 

44 

34 

12 

—22 

—35 

6 

1885       

—37 

—34 

—20 

14 

20 

35 

43 

35 

29 

19 

3 

—20 

7 

1886       

—43 

—38 

—16 

—  2 

28 

33 

42 

29 

17 

20 

—13 

—33 

2 

1887         

—39 

—36 

—23 

1 

29 

35 

44 

37 

25 

8 

—23 

—35 

2 

1888         

^1 

—tl 

—22 

—  1 

22' 

30 

46 

35 

29 

19 

—30 

5 

3 

1889          

—25 

—36 

—  3 

19 

29 

42 

37 

46 

29 

21 

—  8 

—11 

12 

1890 

36 

—37 

—26 

7 

21 

42 

46 

39 

30 

25 

5 

—35 

—30 

—17 

9 

27 

39 

46 

42 

28 

14 

—13 

—26 

7 

VALLEY  CITY,  N.  DAK. 


1891                             

. 

25 

16 

—28 

—24 

WAHPETON,  N.  DAK. 


1889 

40 

38 

31 

19 

—  4 

—  4 

1890         

—31 

—26 

—26 

22 

19 

42 

44 

32 

26 

25 

2 

—12 

10 

1891        

—11 

—39 

—36 

18 

21 

41 

41 

32 

32 

21 

—24 

—21 

6 

—21 

—32 

—31 

20 

20 

42 

42 

34 

30 

22 

—  9 

—12 

9 

WILD  RICE,  N.  DAK. 


1890            

51 

57 

50 

32 

30 

2 

—16 

1801 

—  15 

—  26 

—24 

13 

29 

WILLOW  CITY,  N..DAK. 


1891 

24 

19 

16 

—31 

-41 

WOODBRIDGE,  N.  DAK. 


1891        

17 

—35 

—37 

YATES,  FORT,  N.  DAK. 


1882  

—28 

—30 

—20 

21 

18 

34 

46 

40 

30 

20 

—  2 

—24 

9 

1883  

—41 

—39 

—10 

17 

25 

33 

42 

42 

25 

11 

—10 

—31 

5 

1884 

—44 

—38 

—14 

19 

34 

48 

42 

45 

29 

11 

—21 

—37 

6 

1885... 

—34 

—32 

—10 

20 

24 

33 

38 

41 

30 

8 

8 

—15 

9 

OEBTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTA&. 


171 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  North 

Dakota — Continued. 

YATES,  FORT,  N.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1886  

—39 

—24 

—20 

10 

32 

41 

50 

27 

20 

10 

—21 

—44 

4 

1887 

—50 

—33 

—  8 

12 

30 

39 

38 

43 

1 

—24 

—25 

1888.  ..       

—32 

—22 

—18 

12 

24 

35 

51 

43 

25 

21 

3 

—  6 

11 

1889   

—17 

—26 

5 

26 

23 

39 

38 

41 

28 

23 

g 

—  5 

14 

1890    

—30 

—28 

—19 

15 

27 

47 

50 

40 

27 

21 

5 

—10 

12 

1891  

—  5 

—20 

—30 

9 

23 

42 

41 

35 

35 

26 

—  7 

—16 

11 

—32 

—29 

—14 

16 

25 

~  39 

44 

40 

28 

15 

—  6 

—21 

9 

Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota. 

ABERDEEN,  S.  DAK. 


1890   

—20 

10 

15 

30 

36 

35 

20 

12 

1 

—  5 

1891          

—  2 

—25 

—26 

8 

21 

40 

39 

28 

18 

23 

—21 

—21 

8 

Meaus  .  ..  

—23 

9 

18 

35 

38 

32 

24 

18 

—10 

—13 

ALEXANDRIA,  S.  DAK. 


1882... 

—  6 

26 

35 

1889 

42 

42 

32 

0 

_  9 

1890  

—24 

—25 

—14 

20 

23 

45 

46 

37 

26 

15 

i 

—14 

11 

1891 

—  4 

—21 

—  24 

12 

31 

45 

42 

31 

30 

—  16 

Means 

—14 

—23 

—15 

19 

30 

45 

43 

37 

29 

—0.5 

—13 

ARMOUR,  8.  DAK. 


1889  

39 

47 

52 

52 

2 

13 

BANGOR,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

40 

BENNETT,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1881.. 

50 

49 

34 

24 

—  3 

4 

1882  .  .. 

—18 

—18 

—  6 

27 

31 

33 

46 

43 

28 

20 

9 

—  19 

15 

1883  

42 

—31 

—  1 

22 

30 

37 

47 

42 

27 

20 

4 

19 

11 

1884  

—31 

—32 

—11 

19 

32 

43 

1885  

•  40 

—27 

4 

19 

25 

38 

48 

46 

39 

18 

16 

1890  

—25 

—28 

—13 

12 

24 

42 

45 

41 

30 

16 

o 

—  9 

11 

1891  

1 

—25 

—28 

14 

26 

43 

45 

36 

35 

23 

Means  

—26 

—27 

—  9 

19 

28 

39 

45 

43 

32 

20 

4 

—  11 

13 

BRITTON,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

31 

21 

—27 

22 

172 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  irith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

BKOOKINGS,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Aimual. 

1888 

33 

38 

40 

23 

21 

20 

5 

1889          

—24 

—30 

4 

12 

20 

36 

37 

41 

30 

24 

—  6 

—21 

10 

1890            

—28 

—35 

—28 

10 

23 

39 

41 

35 

25 

28 

0 

20 

8 

1891  

—10 

—28 

—24 

11 

30 

38 

39 

30 

24 

20 

—29 

—21 

7 

—21 

—31 

—16 

11 

24 

36 

39 

36 

25 

23 

—  4 

—17 

9 

CANTON,  S.  DAK. 


1889             

49 

35 

27 

0 

0 

1890     

—24 

—23 

—12 

15 

23 

47 

49 

39 

30 

25 

7 

12 

14 

1891 

0 

—20 

—20 

13 

34 

45 

—  12 

—22 

—16 

14 

28 

46 

44 

32 

26 

4 

—  6 

CASTLEWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

25 

24 

14 

—34 

—24 

CLARK,  S.  DAK. 


1889 

39 

46 

31 

19 

—  5 

—16 

1890       

—28 

—20 

—16 

14 

24 

43 

41 

35 

32 

19 

4 

—20 

10 

1891        

—  8 

—21 

—22 

8 

28 

44 

41 

32 

33 

22 

—23 

—21 

!i 

MeauB   .  

—18 

—20 

—19 

11 

26 

43 

40 

36 

30 

20 

—  8 

—19 

10 

CROSS,  S.  DAK. 


1890 

—  4 
—22 

14 

32 
26 

40 

44 

38 
34 

28 
32 

16 
—  3 

1891 

—32 

42 

16 

—  3 

13 

29 

42 

30 

30 

6 

DAKOTA  CITY,  8.  DAK. 

1886 

38 

DAKOTA,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 

1866 

31 

27 

1868 

22 

4 

—19 

1869 

—14 

—17 

—17 

18 

41 

29 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 

1878    

—  8 
—24 
—  7 
—22 
—11 

11 

—12 
—23 
—20 
—13 

10 
—  5 

26 
20 
11 
11 
14 

30 
29 
27 
31 
30 

3 
3 
—16 
—  2 
3 

—25 
16 

1879             

37 
33 
42 
41 

44 
42 
44 
43 

43 
41 
43 
40 

30 

29 
29 
32 

1880        

5 
17 

27 

20 

1881  

0 
—  1 

6 
—13 

16 
16 

1882.. 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


173 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  8outh 

Dakota — Continued. 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


1883                              

—30 
—14 
—15 
—24 
—18 

—32 
—27 
—15 
—  3 
—29 

7 
7 

7 
6 
10 

17 
13 
21 
15 
16 

21 
28 
17 
26 
31 

38 
43 
85 

40 
40 

42 
45 
45 
48 
45 

42 
40 
39 
38 
41 

31 
28 
35 
35 
33 

22 
26 
18 

25 

7 

7 
—  4 
15 
—  5 
—11 

—  8 
—28 
—  2 
—15 
—11 

13 
12 
17 
16 
13 

1884                                     

1  s,s.-,                               

1886             

1887              

—17 

—16 

3 

16 

27 

39 

44 

41 

31 

18 

—  0.7 

—13 

14 

DE  SMET,  S.  DAK. 

1890  

—25 
—  3 

—17 
—19 

—11 
—  5 

27 
17 

33 

52 

58 

53 

40 

27 

11 

—13 

20 

1891 

—14 

—18 

—  8 

22 

ELKTON,  S.  DAK. 

1891                             

0 

—22 

—12 

27 

37 

34 

34 

28 

20 

—28 

—20 

EGELAND,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

22 

40 

| 

FLANDREAU,  S.  DAK. 

1890         

—24 

—  8 

—26 

—27 

—15 

—  22 

10 
8 

20 

27 

43 
39 

43 
34 

37 
31 

26 
27 

12 
19 

4 
—29 

—19 

—21 

9 
6 

1891  

—16 

-26 

—18 

9 

23 

41 

38 

34 

26 

15 

—12 

—20 

8 

FORESTBUEG,  S.  DAK. 

1891 

32 

45 

44 

32 

29 

20 

—13 

—16 

FOREST  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1891  '  

52 

41 

38 

20 

—12 

FRANKFORT,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

28 

21 

—24 

—24 

GARDEN  CITY,  S.  DAK. 

1R87  

24 

1888  

—35 

—31 

—15 

13 

GARY,  S.  DAK. 

1891  

36 

34 

21 

—22 

15 

174 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FBATUEES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  itations  in  South 

Dakota— Continued.. 

GODDARD,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Annual. 

1888    

—11 

24 

30 

40 

58 

52 

31 

18 

0 

0 

1889      .  .            

2 

GRAND  VIEW,  S.  DAK. 


1888       '.       

• 

27 

16 

18 

HALE,  FOKT,  S.  DAK. 


1879  .    

—35 

—18 

—  5 

8 

32 

34 

52 

45 

33 

5 

—  2 

—  to 

g 

1880      

—  8 

—22 

—28 

8 

37 

46 

47 

43 

26 

15 

—15 

—20 

11 

1881      

—41 

—33 

—12 

—  1 

41 

50 

50 

54 

34 

18 

—  8 

3 

13 

1882      .    

—19 

—14 

—  6 

25 

31 

37 

49 

43 

31 

23 

3 

23 

15 

1883          

—39 

—36 

0 

21 

36 

40 

48 

45 

29 

17 

3 

22 

12 

1884  

—32 

—34 

—15 

21 

32 

Means   ..  ..  

—29 

—26 

—  11 

14 

35 

41 

49 

46 

31 

16 

4 

20 

12 

HENRY,  S.  DAK. 


1886      

24 

—  5 

22 

1887  

—28 

—28 

—13 

13 

29 

36 

51 

37 

28 

HIGHMORE,  S.  DAK. 


1888  

—29 

—17 

51 

42 

1890      

—  17 

13 

27 

36 

43 

34 

28 

19 

o 

9 

1891  

—10 

—20 

—17 

8 

—24 

—17 

10 

47 

38 

HOWARD,  S.  DAK. 


1890     

35 

23 

10 

9 

—  20 

1891     

—  5 

—24 

—  26 

29 

42 

37 

30 

28 

23 

—25 

—20 

32 

26 

16 

—  8 

—20 

HURLEY,  S.  DAK. 


1888  

30 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


1881  

54 

49 

34 

21 

—  6 

—  3 

1882       

—  16 

—  18 

6 

19 

28 

37 

47 

43 

30 

25 

3 

20 

14 

1883          

—  30 

—  32 

—  8 

24 

32 

34 

46 

43 

28 

22 

4 

20 

11 

1884 

—38 

32 

—  15 

22 

30 

43 

49 

43 

36 

22 

13 

34 

g 

1885  

—33 

—24 

—  3 

18 

25 

38 

45 

47 

31 

21 

8 

—  11 

14 

1886  

—32 

—27 

—  6 

9 

32 

39 

55 

33 

28 

20 

—  5 

—32 

10 

1887  

—43 

—30 

—  4 

16 

32 

38 

44 

40 

26 

5 

—28 

—23 

6 

1888  

—36 

—32 

—  14 

20 

24 

36 

48 

42 

29 

17 

3 

—  7 

11 

1889  

—25 

—30 

8 

21 

22 

40 

44 

46 

32 

17 

—  4 

—  12 

13 

1890  

—28 

—24 

—  15 

17 

23 

45 

47 

35 

05 

14 

0 

—  16 

10 

1891  

—  8 

—22 

—  24 

11 

29 

43 

41 

34 

30 

20 

—  18 

—  20 

10 

29 

27 

Q 

18 

28 

39 

47 

42 

30 

19 

•'  6 

18 

n 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


175 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  aver  ages,  at  stations  in  Soutli 

Dakota — Continued. 

KIMBALL,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov, 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1X8!  1  

41 

47 

48 

34 

19 

—  4 

—  5 

1890  

—24 

—27 

—10 

18 

25 

44 

51 

39 

28 

19 

2 

—  3 

14 

1891  

7 

—18 

—17 

11 

2S 

44 

II 

33 

31 

22 

—13 

—14 

12 

—16 

—22 

—14 

14 

26 

43 

47 

40 

31 

20 

—  5 

_  7 

13 

LEAD  CITY,  Sv  BAK. 


187S  

38 

41 

46 

27 

6 

LOWER  BRULE  AGENCY,  S.  DAK. 


1875.  .  . 

30 

19 

—13 

187<i 

_.•)•> 

—28 

—14 

23 

28 

31 

44 

50 

25 

18 

4 

21 

11 

1X77 

—25 

1 

—18 

16 

33 

33 

43 

44 

33 

21 

g 

3 

14 

1878 

—12 

3 

25 

28 

30 

44 

52 

48 

25 

8 

IS 

18 

•>Q 

—20 

—  8 

—  2 

22 

30 

36 

46 

47 

28 

16 

2 

12 

15 

MEADE,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


187!»  

48 

45 

34 

5 

—  3 

—25 

1880  

—10 

—29 

—22 

19 

32 

43 

39 

33 

11 

—17 

—24 

1881 

—24 

—25 

5 

8 

32 

44 

47 

50 

31 

12 

-r  9 

5 

15 

1882 

—14 

—18 

1 

18 

25 

39 

40 

40 

31 

21 

3 

18 

14 

1883 

—34 

—34 

4 

8 

20 

37 

35 

38 

27 

14 

7 

11 

9 

1XS-I 

—21 

—28 

—11 

12 

25 

38 

40 

34 

20 

13 

12 

32 

6 

1886 

-jy 

—19 

_  i 

25 

20 

37 

45 

40 

37 

22 

20 

0 

16 

188H            

—  33 

—16 

_  7 

12 

26 

45 

55 

32 

33 

21 

13 

24 

11 

1SX7 

—33 

—37 

—  2 

13 

27 

38 

48 

41 

34 

1 

25 

32 

6 

ISSS            .  ... 

—  :>i 

—10 

—17 

21 

23 

35 

54 

40 

35 

15 

8 

0 

13 

1889    

—  3 

—20 

5 

°0 

29 

42 

34 

47 

28 

22 

4 

2 

16 

1890  

—26 

—29 

—  l 

(j 

27 

43 

51 

48 

28 

27 

10 

5 

15 

1891   

—  4 

—33 

—22 

17 

20 

41 

43 

40 

37 

21 

4 

3 

13 

Means.  . 

—22 

—25 

—  6 

15 

27 

39 

45 

41 

31 

16 

g 

13 

12 

MILLBANK,  S.  DAK. 


1890  

—31 

22 

30 

54 

50 

48 

35 

29 

6 

7 

1891 

—12 

—19 

—  18 

20 

34 

44 

50 

50 

34 

20 

20 

14 

14 

Means  .  

—22 

21 

32 

49 

50 

49 

34 

24 

7 

10 

MITCHELL,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

44 

33 

34 

18 

12 

14 

MORRISTON,  S.  DAK. 


1878  

12 

1879  

—24 

—  16 

—  3 

20 

38 

50 

60 

60 

42 

18 

1 

°6 

18 

1880  

—  5 

—14 

—14 

12 

48 

52 

57 

53 

8 

—  20 

1881  

—33 

—25 

—  3 

—  1 

42 

60 

65 

60 

40 

26 

1 

o 

19 

1882  

—10 

—16 

2 

32 

40 

46 

60 

50 

37 

25 

g 

°0 

21 

1883  

—30 

—30 

0 

26 

33 

48 

50 

42 

28 

1884  

—10 

26 

30 

50 

50 

Means  

—20 

—20 

—  6 

19 

38 

51 

57 

57 

37 

23 

0  5 

16 

18 

176 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  «nd  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

OELRICHS,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Annual. 

1890 

—12 

11 

24 

39 

39 

25 

16 

10 

0 

1891    

—23 

—23 

—28 

12 

24 

40 

39 

35 

28 

11 

—10 

—10 

8 

—20 

12 

24 

39 

37 

26 

14 

0 

_  5 

OLIVET,  S.  DAK. 


1877    .     

46 

53 

57 

44 

23 

15 

0 

1878            

—10 

6 

14 

32 

40 

54 

62 

59 

36 

14 

10 

—15 

25 

1879              

—29 

—16 

0 

9 

40 

45 

61 

48 

40 

6 

-  6 

25 

14 

1880                

—  4 

—20 

—14 

18 

48 

52 

55 

49 

"  40 

10 

—10 

—17 

17 

1881  

—36 

—20 

—  5 

2 

43 

52 

60 

60 

40 

25 

—  2 

0 

IS 

1882 

—18 

—14 

1 

28 

37 

48 

56 

50 

36 

23 

6 

—19 

—13 

—  0.8 

18 

42 

49 

58 

54 

39 

16 

2 

—11 

20 

ONEIDA,  S.  DAK. 


1890 

—20 

—28 

2 

19 

22 

53 

40 

24 

19 

4 

1891  

IT 

—20 

—20 

15 

28 

42 

40 

35 

34 

22 

—13 

—11 

12 

—14 

—  24 

—  9 

17 

25 

46 

38 

29 

20 

—  4 

PARKER,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

40 

36 

27 

0 

15 

PARKSTON,  S.  DAK. 


1887        

—22 

—10 

16 

45 

40 

52 

66 

60 

10 

—27 

—22 

1888   .           

—28 

—20 

—12 

20 

30 

40 

56 

65 

2 

—  2 

1889           

—22 

—28 

10 

40 

48 

50 

31 

17 

—  2 

1890 

—26 

—  29 

—12 

18 

28 

46 

<15 

—  4 

1891 

0 

—  16 

—16 

18 

34 

50 

55 

42 

34 

24 

•  0 

—  12 

18 

Means 

—  19 

—23 

—  8 

18 

34 

43 

51 

56 

42 

17 

—  8 

—  8 

16 

PIERRE,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

46 

42 

38 

27 

—  8 

—11 

PLANKINTON,  S.  DAK. 


1891  

45 

48 

35 

RANDALL,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1860  

—  6 

—  18 

42 

58 

56 

48 

40 

22 

—  4 

—22 

1861 

—  17 

11 

6 

32 

36 

60 

62 

56 

34 

26 

3 

3 

23 

1862 

—  22 

10 

10 

1") 

40 

52 

62 

58 

49 

10 

10 

1 

22 

1863 

—  11 

17 

5 

24 

41 

53 

54 

'II 

34 

-t 

14 

27 

15 

]864  

—27 

—  6 

4 

29 

52 

58 

68 

40 

1 

'>ti 

18a5  

—11 

4 

—  11) 

14 

30 

45 

11 

1866  

37 

22 

—  9 

—17 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


177 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 


RANDALL,  FORT,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1867  .  .     

—15 

—21 

—15 

19 

37 

52 

61 

55 

—  5 

1868  .  . 

—20 

91 

12 

20 

49 

51 

65 

51 

33 

26 

12 

7 

24 

1869   

5 

1 

1 

12 

41 

52 

56 

36 

4 

4 

—  7 

1870               .  .. 

—17 

—12 

—  7 

14 

37 

37 

46 

40 

40 

20 

12 

-18 

16 

1871 

—  11 

—  93 

5 

26 

46 

51 

43 

19 

16 

—14 

-17 

1872  .  . 

—21 

—12 

3 

20 

31 

48 

48 

50 

35 

20 

—13 

—30 

15 

1873  

—30 

—10 

0 

-08 

53 

42 

54 

22 

6 

2 

—25 

8 

1874 

•'8 

—18 

11 

10 

43 

52 

50 

30 

10 

—  5 

—25 

10 

1875 

—44 

—89 

—28 

8 

21 

36 

48 

42 

27 

15 

—25 

22 

3 

1876..      

—17 

—20 

7 

27 

30 

47 

49 

18 

16 

—24 

—33 

(i 

1S77     

"7 

0 

—16 

12 

36 

43 

42 

44 

29 

17 

—14 

13 

1878. 

—22 

—  8 

•15 

24 

28 

41 

45 

48 

24 

10 

—  8 

—27 

14 

1879          

—38 

95 

12 

48 

39 

55 

46 

28 

9 

—  4 

—32 

11 

1880  

—  4 

—14 

—20 

12 

39 

47 

42 

39 

28 

11 

-11 

-17 

12 

1881  

—  as 

—29 

—  6 

2 

38 

49 

53 

50 

33 

21 

-6 

—  4 

14 

1882  

—  8 

—  8 

—  1 

25 

33 

41 

49 

41 

30 

22 

6 

—20 

18 

1883   

—30 

—32 

1 

27 

29 

36 

45 

40 

32 

19 

—  1 

—18 

12 

1884  

—29 

—29 

—12 

22 

33 

40 

47 

44 

36 

18 

—  4 

—31 

11 

1885  

—33 

—25 

0 

18 

25 

38 

43 

39 

33 

20 

9 

—15 

12 

1886   .. 

—29 

—21 

—  5 

4 

32 

37 

40 

30 

23 

15 

1 

—25 

8 

1887   

—33 

93 

1 

24 

39 

44 

54 

49 

18 

14 

—41 

—16 

11 

1888  

—30 

—20 

—17 

24 

29 

41 

50 

42 

25 

20 

4 

4 

14 

1889  

—15 

—13 

12 

27 

30 

45 

48 

49 

32 

18 

-3 

—  3 

19 

180(1       

—24 

—  ->3 

3 

20 

27 

49 

50 

42 

30 

18 

10 

—  6 

16 

1891 

2 

—13 

—  90 

15 

32 

48 

43 

35 

32 

23 

-  3 

—11 

15 

Means   

99 

—17 

—  5 

17 

33 

45 

50 

49 

33 

16 

-  4 

—16 

15 

RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1881 

—30 

10 

10 

29 

44 

37 

50 

30 

15 

2 

3 

1882    

—16 

—21 

—  2 

13 

27 

36 

45 

42 

36 

22 

—  2 

—25 

13 

1883 

—37 

—40 

6 

2 

20 

35 

1888   

—30 

—  3 

—16 

20 

22 

40 

51 

42 

35 

21 

10 

—  4 

l(> 

1889 

—  3 

—  17 

10 

21 

31 

43 

46 

49 

30 

25 

0 

—  2 

19 

1890 

—24 

—27 

—  3 

8 

25 

45 

55 

46 

32 

25 

13 

3 

1(3 

18l)l 

—2'2 

—17 

19 

23 

42 

47 

42 

38 

22 

—  3 

—  3 

—18 

—23 

—  2 

13 

27 

41 

46 

45 

34 

22 

3 

—  5 

15 

REDFIELD,  S.  DAK. 


1889 

20 

24 

41 

i 

ROSCOE,  S.  DAK. 

1889 

28 

39 

42 

41 

26 

18 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  S.  DAK. 

1890 

52 
42 

32 

28 

—  9 

1891 

-  7 

—20 

—19 

16 

32 

46 

54 

—  6 

—10 

Means                .    

47 

—10 

SCRANTON,  S.  DAK. 

.1890 

—23 
—  6 

—33 
—26 

—12 
—18 

30 
12 

33 

54 

59 

51 

32 

28 

6 

—  7 

18 

1891 

Meaus                   .  .... 

'—14 

—SO 

—15 

21 

S.  Ex.  157-^ — 23 


178 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

SIOUX  FALLS,  S.  DAK. 


Your. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1890.  .. 

52 

54 

36 

34 

22 

0 

—17 

1891 

—  4 

—26 

—18 

14 

50 

29 

28 

18 

24 

22 

Mean  H  ..  .  

52 

32 

31 

20 

—12 

—20 

SISSETON,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1867  -  .       

—27 

—24 

—24 

7 

30 

48 

57 

36 

24 

4 

1868             

—12 

1869 

—19 

—24 

21 

35 

42 

53 

55 

31 

5 

5 

17 

1870 

—25 

—30 

—  19 

9 

39 

42 

54 

40 

41 

22 

11 

28 

is 

1871 

—24 

—  23 

2 

18 

34 

49 

51 

49 

34 

16 

24 

30 

is 

1872  

—29 

—26 

—20 

4 

29 

41 

43 

44 

29 

15 

—20 

—35 

X 

1873  

—32 

—32 

—22 

15 

28 

48 

47 

48 

22 

—  9 

7 

—23 

6 

1874  

—28 

—25 

—  12 

4 

31 

37 

46 

51 

32 

jj 

—  11 

—23 

<l 

1875  .  .      

—37 

—33 

—18 

5 

22 

31 

48 

45 

28 

5 

25 

—  22 

4 

1876              .  .  .. 

—27 

—20 

—  18 

14 

24 

34 

40 

:;•• 

19 

10 

28 

1877  

—29 

—10 

—15 

6 

30 

42 

1878  

—25 

9 

25 

30 

45 

51 

g 

—25 

1879  

—34 

—32 

—21 

3 

33 

49 

6 

—  8 

—  40 

1880 

—24 

—  16 

—20 

40 

45 

41 

27 

9 

•>o 

45 

1881  

—32 

—  9 

—  2 

26 

46 

51 

48 

30 

20 

15 

—  11 

1882  

—26 

—23 

—14 

6 

25 

37 

49 

41 

28 

17 

—  7 

—30 

9 

1883  

—41 

—38 

—19 

15 

25 

35 

40 

40 

19 

15 

15 

—  27 

4 

1884  

—  44 

—29 

—23 

16 

27 

44 

44 

41 

32 

12 

22 

38 

5 

1885... 

—37 

—36 

—16 

11 

20 

32 

40 

33 

''7 

12 

5 

19 

i; 

1886 

—  44 

—36 

—12 

4 

28 

36 

50 

29 

17 

1't 

17 

37 

3 

1887 

—  40 

—38 

o 

2 

27 

33 

41 

83 

28 

g 

94 

30 

o 

1888 

—38 

—35 

—15 

2 

14 

39 

4<) 

40 

32 

24 

4 

3 

() 

1889  

—25 

—30 

—  3 

17 

Means  

—31 

—28 

—  14 

10 

28 

40 

47 

42 

28 

1  1 

11 

27 

g 

SMITHVILLE,  S.  DAK. 


1881.. 

51 

53 

35 

20 

o 

1 

1882  

—21 

—23 

—12 

24 

41 

36 

"SPEARFISH,  8.  DAK. 


1890... 

—20 

—23 

3 

20 

28 

44 

61 

47 

33 

29 

18 

4 

20 

1891  

1 

—  28 

—20 

17 

24 

39 

43 

40 

3*1 

93 

2 

0 

15 

Means 

—10 

—26 

8 

18 

26 

42 

52 

44 

36 

26 

g 

9 

18 

SPRING  LAKE,  S.  DAK. 


1888... 

12 

12 

1889  

—14 

—18 

10 

32 

40 

54 

50 

62 

SULLY,  FORT,  S.  DAK. 


1866  

—19 

—18 

0 

19 

1868  

30 

7 

11 

1869  

9 

15 

10 

24 

sn 

<*7 

AR 

AQ 

00 

q 

in 

1C 

1870  

—28 

—20 

12 

g 

19 

38 

50 

36 

34 

23 

14 

•  °3 

12 

1871... 

30 

26 

1 

Q 

ST 

10 

AQ 

4.1 

94. 

IK 

11 

10 

1872  . 

22 

14 

<j 

7 

v> 

4.9 

JO 

4.7 

00 

OA 

1° 

-v, 

1873  

—25 

—22 

11 

15 

32 

48 

50 

50 

24 

5 

0 

°7 

19 

1874  . 

13 

10 

2 

15 

34 

•i't 

KK 

KO 

QQ 

7 

10 

1875... 

—32 

—30 

—14 

11 

24 

38 

49 

48 

29 

23 

—13 

0 

11 

CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


179 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

SULLY,  FORT,  S.  DAK.-Continned. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1876 

—19 

—24 

—15 

19 

26 

29 

55 

48 

25 

21 

—  4 

—26 

11 

1H77 

—20 

—  i 

—14 

14 

32 

42 

48 

48 

37 

24 

—  8 

1 

17 

is  78 

—15 

8 

23 

25 

37 

54 

56 

53 

67 

14 

15 

—  22 

''(i 

1X79 

—33 

—  15 

—11 

15 

38 

48 

61 

50 

38 

8 

4 

—28 

15 

1880 

—18 

—13 

—11 

19 

41 

46 

55 

52 

34 

19 

13 

19 

18 

1881 

—30 

—29 

o 

2 

35_ 

50 

53 

42 

18 

15 

—  11 

o 

11 

188! 

—21 

92 

—12 

22 

15 

50 

48 

45 

27 

18 

6 

1883 

—39 

—30 

2 

21 

31 

42 

51 

50 

28 

22 

3 

—13 

14 

1884. 

—33 

—25 

—19 

20 

31 

46 

51 

41 

32 

«18 

_  7 

—30 

10 

1885. 

—33 

—  25 

3 

21 

27 

36 

45 

45 

34 

19 

10 

—  8 

14 

1886 

—28 

—18 

—11 

12 

29 

43 

54 

43 

29 

23 

o 

—19 

13 

1887. 

—28 

—  26 

—  8 

19 

32 

44 

53 

43 

35 

4 

—27 

—18 

10 

1888 

—32 

—20 

13 

22 

30 

38 

52 

45 

30 

18 

2 

—  6 

14 

1889. 

—1(1 

—22 

10 

27 

25 

46 

50 

48 

36 

20 

—  6 

—  6 

17 

1890 

—  LC> 

—30 

—12 

18 

29 

49 

55 

43 

33 

21 

8 

—  2 

16 

1891.. 

:; 

—19 

—24 

15 

30 

44 

48 

41 

40 

26 

Y 

—12 

15 

Me:ins 

—24 

—19 

—  7 

16 

30 

43 

51 

46 

32 

17 

j 

—  15 

14 

TYNDALL,  S.  DAK. 


IS!)  I 


1  

33 

35 

25 

—  8 

—13 

VERMILLION,  S.  DAK. 


1883     

—24 

1884 

—  34 

—  27 

—10 

22 

29 

20 

g 

—30 

1885.      

—33 

—24 

0 

17 

25 

40 

46 

39 

32 

23 

13 

—14 

14 

1886 

—30 

—26 

—10 

18 

39 

40 

1 

1890       

—24 

—25 

—10 

13 

28 

48 

45 

39 

32 

21 

10 

—  8 

14 

1891  

—  2 

—20 

Mtf.'UlH      

—25 

—24 

—  8 

18 

30 

43 

46 

39 

32 

21 

4 

—19 

13 

WATERTOWN,  S.  DAK. 


1891 

—26 

—20 

WEBSTER,  S.  DAK. 


1882 

48 

53 

54 

27 

27 

4 

—26 

1883 

—33 

—37 

—12 

19 

28 

37 

49 

44 

25 

3 

—13 

—22 

7 

1884 

39 

—33 

—31 

17 

26 

54 

48 

43 

25 

0 

—25 

—36 

4 

1885 

—33 

—38 

—24 

20 

28 

29 

46 

44 

27 

21 

—16 

—12 

8 

1886   .        

—10 

—24 

—  9 

0 

29 

ft 

53 

31 

16 

20 

—16 

—37 

5 

1887  .  .      

—44 

—39 

—22 

10 

37 

48 

55 

39 

30 

4 

—27 

—33 

5 

1888 

—  17 

—38 

—20 

7 

23 

32 

52 

57 

27 

23 

0 

_  9 

11 

1889 

—26 

—33 

0 

14 

23 

35 

43 

42 

27 

15 

7 

—21 

9 

1890 

—30 

—  28 

—28 

11 

20 

44 

43 

31 

24 

26 

7 

—19 

8 

1891 

—12 

—30 

—27 

7 

27 

25 

28 

15 

—33 

25 

Means 

—30 

—33 

—19 

12 

27 

41 

48 

41 

26 

15 

—13 

—24 

8 

WENTWORTH,  S.  DAK. 


1883 

27 

1885 

17 

23 

38 

43 

1&91 

—25 

—18 

130 


CERTAIN'  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  icith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  South 

Dakota — Continued. 

WESSINGTON  SPRINGS,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

18*11 

/ 

44 

35 

36 

24 

—13 

—14 

WICKLOW,  S.  DAK. 


24 

—28 

26 

53 

48 

30 

—18 

WOLSEY,  S.  DAK. 


1889    

—31 

—34 

7 

20 

20 

38 

44 

43 

27 

2 

—10 

—15 

9 

1890       

—29 

—28 

—16 

13 

19 

50 

59 

34 

26 

15 

—  2 

—11 

11 

1891        

—  7 

—25 

—23 

11 

33 

47 

54 

35 

39 

22 

—18 

—21 

12 

—22 

—29 

—11 

15 

24 

45 

52 

37 

31 

13 

—10 

—16 

11 

WOONSOCKET,  S.  DAK. 


1888 

16 

23 

36 

45 

37 

27 

16 

—  1 

—  9 

1889          

—29 

—30 

8 

18 

22 

39 

41 

KH 

28 

14 

—  4 

—13 

13 

1890   

-28 

—29 

—16 

16 

23 

42 

46 

32 

24 

12 

—  6 

—21 

8 

—28 

—30 

—  4 

17 

23 

39 

44 

45 

26 

14 

-  4 

—14 

11 

YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


1873 

20 

23 

49 

51 

59 

30 

11 

10 

10 

1874    

—20 

—  4 

7 

16 

35 

44 

54 

50 

30 

16 

0 

—14 

18 

1875    

—25 

—22 

—12 

17 

24 

42 

52 

45 

31 

18 

—15 

—15 

12 

1876       

—17 

—18 

—16 

21 

34 

38 

51 

46 

26 

16 

—  7 

—18 

13 

1877   .  .         

—19 

5 

—14 

14 

31 

38 

44 

46 

38 

25 

—  5 

-  1 

17 

1878             ... 

—10 

3 

21 

27 

28 

47 

56 

48 

28 

9 

15 

—11 

22 

1879 

—30 

—17 

—  3 

7 

29 

38 

53 

51 

32 

13 

1 

—34 

12 

1880 

2 

(j 

—16 

20 

43 

47 

47 

46 

37 

15 

—  5 

—19 

17 

1881 

—32 

—  ••>;! 

—  8 

_  3 

38 

53 

54 

52 

36 

24 

—  1 

4 

16 

1882  " 

—  6 

—  7 

0 

29 

35 

42 

48 

48 

32 

30 

12 

—16 

21 

1883  

—22 

—  4 

4 

27 

28 

39 

52 

48 

37 

21 

3 

—13 

18 

1884  

—28 

—23 

—11 

27 

34 

47 

56 

48 

39 

25 

—  3 

—23 

16 

1885            

—24 

—18 

2 

19 

26 

43 

48 

46 

38 

26 

18 

—10 

18 

1886      

—28 

—25 

—  6 

4 

39 

44 

56 

41 

34 

20 

0 

—23 

13 

1887 

—29 

—22 

—  2 

19 

36 

45 

53 

44 

35 

13 

—18 

—16 

13 

1888         .  . 

—28 

—  19 

—18 

24 

32 

43 

54 

44 

35 

24 

9 

6 

17 

1889 

—12 

—18 

13 

27 

30 

44 

50 

51 

34 

22 

0 

3 

20 

1890  

—22 

—17 

—  7 

15 

32 

50 

51 

41 

33 

22 

9 

—  7 

17 

1891 

1 

—19 

—17 

32 

49 

46 

38 

26 

—  8 

—  6 

Means  ..  

—20 

—  14 

—  5 

18 

32 

44 

51 

47 

34 

20 

1 

—12 

16 

Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures, with  monthly  and  annual  averages, at  stations  in  Minnesota. 

MOORHEAD,  MINN. 


1881  

—36 

—33 

—  7 

13 

29 

46 

47 

45 

30 

17 

15 

—  9 

g 

1882  

—36 

—19 

—20 

7 

26 

35 

45 

38 

24 

95 

7 

29 

7 

1883  

—  42 

—  33 

—  22 

6 

33 

32 

43 

39 

17 

15 

14 

34 

3 

1884 

43 

30 

"3 

17 

98 

39 

43 

19 

Sfi 

IK 

IK 

31 

1885  

—35 

30 

15 

14 

21 

30 

43 

32 

26 

18 

5 

20 

7 

1886  

—  36 

—  37 

g 

4 

27 

33 

47 

32 

23 

10 

22 

35 

0 

1887  

—  47 

35 

19 

4 

25 

36 

4° 

37 

23 

fi 

00 

Sfi 

1 

1888  

—44 

47 

30 

7 

20 

28 

47 

3S 

26 

20 

0 

5 

1889  

—29 

35 

o 

20 

20 

35 

39 

<*8 

29 

IX 

e 

g 

in 

1890  

—31 

—  26 

22 

10 

14 

11 

dfi 

3fi 

<*n 

91 

1ft 

q 

1891  

—17 

—35 

23 

11 

22 

40 

49 

n 

19 

91 

°4_ 

on 

7 

Means  .  

—36 

—33 

16 

8 

24 

^R 

AA 

07 

97 

00 

.  67. 


Temperatures,  in  degrees  Fahrenheit, 
January. 


Appendix JVb,  6<3. 

Jfoervyre  Temperatures,  in  decrees  Fahrenheit, 


Appendix  JVb. 

Temneraiures ,  in  decrees  Fahrenheit, 
Jkfarch . 


63  1 


$ 


7O. 


Temperatures,  in  decrees  Fahrenheit, 


S  Vn.JI.fjf     88  1 


Appendix  JVb.  71 '. 

Tempera fitres^  in  decrees  Fahrenheit, 
Jtfay . 


too' 


'  M^9f\    _f 

---—~*—T~ — ^n  jfki — *v 

~IJ~  }'r-^if^fft  YiTK-M* 


-?£ 


Appendix  <fto.7 2. 

Temneraf tires,  in  degrees  fa hrenheit, 
June . 


rvo  ' 


o 


3  i  V 


.  73. 


Jlveraqe  Temperatures^  in  degrees  Fahrenheit* 


>- 


*>»• 


/<>»• 


7CO  • 


*.» 


»7 


'93' 


/«• 


s«#' 


.«?• ' 


»    El.       /<$  /          62     1 


> 


\\ 


ndix  JVb.  74. 

Temperatures,   in  decrees 


: 


.  75. 


Jlveraye  Temperatures,  in  degrees  Fahrenheit, 

September. 


JUppen  dix  JVb.  76 . 

Jlveraye  Temperature^  in  degrees  Fahrenheit, 

October. 


• 


631 


o  77. 


Jlveraye  Temperatures,  in 

JVbvemJber. 


Fahrenheit, 


\£> 


• 


JZnnendizc  JVb.  7&. 

Temperatures,  in  cteywes  Fahrenheit, 
DecemJber. 


at' 


oa 


- 


TO* 


ts\ 


Appendix  JVb.  7*9. 

Jive  ray  e  Temperatures,  in  degrees  fa hren he it^ 


/ 


Annual '. 


tto  ' 


8  Bt  ./:f7... 


" 


V* 


Xifr 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


181 


Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  icith  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  Minne- 
sota— Continued. 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1880  .  .       

27 

15 

—22 

—42 

1881  .  .            

—44 

—31 

—12 

—14 

28 

37' 

40 

36 

23 

18 

—18 

—20 

3 

1882 

—  42 

—35 

—25 

—  8 

21 

36 

42 

41 

25 

23 

—  5 

—30 

4 

1883  ...         . 

—  44 

—38 

—31 

—  4 

26 

29 

40 

39 

17 

11 

—22 

—40 

—  1 

1884               

—  41 

—37 

—27 

18 

29 

39 

41 

38 

32 

10 

—19 

—49 

3 

1885  ..         

—46 

—39 

—25 

—14 

22 

32 

39 

27 

24 

17 

—  1 

—21 

1 

1886  ...  .      

—  41 

—36 

—13 

—  1 

22 

30 

44 

33 

24 

15 

—18 

—38 

2 

1887...  .      

—42 

—38 

—27 

—  4 

25 

34 

38 

29 

18 

—10 

—30 

—44 

—  4 

1888  

-53 

—50 

—29 

6 

14 

'  1>5 

46 

30 

24 

19 

—  7 

—16 

0.7 

1889..     

—36 

—43 

—  9 

9 

22 

33 

41 

32 

28 

9 

—21 

5 

1890  

—38 

—36 

—30 

13 

15 

40 

43 

30 

29 

23 

9 

—27 

5 

1891  

—27 

—34 

—29* 

6 

16 

32 

37 

32 

29 

20 

—24 

—27 

3 

—  41 

—38 

—23 

0.6 

22 

33 

41 

33 

25 

14 

—14 

—31 

2 

Monthly  absolute  minimum  temperatures,  with  monthly  and  annual  averages,  at  stations  in  Nebraska. 

HAY  SPRINGS,  NEBE. 


1886 

—31 

—  5 

—15 

5 

25 

33 

55 

40 

30 

23 

—  5 

—13 

12 

1887 

—23 

—24 

6 

15 

27 

39 

47 

44 

31 

2 

—26 

—28 

9 

1888   

—30 

—  2 

—14 

23 

29 

37 

52 

34 

30 

17 

3 

—  6 

14 

1889   .            .  . 

—  5 

—20 

4 

19 

26 

39 

43 

43 

24 

22 

—  6 

—  3 

16 

1890    .  . 

—19 

—21 

—  1 

l(i 

28 

36 

52 

*3 

23 

17 

12 

7 

1U 

1891 

—  3 

—20 

—21 

13 

24 

43 

42 

37 

33 

20 

—  y 

—  8 

13 

Means       .  .  .  .  . 

—18 

—15 

—  7 

15 

26 

38 

48 

40 

28 

20 

—  5 

—  8 

14 

KOHINSON,  FORT,  NEBR. 


1883 

40 

37 

28 

14 

—  5 

—  4 

1884 

—22 

—39 

10 

26 

46 

40 

42 

32 

14 

—  8 

1885 

—25 

—24 

0 

22 

18 

35 

50 

38 

35 

y 

11 

—13 

13 

1886 

—33 

—  5 

—  8 

12 

24 

41 

50 

38 

26 

12 

—16 

—13 

11 

18'b7 

—25 

—27 

2 

18 

30 

39 

49 

45 

31 

1 

—19 

—26 

10 

1888 

20 

1889 

1 

—17 

8 

20 

22 

38 

40 

40 

24 

24 

0 

1 

17 

1890 

—20 

—23 

4 

18 

27 

36 

51 

36 

27 

19 

,  10 

5 

15 

1891              , 

3 

—15 

—19 

15 

25 

41 

42 

40 

35 

15 

—10 

—  3 

14 

—17 

—21 

—  2 

17 

L>t 

39 

45 

39 

30 

14 

—  5 

-  9 

13 

VALENTINE,  NEBR. 


1885 

35 

22 

16 

_  9 

1886 

—30 

—19 

—  8 

13 

25 

43 

44 

37 

35 

23 

—  3 

—16 

12 

1887              .  .. 

—30 

—22 

—  5 

14 

21 

39 

38 

38 

32 

27 

—31 

—29 

8 

1888              

—35 

—  8 

—15 

24 

32 

41 

49 

41 

2P 

9 

—18 

1889   ^  .     

—10 

—15 

10 

23 

23 

43 

44 

46 

33 

22 

—  2 

—  5 

18 

1890  

—24 

—22 

—  3 

17 

26 

44 

54 

44 

27 

19 

1 

1 

15 

1891  

0 

—18 

—26 

13 

26 

45 

44 

39 

37 

24 

—18 

—  8 

13 

—22 

—17 

—  8 

17 

26 

42 

46 

41 

32 

23 

—  4 

—12 

14 

APPENDIX  No.  80. 
Average  consecutive  number  of  days  without  rain,  including  traces. 

[A  ''trace"  of  rainfall  means  an  amount  too  small  to  measure.] 


Station. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

• 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Length  of  record. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

16 
18 
11 
13 
14 
15 
12 

14 
14 
9 
11 
14 
16 
11 

13 
16 
10 
13 
13 
15 
12 

12 
13 
9 
13 
13 
13 
9 

11 
10 

8 
11 
10 
10 
11 

10 
8 
6 
8 
8 
9 
8 

10 
9 
7 
12 
9 
12 
8 

12 
13 
11 
14 
10 
11 
13 

12 
17 
13 
16 
10 
14 
14 

19 
18 
12 
16 
13 
16 
16 

15 
19 
12 
15 
13 
15 

yj 

16 
17 
11 
16 
13 
16 
15 

Aug.,  1860-Oct.,    1877. 
July,    1873-Julv,   1891. 
Sept.,  1874-Dec.,   1891. 
Sept.,  1866-Dec.,    1891. 
Aug.,   1871-Dec.,    1891. 
Aug.,  1869-Nov.,   1890. 
Jan.,    1882-Dec.,   1891. 

(Oct.,    1880-Nov.,   1885. 
}Feb.,    1889-Oct.,    1891. 
Jan.,    1878-Dec.,    1887. 
Jan:,    1879-May,  .  1884. 
July,    1881-Dec.,   1891. 
July,    1879-Dec.,    1891. 
Feb.,    1860-Dec.,    1891. 
Jan.,    1888-Dec.,    1891. 
Sept.,  1876-Apr.,    1889. 
Jan.,    1866-Dec.,    1891. 
July,    1877-  July,    1884. 
Dec.,    1882-Dec.,    1891. 
Apr.,    1873-Dec.,    189). 

*Fan.,    1881-Deo.,    1891. 
Jan.,    1881-Dec.,   1891. 

Jan.,    1886-  Dec.,    1891. 
July,    1883-Dec.,    1891. 
Sept.,  188u-Dec.,    1891. 

Aug.,   1857-Deo.,   1891. 

Fort  Abraham  Lincoln.  .  . 
Bismarck  . 

Fort  Buford    ....  . 

Fort  Pembina  - 

Fort  Totten   

Fort  Yates                

14 

13 

13 

12 

10 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

15 

15 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Fort  Bennett  

13 

9 
15 
11 

14 
18 
13 
14 
14 
16 
8 
12 

10 

8 
15 
9 
13 
15 
8 
13 
13 
14 
9 
12 

16 

7 
14 
12 
12 
14 
7 
14 
14 
14 
9 
11 

10 

6 
12 
9 
10 
11 
7 
10 
11 
12 
8 
9 

7 

5 
10 

7 
9 
10 
5 
9 
9 
8 
7 
7 

7 

6 
8 
7 
9 
9 
6 
8 
10 
5 
5 
6 

8 

8 
11 
7 
11 
12 
9 
7 
10 
10 
6 
8 

13 

11 
13 
8 
15 
13 
9 
12 
13 
13 
10 
9 

12 

12 
22 
11 
20 
14 
15 
14 
15 
11 
10 
11 

15 

10 
14 
12 
18 
17 
13 
13 
16 
14 
10 
12 

16 

10 
22 
14 
16 
19 
11 
17 
14 
17 
13 
13 

16 

8 
16 
15 
18 
16 
16 
13 
16 
12 
11 
12 

Dead  wood               .     ... 

Fort  Hale                   

Rapid  City  

Fort  Sisseton  

Fort  Sully  

Morrison  . 

Webster 

Yau  k  ton    . 

Means 

13 

12 

12 

10 

8 

7 

9 

12 

14 

14 

15 

14 

MINNESOTA. 
Moorhead  .     .   

10 
9 

8 
8 

10 
11 

8 
12 

8 
11 

8 
8 

9 
6 

9 

8 

10 
10 

11 
11 

10 
14 

9 
11 

St.  Vincent  

Means  .... 

9 

8 

10 

10 

9 

8 

7 

8 

10 

11 

12 

10 

NEBRASKA. 

Hay  Springs  ... 

12 
12 

12 

10 
11 
12 

9 
15 
13 

9 
12 
9 

9 
9 

7 

10 
11 

9 

8 
11 
10 

10 
12 
13 

18 
20 
14 

15 
14 
12 

14 
14 
15 

16 
17 
17 

Fort  Robinson 

Valentine 

Means.  ..... 

12 

11 

12 

10 

8 

10 

10 

12 

17 

14 

14 

17 

IOWA. 

Sioux  City  ...   . 

14 

16 

11 

9 

9 

7 

10 

10 

10 

14 

15 

15 

182 


APPENDIX  No.  81. 


Average  consecutive  number  of  days  without  rain,  excluding  traces. 

[A  "trace"  of  rainfall  means  an  amount  too  small  to  measure.] 


Station. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec. 

Length  of  record. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

9 
13 
7 
10 
12 
11 
11 

9 
12 
7 
10 
13 
12 
10 

8 
11 
7 
11 
12 
12 
10 

8 
10 
7 
9 
11 
11 
9 

9 
9 
6 
9 
10 
9 
9 

7 
7 
5 
6 
7 
8 
6 

8 
8 
7 
9 
8 
9 
7 

9 
11 
9 
11 
10 
9 
12 

11 
15 
9 
14 
10 
12 
14 

13 
14 
10 
12 
12 
13 
14 

9 
12 
10 
10 
13 
11 
11 

9 
14 

10 
12 
11 
12 
11 

Aug.,   1860-Oct.,    1877. 
July,    1873-July,    1891. 
Sept.,  1874-Dec.,    1891. 
Sept.,  1866-Dec.,    18H1. 
•Uig     1871  Dec      IS'H 

Fort  Abraham  Lincoln.  .  . 
Bismarck         ..  .  .  . 

K<»rt  Buford        ..  . 

Fort  Totten  .   . 

Aug.,   1869-}s7ov.',    Ufflo! 
Jan.,    1882-Dec.,    1891. 

(Oct.,    1880-Nov.,   1885. 
}Feb.,    1889-Oct.,    1891. 
Jan.,    1878-Dec.,    1887. 
Jan.,    1879-May,    1884. 
July,    1881-Dec.,    1891. 
July,    1879-Dec.,    1891. 
Feb.,    1860-Dec.,    1891. 
Jan.,    1888-Dec.,    1.S91. 
Sept.,  1876-Apr.,     1889. 
Jan.,    1866-Dec.,    1891. 
July,    1,877-July,    1W1. 
Dec.,    1882-Dec.,    1«91. 
Apr.,    1873-Dec.,    1891. 

Jan.,    1881-Dec.,    1891. 
Jan.,    1881-Dec.,    1891. 

Jan.,    1886-Deo.,    1891. 
July,    1883-Dec.,    1891. 
Sept.,  1885-Dec.,    1891. 

Aug     1857  Dec     1891 

Fort  Yates         

Means  .  

10 

10 

10 

9 

9 

7 

8 

10 

12 

13 

11 

11 

SOUTH   DAKOTA. 

9 

6 

10 
7 
10 
12 
10 
« 
10 

11) 

X 

8 

7 

C 
12 
7 
;i 
11 
(i 

8 
11 

11 
7 
9 

9 

0 
13 
8 
8 
12 
6 
7 
11 
8 
7 
8 

9 

6 
11 

8 
7 
9 
6 
7 
9 
10 
8 
7 

5 

5 
7 
5 
7 
x 
5 
5 
7 
5 

t; 

6 

7 

5 
6 
6 

7 
7 
4 
6 
8 
5 
5 
6 

7 

7 
11 
5 
9 
9 
(i 
5 
8 
8 
5 
7 

9 

10 
12 
7 
i:i 
10 
6 
8 
12 
10 
9 
7 

10 

11 
18 
8 
16 
12 
10 
10 
13 
8 
9 
9 

10 

8 
13 
10 
13 
11 
11 
10 
13 
11 
11 
10 

10 

X 

18 

10 

IL' 

12 
H) 
III 
12 
8 
12 
11 

14 

7 
13 
9 
13 
13 
10 
9 
13 
11 
10 
10 

Huron  .  

Fort  Randall 

Rapid  Citv    

Fort  Sully     .  . 

Morrison  -  -  

Webster  

Yank  ton  ...  

Menus    .  

9 

9 

9 

8 

6 

6 

7 

9 

11 

11 

11 

11 

MIXNK.SOTA. 

Moorhead  .. 

7 

7 

6 

7 

5 

8 

7 
9 

7 
8 

6 

6 

6 
5 

7 
8 

8 
8 

9 

8 

8 
9 

8 
9 

St.  Vincent  

Means.    

7 

6 

6 

8 

7 

G 

5 

7 

8 

8 

8 

8 

NEBRASKA. 

Hay  Springs  .  ....  

10 
12 
10 

7 
11 
8 

7 
12 
10 

7 
10 
8 

6 
9 
6 

6 
9 

8 

7 
8 
9 

7 
12 

7 

12 
18 
13 

11 
12 
11 

10 
12 
12 

14 
17 
13 

Fort  Robiusou  . 

MeatiH  ..  .  

11 

9 

10         8 

7 

8 

8 

9 

14 

11 

11 

15 

IOWA. 

Sioux  City     ..   ... 

13 

13 

11 

9 

8 

6 

9 

10 

9 

12 

14 

15 

183 


APPENDIX  No.  82. 

Maximum  period  of  drought  expressed  by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days  without  traces  and 

with  them. 


[A  "trace"  of  rainfall  means  au  amount  too  small  to  measure,  0.01  inch  being  tlie  smallest  quantity  measured  by  the  Weather  Bureau  in 

recording  precipitation.] 

BISMARCK,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 

days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1874  

23 
14 
12 
20 
14 
14 
19 
27 
15 
18 
18 
17 
16 
22 
24 

19 

17 
14 

Sept.20-Oct.    12 
Apr.  11-Apr.   24 
May     1-Mav   12 
Jan.  21-Feb.     9 
Jan.  10-Jau.   23 
Aug.    6-Aug.  19 
Oct.     1-Oct.    14 
Dec.     2-Dec.   28 
Feb.    1-Feb.   15 
Nov.    1-Nov.  18 
Nov.    2-Nov.  19 
Oct.  12-Oct.    28 
Nov.    6-Nov.  21 
Oct.  24-Nov.  14 
Sept.20-Oct.    13 
SJulv  26-Aug.   13) 
(Oct.     1-Oct.    19  (, 
Dec.    7-Dec.  23 
Dec.    5-Dec.  18 

23 
14 
12 
31 
43 
20 
36 
27 
17 
24 
18 
19 
21 
22 
29 

53 

19 
21 

Sept.20-Oct.  12. 
Apr.  11-Apr.  24. 
May  1-May  12. 
Jan  -)1  Feo  ''0 

1875  . 

1876  

1877 

1878  .     . 

Jan.  1-Feb.  12. 

Srpt.  6-Sept.  30. 
Sept.  20-Oct.  25. 
Dec.  2-Dec.  28. 
Sept.  1-Sept.  17. 
Sept.  7-Sept.  30. 
Nov.  2-Nov.  19. 
Sept.  12-Sept.  30. 
Nov.  1-Nov.  21. 
Oct.  24-Nov.  14. 
Sept.l5-Oct.  13. 

Oct.  1-Nov.  22. 

Dec.  5-Doi:.  23. 
Jan.  2-Jan.  22. 

1879  

1880  

1881       

1882 

1883 

1884  ...               

1885  

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891  ,,  

18 

25 

FORT  ABERCROMBIE,  N.  DAK. 


1861  

17 

Dec.  6-Dec.  22 

24 

Dee.  1-Dec.  24. 

1862  

19 

Oct.  13-Oct  31 

57 

Oct.  4-Nov.  29. 

1805  

10 

\F«1>.  3-Feb.  12? 

18 

Nov.  1-Nov.  18. 

1867  

21 

(Nov.  3-Nov.  12J 
Nov.  9-Nov.  L'9 

46 

Sept.  16-Oet.  31. 

1868  

18 

Oct.  9-Oct.  L'G 

36 

Sept.  26-Oct.  31. 

1869  

13 

Jan.  18-Jan.  30 

40 

Jan.  4-Feb.  12. 

1870  

22 

Sept.  22-Oct.  13 

34 

Nov.  19-Dec.  22. 

1871  

22 

Sept.  9-Sept.  30 

25 

Aug.  2-Aui,'.  26. 

1872  

23 

Oct   5-Oct.  27 

27 

Oct.  1-Oct.  27. 

1873  

11 

June  9—  June  19 

45 

Nov.  17-Dec.  31. 

1874  

25 

Sr|lt  17  Oct.   11 

61 

Nov.  1-Der.  31. 

1875  

14 

July  15  July  28 

90 

Jan.  1-Mar.  31. 

1876  

19 

Oct   1  Oct  19 

19 

Oct.  1-Oct.  19. 

Means  

18 

40 

FORT  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  N.  DAK. 


1874  

28 

Feb      1-Feb 

''8 

28 

(Feb. 

1-Feb. 

28. 

1875  .  . 

17 

<11 

31 

)Dec. 
Dec. 

1-Dec. 
1-Dec. 

28. 
31 

1876  .. 

35 

Soot.  14-Oct. 

18 

35 

Sept. 

14-Oct. 

18. 

184 


CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTA3. 


185 


Maximum  period  of  drought  expressed  by  tht  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days.  etc. — Continued. 

FORT  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  N.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1877.                    ..                   

38 
22 
23 
26 
41 
22 
29 
.      26 

19 

33 
14 
38 
31 
36 

Jan.  14-Feb.  20 
Sept.  9-Sept.  30 
Sept.  1-Sept.  23 
Sept.l9-Oct.  14 
Nov.  18-Dec.  28 
Jan.  25-Feb.  15 
Oct.  21-Nov.  18 
Oct.  5-Oct.  30 

Sept.  12-Sept.  30 

Oct.  20-Nov.  21 
Nov.  1-Nov.  14 
Nov.  15-Dec.  22 
Oct.  1-Oct.  31 
Jan.  12-Feb.  16 

39 
40 
44 
113 
49 
48 
29 
26 

19 

34 
18 
38 
53 
36 

Jan.  13-Feb.  20. 
Nov.    1-Dec.  10. 
Sept.   1-Oct.    14. 
Jan.     1-Apr.  22. 
51  Nov.  13-Dec.  31. 
Jan.     1-Feb.  17. 
Oct.  21-Nov.  18. 
Oct.     5-Oct.    30. 
)Sept.  12-Sept.  30. 
}Nov.  12-Nov.  30. 
Oct.  20-Nov.  22. 
Sept.  13-Sept.  30. 
Nov.  15-Dec.  22. 
3  Oct.     1-Nov.  22. 
Jan.  12-Feb.  16. 

1878                                                                       

1879  .                                                                                  ... 

1880                                                       .              

1881  .                                                   ....... 

1882 

1883                                                            ..          ..              .     . 

1884                                                 .       .                         ... 

1885                                                            •                     

1886 

1887  

1888  •  

1889  

1890     

MeiiiiH  ..  ..  ........ 

28 

40 

1  October  17-Novernbei  22  (37). 


'January  and  October. 
FORT  BUFORD,  N.  DAK. 


1  April  and  29  days  December. 


1867  

19 

Mar.    1-Mar.  19 

25 

Mar.    1-Mar.  25. 

1868                                                         ... 

26 

Mar.     6-Mar    31 

26 

Mar     6-Mar    31 

1869 

27 

Jan.     1—  Jan    27 

47 

Jau      1  Feb    16 

1870  

30 

Apr.  15-May   14 

30 

Apr.  15-May   14. 

1871                                        .              

29 

Sept.   1-Sept  29 

43 

Mar   17  Apr    28 

1872                                                      

37 

Feb.     1-Mar      8 

37 

Feb      1  Mar     8 

1873                                                         

27 

Dec.     1  Dec     27 

36 

1874  

44 

Sept.  10-Oct.    23 

44 

Supt.  10-Oct.    23. 

1875                                                                

31 

Dec.    1-Dec.  31 

31 

Dec-      1  Dec     31 

1876 

39 

1  July    1-Aug     8 

39 

July    1  Aug     8 

1877 

59 

JJan.  10-Mar    14 

59 

Jan    15-Mar    11 

1878 

46 

Jan.     1-Feb    15 

46 

1880 

14 

Mar    18-Mar    31 

20 

Mar   12-Mar    31. 

1881  

22 

Aug.    5-Aug.  26 

22 

Auc.    5-Aug.  26. 

1882 

22 

July  23-Aug   13 

22 

July  23-Aug    lii 

1883 

12 

Apr.    9-  Apr.  20 

25 

Oct    24-Nov    18 

1884 

12 

May  18-May   29 

19 

Nov     1-Nov.  19 

1885             

25 

Sept.  15-Oct.     9 

44 

Sept.  15-Oct.    28. 

1886 

14 

May  14-May  27 

21 

1887  

17 

Sept.  14-Sept.  30 

18 

Sept.  13-Sept.  30. 

1888  

14 

Aug.  17-Aug.  30 

38 

Nov.  15-Dec.   22. 

1889 

21 

Oct      1-Oct    21 

42 

Oct      1-Nov    11 

1890 

23 

Nov.    2-Nov   24 

24 

Nov.     1-Nov    24 

1891    

12 

Dec.    4-Dec.  15 

20 

Sept.   2-Sept.  21. 

26 

32 

>  September  19-0ctcb«  IS  (37).  *  August  1-September  12  (43). 

FORT  PEMBINA,  N.  DAK. 


1872    . 

13 

Feb.    9-Feb.   21 

23 

Feb.    4-Feb.  26. 

1873  

21 

Mar.    1-Mar.  21 

21 

Mar.     1-Mur.  21. 

1874                                                         ...                  

27 

Mar.  21-Apr    16 

27 

Mar   21  Apr    16 

1875                                                            .              

13 

Feb.    3-Feb.   15 

18 

Feb      1  Feb    18 

1876  

17 

Jan.     8-Jan.    21 

17 

Jan.     5—  Jan.   21. 

1877                                                                   .          

34 

Jan.  18-Feb.  20 

34 

Jan    18-Feb    20 

1878 

25 

Jan.     6-Jau.    31 

25 

Jan      6-Jan    31 

1879 

17 

Mar.  14-Mar.  30 

18 

Mar.  14-Mar    31. 

1880 

30 

Nov.    1-Nov.  30 

30 

Nov.    1-Nov.  30. 

1881                                                            

23 

Apr.     1-Apr.  23 

23 

Apr.    1-Apr.  23. 

1883.. 

20 

Mar.  12-Mar.  31 

25 

Mar.    7-Mar.  31. 

157- 


186 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OP  THE  TWO  DAKOTA 8. 


Maximum  period  of  drought  expressed  by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days,  etc. — Continued. 

FORT  PEMBINA,  N.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1885                

28 
22 
15 
29 
29 
28 
24 

Sept.  13-Oct.  10 
Nov.  1-Nov.  22 
Nov.  1-Nov.  15 
Nov.  2-Nov.  30 
S<-|.t.  25-Oct.  23 
Nov.  2-Nov.  29 
Aug.  21-Sept.  13 

48 
26 
20 
29 
29 
28 
24 

Nov.  13-Dec.  30. 
Mar.  20-Apr.  14. 
Apr.  11-Apr.  30. 
Nov.  2-Nov.  30. 
Sept.  25-Oct.  23. 
Nov.  2-Nov.  29. 
Aug.  21-Sept.  13. 

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891  

• 

23 

26 

FORT  TOTTEN,  N.  DAK. 


1870         

23 
21 
27 
25 
19 
20 
34 
45 
31 
21 
21 
15 

15 

15 

18 
22 
21 
20 
16 
43 
44 

1  Sept.  8-Sept.  30 
Feb.    8-Feb.  28. 
Oct.     1-Oct.   27 
Dec.    1-Dec.  25 
Oct.     5-Oct.   23 
Feb.     1-Feb.  20 
Apr.  10-May    13 
Jan.  15-Feb.  28 
3  Jan.     1-Jan.   31 
5  Apr.     9-Apr.  29 
Sept.  23-Oct.    13 
Dec.  17-Dec.  31 
J  Sept.  12-Sept.  26) 
)Dec.  17-Dec.   31  ( 
(Sept.   4-Sept.  18  ( 
[Jnly  26-Aug.     9$ 
Mar.  13-Mar.  30 
'Feb.     7-Feb.  28 
Mar.  20-Apr.     9 
Oct.   24-Nov.  12 
May  12-May   27 
9  Oct.     1-Nov.  12 
Oct.   18-Nov.  30 

31 

27 
29 
30 
36 
20 
42 
45 
31 
25 
54 
31 

33 

23 

18 
22 
22 
20 
35 
43 
44 

Jan.     1-Jan.   31. 
July    1-July  27. 
Oct.     ]-Oct.   29. 
Deo.     2-De«.  30. 
Sept.  Is-Oct.    2;-!. 
Feb.     1-Feb.  20. 
Oct.      1-Nov.  11. 
Man.   15-Feb.  28. 
Man.     1-Jan.    31. 
Nov      1  \ov    25 

1871                                           

1872                               

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876  

1877  

1878       

1879  .  .                   

1880 

Feb.     1-Mar.  25. 
"Dec.     1-Dec.   31. 

Jan.   18-Feb.   19. 

Mar.    6-Mar.  28. 

Mar.  13-Mar.  30. 
Feb.     7-Feb.    28. 
-Mar.  20-Apr.    10. 
Oct.   24-Nov.   12. 
Nov.     7-1  )cc.    11. 
Oct.      1-Nov.   12. 
Oct.    18-Nov.  -M. 

1881 

1882  

1883  

1884  

1885  

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

Means  

25 

31 

>  August  2-August  22  (21).  «  August,  1-Sr  |>t«inl>i-r  14  (45) ;  October  16-November  15  (31).  »  March  12-April  7  (27) 

'July  IS- August  11  (25).  '  October  10-October  2X  (19);  December  11-December  29  (19);  November  2-Noveraber  20  (19) 

•  March  18-April  13.  '  November  12-Noveuiber  28  (17).  'November  1-Nbvember  21  (21).  •December  1-December  31  (31). 

FORT  YATES,  N.  DAK. 


1882  .. 

18 
54 
24 
18 
15 
16 
29 
26 
30 
19 

Aug.  1-Aug.  18 
Aug.  12-Oct.   4 
Oct.  5-Oct.  28 
2  Oct.  11-Oct.  28 
Oct.  25-Nov.  8 
Oct.  23-Nov.  7 
Sept.  15-Oct.  13 
Mar.  20-Apr.  14 
Jan.  18-Feb.  16 
Jan.  13-Jan.  31 

35 
64 
46 
19 
34 
31 
38 
26 
30 
19 

Jan.  13-Feb.  17. 
'Aug.  12-Oct.  14. 
Oct.  5-Nov.  19. 
Nov.  12-Nov.  30. 
Oct.  20-Nov.  22. 
Dec.  1-Dec.  31. 
Nov.  16-Dec.  23. 
'Mar.  20-Apr.  14. 
Jan.  18-Feb.  16. 
Jan.  13-Jau.  31. 

1883  

1884  

1885  

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891  

Means  

25 

34 

'October 21 -November  30  (41);  April  23-H»y  lit  (27). 
•September  14  September  30  (17). 


•February  1C -March  12  (25);  July  25-August  17  (24). 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


187 


Maximum  period  of  drought  expressed  by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days,  etc. — Continued. 

DEADWOOD,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 

days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 

days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1879                 

13 
11 

16 

18 
17 

Oct.     1-Oct.   13 
Dec.     2-Dec.  12 
<Aug.    3-Aug.  18) 
}Dec.    9-Dec.    24$ 
Aug.    1-Aug.  18 
Sept.  14-Sept.  3D 
Nov.    1-Nov.  15 
Sept.  12-Sept.  30 
July    1-July  15 
June  13-June  24 

24 
11 

18 

18 
17 
16 
19 
15 
16 

Jan.  8-Jan.  31. 
Dec.  2-Dec.  12. 

Dec.  9-Dec.  26. 

'Aug.  1-Aug.  18. 
Sept.  14-Sept.  30. 
Nov.  1-Nov.  16. 
Sept.  12-Sept.  30. 
July  1-July  15. 
June  13-June  28. 

1880         

1881                               .          

1882                                                .              .       .         .          

1883                                        ....          ... 

1884                                              .     .  .           

15 
19 
15 
12 

1885                                                                           .  .            

1886                                      

1887  

Moans       .                      .  ...... 

15 

17 

1  August  4-Augugt  18  (15). 


FORT  BENNETT,  S.  DAK. 


1882                      

15 

SSept.  3-Sept.  17) 

23 

Jan.  24-Feb.   15. 

1JK83                                           .                   

15 

ijjan.  28-Feb.    11) 
Oct.  25-Nov.     8 

37 

Oct.  25-Nov.  30. 

18N4      

13 

Nov.    3-Nov.  15 

25 

Nov.    1-Nov.  25. 

1885                                                        

22 

Sept.  13-Oct.     4 

27 

Sept.  13-Oct.     9 

1890                                    

27 

Dec.     5-Dec.  31 

30 

Jan.  19-Feb.  17. 

18 

28 

FORT  HALE,  S.  DAK. 


1879 

26 

Oct    17-Nov    11 

45 

Oct    17  Nov    30 

1880                            

30 

Sept.   1-Sept.  30 

36 

1  Mar.  13-Apr    17. 

1881                       

21 

Dec.  11-Dec.   31 

31 

Dec.     1-Dec    31 

1882                        

26 

Sept.   1-Sept.  26 

30 

Sept.    1-Sept  30 

1883                       .  .  .            

38 

Oct.  24-Nov.  30 

38 

Oct.   24-Nov    30 

Means  

28 

36 

1  O.  tulier  16-November  18  (34). 


FORT  MEADE,  S.  DAK. 


1880                           .                 . 

25 

Mar.  20-Apr    13 

45 

Sept    1  Oct     15 

1881                                             

19 

Dec      9-Dec    27 

45 

Sept    7  Oct     ';1 

1882                                           .            .... 

20 

Aue     1-Autr    20 

22 

1883                               .              

15 

July    7-July  21 

43 

Feb      3-Mar    17 

1884                            .     .                 .  .                 ... 

16 

Oct.     3-Oct    18 

45 

Oct      3-Nov    Hi 

1885                            .       .               ...                          .        . 

26 

Sept.  13-Oct.     8 

29 

Sept  10-O<'t      8 

1886  

15 

<Aug.    4-Aug.  18( 

33 

Oct.   12-Nov    13 

1887 

15 

{Sept.  16-Sept.  30  <, 
June  13-June  27 

23 

Jan.     8-Jau    30. 

1888                                                                .     . 

29 

Sept.  2-Sept.  30 

45 

Aug.  17-Sept.  30 

1889 

34 

July  29-Aug.  31 

34 

July  29-Aug   31. 

1890                       .                                     

50 

'  Sept.   4-Oct.    23 

50 

2  Sept.  4-Oet.   23. 

1891    ...                        .                                 . 

36 

J  Oct.     6-Nov.     9 

36 

Oct.     6-Nov.    9. 

Means  .     

25 

38 

1  Also  22  d»y»  November. 


3  Also  29  days  December. 


1  Also  27  days  December. 


188 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTOS. 


Maximum  period  of  drought  expressed  by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days,  etc. — Continued. 

FORT  RANDALL,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

day°f  |  Dates  (inclusive). 

I860                                                                  

25 
23 
17 
21 
45 
24 
27 
18 
16 
22 
26 

15 

29 
29 
30 
14 
40 
31 
21 
24 
31 

18 

24 
17 
22 
19 
32 
38 
24 

Oct.     1-Oot.   25 
Mar.    3-Mar.  25 
Dec.  15-Deo.  31 
Mar.  20-Apr.     9 
Nov.  17-Dec.  31 
Dec.    7-Dec.  30 
Jan.     1-Jan.   27 
Oct.     8-Oct.    25 
1  Sept.  14-Sept.  29 
Oct.     5-Oct.    26 
Sept.    1-Sept.  26 
^Oct.     5-Oct.    19? 
/Dec.  17-Dec.   315 
Oct.     9-Nov.    6 
Sept.21-Oct.    19 
Jan.  20-Feb.   18 
Jan.  10-Jan.   23 
Oct.   16-Nov.  24 
Mar.  18-Apr.   17 
Dec.  11-Dec.  31 
Sept.   1  Sept  24 

28 
26 
25 
31 
61 
25 
31 
43 
28 
49 
28 

17 

61 
29 
49 
34 
46 
61 
27 
BO 
37 

27 

24 
28 
22 
30 
32 
38 
24 

Nov.    3-Nov.  30. 
Mar.    3-Mar.  28. 
Apr.   17-May  11. 
Feb.  16-Mar.  18. 
Nov.    1-Dec.   31. 

1861                                                        .                               

1862  

1863  

1864  

1868 

1869  

Jan.     1-Jan.   31. 
Jan.  17-Feb.  28. 
Jan.     1-Jan.   28. 
2  Jan.     1-Fob.  18. 
Aug.    2-Aug.  29. 

Feb.    6-Feb.  22. 
Oct      1  Nov   30 

1870  .  ...                               

1871  

1872  . 

1873  

1874  

1875  .  . 

1876  

Sept.  21-Oct.    19. 
Jan.     1-Feb.   18. 
Nov.  11-Dec.  14. 
3  Oct.   16-Nov.  30. 
Oct.   16-Dec.  15. 
Aug.    3-Aii;;.  29. 
Oct     12  Nov    '!() 

1877  

1878  

1879  

1880  

1881  

1882  

1883  

Aug.  15-Aug.  14 
<Nov.     3-Nov.  20  / 
?Feb.     8-Feb.   25* 
Nov.     7-Nov.  30 
July    1-July  17 
Nov.     1-Nov.  22 
Mar.    5-Mar.  23 
Feb.  16-Mar.  19 
Jan.   15-Feb.  21 
Mar.    4-Mar.  27 

<Oct.   25-Nov.  30. 
Nov.     l-No\  .  27. 

Nov.    7-No\  .  :;o. 
July     1-Jiily   28. 
Nov.     1-Nov.   22. 
Nov.     l-No\  .   MO. 
Feb.   16-Mitr.    HP. 
Jan.    15-Feb.   21. 
Mar.    4-Mar.  27. 

1884  

1885.. 

1886  .  . 

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891  

.Means 

25 

35 

1  Ji.mmrv  i:i-,Iann:«ry  28  (1C),  and  December  l-l)ecember  16  (16). 
•September  12-Oetober  26  (45). 


3.J;muary  1-Febriiary  11  (42). 

•  February  14-March  18  (33) ;  August  15-September  18  (38). 


FORT  STSSETON,  S.  DAK. 


1 

1878 

10 

(Apr.   11-Apr.   20  ^ 

50 

Oct    12  Nov   30 

1880  

11 

)Sept.  18-Sept.  27  i 
iJan.     1-Jan.   11? 

25 

1  Oct    18  Nov    11 

1881  

13 

(Oct.   26-Nov.     5$ 
Mar.  17-Mar    29 

35 

\ov   14-Dec    ]  8 

1882  

18 

Dec.  14-Dec.  31 

19 

$Aug.     1-Aug.  19. 

1883  

22 

Nov.    1-Nov.  22 

30 

;Sept.  10-Sept.  2«. 
Nov     1  Nov    30 

1884  

14 

JOct.     6-Oct.    19  ) 

18 

Nov     2  Nov    19 

1885  :  

17 

?Nov.    2-Nov.  15$ 
Sept.  14-Sept.  30 

17 

Sept  14-Sept  30 

1886  

16 

<Sept.25-Oct.    10? 

19 

Nov.    3-Nov    21 

1887  

13 

JNov.    6-Nov.  21$ 
Dec     5-Deo    17 

36 

Feb    11  Mar   18 

Means  

15 

28 

1  December  3-December  25  (23). 
FORT  SULLY,  S.  DAK. 


1869  .  . 

28 
27 
29 
27 
23 
31 

Dec.  2-Dec.  29 
Nov.  14-Dec.  10 
Sept.  1-Sept.  29 
Oct.  1-Oct.  27 
Dec.  9-Dec.  31 
Anr.  5-Anr.  25 

31 
48 
34 
31 
23 
21 

'Oct. 
Nov. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Anr. 

1-Oct.  31. 
14-Dec.  31. 
8-Mar.  13. 
1-Jan.  31. 
9-Dec.  31. 
5-Anr.  25. 

1870  

1871  

1872  

1873  

1874  

28  in  January,  30  in  March,  27  in  Jane;  July  15-Augnst  12  (29). 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


189 


Maximum  period  of  drought  exprfxxrrf  hi/  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days,  etc. — Continued. 

FORT  SULLY,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 

days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1875   .    

20 
22 
39 
23 

as 

17 

43 
24 
41 
47 

23 

•  9 

45 
16 
23 
15 
16 

Oct.  26-Nov.  14 
Sept.  13-Oot.  4 
Jan.  19-Feb.  26 
Mar.  9-Mar.  31 
Nov.  1-Nov.  25 
Sept.  1-Sept.  17 
Nov.  19-Dec.  31 
Jan.  23-Feb.  15 
Oct.  21-Nov.  30 
Oct.  5-Nov.  20 
S  Sept.  12-Oct.  i) 
)Nov.  7-Nov.  29  \ 
(Feb.  15-Feb.  23? 
}Oct.  23-Oct.  31  S 
Feb.  2-Mar.  18 
Sept,  15-Sept.  30 
Feb.  25-Mar.  19 
Dec.  16-Dec.  30 
July  1-July  16 

37 
37 
89 

28 
25 
27 
50 

48 
41 

48 

37 

19 

67 
25 
25 
25 
22 

Oct.  9-Nov.  14. 

Sept.  13-Oct.  19. 
Jan.  19-Feb.  20. 
Jan.  1-Jan.  28. 
Nov.  1-Nov.  25. 
Nov.  20-Dec.  16. 
Nov.  12-Dec.  31. 
Aug.  9-Sept.  25. 
Oct.  21-Nefv.  30. 
Oct.  5-Nov.  21. 

Sept.l2-Oct.  18. 

Oct.  13-Oct.  31. 

1  Feb.  2-Apr.  9. 
Nov.  16-Dec.  10. 
Feb.  23-Mar.  19. 
Dec.  6-Dec.  30. 
'Dec.  2-Deo.  23. 

1876         

1877        

1878                

1879     

l.xxo                               

1881                      .       

1SS"                                  

ISSS                                          

1XSI                   ~        

1885                   .     

1886               

1887                      

1888                     .  .  .  . 

l.xS'l                       .                

IK'M) 

1891 

26 

34 

-Norember  21  (1111). 


St>ctober23-November  13  (22). 


HURON,  S.  DAK. 


1882                                            

18 

Oct    12-Oct    29 

20 

Oct    12  Oct    31 

1883 

10 

Sept.  24—  Oct.     3 

25 

Nov     6  Nov    30 

1884 

14 

Oct      6-Oct.    19 

21 

Nov     1  Nov.  21 

1  8S5                                                               

19 

Nov.  12-Nov    30 

23 

Dec      9-Dec    31 

isst; 

16 

June  21-July    6 

16 

'  June  21-July    6 

1887                                                         

20 

Oct    24-Nov.  12 

20 

2  Oct    24-Nov    12 

1888                              ...                .        .  .          .... 

18 

Sept.  22-Oct.     9 

38 

Nov   16-Dec.  23 

1889                     .                      .                 

10 

^Mar.    2-Mar.  11  ) 

16 

Nov.  15-Nov.  30 

1890                 .          

16 

(Oct.     1-Oct.    10$ 
Dec.  16-Dec.  31 

26 

Dec.     6-Dec.  31 

1891                                          .                  

11 

Oct    22-Nov.    1 

25 

Oct.   14-Nov.    7. 

Mcjins  ...  

15 

23 

1  February  11-Fobruary  26  (16). 


1  September  11-September  30  (20). 


RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


1888  

16 

(Sept.  15-Sept.  30? 

24 

Aug.  21-Sept.  13. 

1889   

12 

(Aug.  21-Sept.  5$ 
Feb.  24-Mar.  7 

18 

Feb.  24-Mar.  13. 

1800  

12 

(Jan.  20-Jan.  31) 

27 

Sept.  4-Sept.  30. 

1891  

19 

(Sept.  19-Sept.  30  ( 
Oct.  21-Nov.  8 

28 

Oct.  13-Nov.  9. 

Meau  s  

17 

22 

MORRISTON,  S.  DAK. 


1878  .  . 

22 

Aug.  10-Aug.  31 

24 

Jan.     4-Jan.  27. 

1879  

14 

Jan.     1-Jan.   14 

29 

July  20-Aug.  17. 

1880     . 

18 

Feb.    6-Feb    23 

31 

Mar.  18-Apr.   17. 

1881  

18 

Dec.  11-Dec.  28 

28 

Apr.  12-May     9. 

1882  

20 

Oct.   12-Oct.   31 

20 

Oct.  12-Oct.     81. 

Means  

18 

26 

190 


OEKTAIN  CLIMATIC   FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


MaMmum  period  of  drought  exprcnned  by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days,  etc. — Continued. 

WEBSTER,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1884 

17 
18 
11 
8 
31 
21 
16 
12 

Nov.    3-Nov.  19 
1  Sept.  13-Sept.  30. 
Nov.  10-Nov.  20. 
May     3-May   10. 
Nov.  15-1  >ec.   15. 
July  29-Aug.  18. 
Nov.  15-Nov.  30. 
Oct.   18-Oct.   29. 

17 
28 
14 
12 
31 
21 
19 
13 

Nov.  3-Nov.  19. 
Feb.  1-Feb.  28. 
Mar  14  Mar  27 

1885  

ISSti      ..                       

1887    ...                    .            .  . 

Nov.  1-Nov.  12. 
Nov.  15-Dec.  15. 
July  29-Aug.  18. 
Dec.  5-Dee.  23. 
Oct.  18-Oct.  30. 

1888 

1SX9          ..                                              -  .     . 

1890 

1891  

Means  ...  ...  

17 

19 

!  February  6-February  22  (17) ;  January  12-January  27  (16). 
YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


1874   

16 
14 
13 
30 
20 
16 
15 

11 

18 
16 
13 
14 
16 
31 
10 

J   ]fi 
I   16 

25 
19 

Feb.  6-Feb.  21 
Nov.  1-Nov.  14 
Feb.  1-Feb.  13 
Jan.  22-Feb.  20 
Oct.  2-Oct.  21 
1  Sept.  7-Sept.  22 
Apr.  3-Apr.  17 
JNov.  19-Nov.  29? 
{Mar.  17-Mar.  27$ 
Oct.  13-Oct.  30 
Aug.  16-Aug.  31 
Nov.  3-Nov.  15 
Dec.  14-Dec.  27 
Sept.  26-Oct.  11 
Oct.  24-Nov.  23 
Dec.  1-Dec.  10 
Mar.  22-Apr.  6^ 
Dor.   l-I>(-r.  16J 
Dec.  1-Dec.  25 
Oct.  22-Nbv.  9 

16 
14 
25 
32 
27 
21 
21 

11 

26 
28 
20 
24 
26 
31 
17 

20 

34 
20 

Feb.  6-Feb.  21. 
Nov.  1-Nov.  14. 
Feb.  1-Feb.  25. 
Jan.  20-Feb.  20. 
Nov.  11-Dec.  7. 
Jan.  11-Jan.  31. 
Nov.  24-Dec.  14. 
(Mar.  17-Mar.  27. 
{Nov.  19-Nov.  29. 
2  Sept.  1-Sept.  26. 
3  Aug.  16-Sept.  12. 
Nov.  1-Nov.  20. 
<Mar.  8-Mar.  31. 
Sept.  26-Oct.  21. 
Oct.  24-Nov.  23. 
Jan.  15-Jan.  31. 

Feb.  23-Mar.  14. 

Jan.  16-Feb.  18. 
Oct.  22-Nov.  10. 

1875  

1876  

1877  

1878  

1879  

1880...  

1881  ,. 

1882  

1883  

1884  

1885  

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890.. 

1891  

Means  

17 

23 

1  October  17-October  31  (15) ;  November  12-November  26  (15). 
•January  1-January  25. 


8  November  6-November  30. 
4  December  9-December  31  (23). 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC   FKATURKS  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTA S. 


191 


Maximum  period  of  drought  t'.r 


by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days,  etc.  —  Continued. 
MOORHEAD,  MINN. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 
(lays. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 

days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1881  '           

9 

\l 
13 
10 
13 

18 
11 
11 

21 

12 

(Mar.     1-Mar.     9\ 
lOct.   19-Oct.    27  1 
Uuly     1-Jnly     9? 
[Dec.  10-Dec.  18) 
Aug.    8-Aug.  18 
June  18-Jime  30 
$Oct.     6-Oct.    18? 
(Aug.    3-Aug.  15$ 
Sept.  18-Sept.  27 

May  17-May  29 

(Oct.  21-Nov.     7) 
JSept.  13-Sept.  30} 
Nov.  17-Nov.  27 
(Oct.     1-Oct.    11  > 
)Apr.    4-Apr.    ii< 
SNov.  10-Nov.  30  1 
(Dec.    4-Dec.   24  $ 
Oct.   18-Oct.   29 

16 

19 
25 

15 
29 
19 

18 
14 
29 

28 
13 

July  16-July  31. 

Aug.    1-Aug.  1!(. 
June  16-July  10. 

Aug.    3-Aug.  17. 

Jan.     1-Jan.  29. 
(Mar.  20-Apr.     7. 
JNov.    3-Nov.  21. 
jOct.   21-Nov.     7. 
(Sept.  13-Sept.  30. 
Nov.  17-Nov.  30. 

Nov.     1-Nov.  29. 

Dec.    3  -Dec.  30. 
Oct.   18-Oct.   30. 

1882.. 

1883  

1884     . 

1885 

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889     

1890  

1891  

13 

20 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


1881                   

12 

Apr     3-Apr    14 

22 

Apr     2-Apr    23 

1882  

15 

Apr.  10-Apr.  24 

16 

,Xov.     7-Nov.  22. 

1883         

13 

Srpt.    7-Sept.  19 

22 

•Apr.  10-Apr.  25. 
Mar.  10-Mar.  31 

1884  

21 

May     1-May   21 

21 

May     1-May  21. 

18X5  

12 

Sept.  16-Sept.  27 

15 

Sept.  16-Sept  30 

1  XXK                       

17 

1  tec.     1-Dec.   17 

20 

Nov.    2-Nov   21 

1  SX7               

14 

Oct.   24-Nov.     6 

27 

Oct.   20-Nov    15 

I8SX        

12 

Aug.  20-Ang.  31 

24 

May     4-Mav  "7 

1889  

12 

Feb.  17-Fel).  28 

26 

Sept.  26-Oct.   21 

1890  

17 

Nov.  13-Nov.  29 

29 

Nov.    1-Nov    29 

1891  

14 

Dec.    6-Dec.  19 

20 

Aug.  22-Sept.  10 

Means  .  .  .  

14 

22 

HAY  SPRINGS,  NEBR. 


1886          

11 

Sept  16-Sept  26 

13 

Aug   14  Aug  26 

1887  

15 

Jan.     7-Jan.   21 

22 

Nov.    1-Nov   22 

1888  

17 

Sept.  14-Sept.  30 

40 

'  Ang  22-Sept  30 

1889  

17 

Dec.  1  1-Dec.  27 

23 

Aug  20-Sept  11 

1890  

27 

"Dec.    4-Dec.   30 

30 

Sept.   1-Sept  30 

1891  

18 

Dec.    3-Dec.  20 

27 

Apr.  21-May  17 

Means  

18 

26 

1  November  16-December  16  (31).  »  19  in  October  and  16  in  November. 

FORT  ROBINSON,  NEBR. 


1884 

19 
35 
29 

24 
39 
37 

June  8-1 

Mar.     1-Mar.  19 
Feb.     9-Mar.  15 
'Sept.   2-Sept.  30 
Oct.   24-Nov.  16 
Nov.  1  6-Dec.  24 
Nov.  21-Dec.  27 

r  uue  29  (22)  ;  March  5-J 

19 
35 
29 
24 
71 
40 

If  arch  26 

Mar.    l-M»r.  19. 
Feb.     9-Mar.  15. 
Sept.   2-Sept.30. 
'Oct.  24-Nov.  16. 
Aug.  22-Oct.     3. 
Mar.    1-Apr.     9 

(21). 

1885  

1886 

1887  

1888  

1889  

1  August  4-Anguat  31  (28).                                                       > 

192 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Maximum  period  of  drought  expressed  by  the  greatest  consecutive  number  of  days,  etc. — Continued. 

FORT  ROBINSON,  NEBR.— Continued. 


Year. 

Excluding  traces. 

Including  traces. 

No.  of 

days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

No.  of 
days. 

Dates  (inclusive). 

1890                               

30 
26 

'Sept.  1-Sept.  30 
Oct.  12-Nov.  6 

30  . 
26 

\Scpt.    1-Sept.  30. 
(Dec.     1-Dec.   30. 
Oct.   12-Nov.     6. 

1891                                     

30 

34 

1  December  2-December  30  (29). 
VALENTINE,  NEBR. 


18SH                                         

l(i 

July 

1-July 

16 

17 

July 

1-July 

17 

1SS7                                                

30 

Oct. 

24-Nov. 

22 

32 

Oct. 

24-Nov. 

?4 

1888                                               

17 

jApr. 

10-Apr. 

26( 

17 

JApr. 

10-Apr. 

26. 

1889                        

L1:-! 

(Jan. 

Nov. 

1-Jan. 
28-Peo. 

5 

20 

37 

(Jan. 
'Nov. 

1-Jan. 
14-Dec. 

17. 

?0. 

1890                                   

24 

Dec. 

7-1  »<•<•. 

30 

28 

Dec. 

3-Dec. 

30 

1891                                           

33 

•'Oct. 

6-Nov. 

!t 

38 

'Got, 

fi-Nov. 

11* 

24 

28 

'  August  1-Augnst  31  (31) ;  Feb.  16-March  19  (32).  2  September  1-September  22  (22). 

SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA. 


3  December  4-December  23  (20). 


1858                     

25 

Dec.    7-Dec.  31 

25 

Dec. 

7-Dec.  31. 

1861                               

27 

'July  23-Aii},'.  18 

28 

Feb. 

1-Feb.   28. 

1862                                     

51 

'Oct.   11-Nov.  30 

51 

3  Oct. 

11-Nov.  30 

1890                                                     

26 

Dec.    5-Dec.  26 

26 

Dec. 

5-Dec.   30 

1891                   

12 

<Sept.  12-Sept.23> 

19 

Oct. 

22-Nov.     9. 

(Oct.   22-Nov.     2) 

28 

30 

i  March  8-Marcli  31  (24). 


•December  13,  1863-January  22,  1803  («). 


*  March  13-April  15  (28). 


APPENDIX  No.  83. 


Depth  of  evaporation,  in  inches,  as  measured  by  the  Piche  evaporometer,  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 

1888.  _ 

. 

rvHtimi*  nia-lr  in  \\V;itlnT  Burojiu  thermometer  shelters  and  values  computed  from  the  means  of  the  tridaily  determinations  of  the  dew- 
point  and  wet-bulb  readings  by  Prof.  Thomas  Russell,  Weather  Bureau.] 


Station, 

1888. 

1888. 

1888. 

1888. 

1888. 

1888. 

1887. 

1887. 

1887. 

1887. 

1887. 

1887. 

Year. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  

0.4 

0.6 

0.6 

3.0 

4.3 

4.1 

5.6 

4  2 

4.0 

2  6 

1  2 

0.4 

31.0 

Fort  B  11  ford  N  Dak 

1  4 

0  7 

0  g 

3  0 

4  7 

5  0 

6  2 

4  9 

4  8 

3  0 

1  7 

0  5 

35  5 

Huron,  8.  Dak  
Moorheud,  Minn.  

0.3 
0.2 

0.7 
1.4 

0.8 
0  5 

3.7 

2.1 

3.7 
3.6 

4.1 
3.8 

5.7 
3.7 

4.2 
3.3 

4.1 

3.5 

3.1 

2  4 

2.4 
1  3 

0.7 
0  5 

33.0 
26.3 

0  4 

0  8 

0  8 

•'  7 

4  9 

5  7 

6  0 

4  8 

4  4 

2  5 

1  7 

0  7 

35  4 

Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak  

0.6 

0.9 

1.3 

4.4 

4.1 

5.2 

7.7 

4.9 

5.7 

3  6 

2.8 

0  7 

41.9 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  
Fort  Totten,  N.  Dak  

0.3 
0.2 

0.3 

o.  :t 

0.5 
0.4 

1.8 
2.2 

3.8 
4.6 

3.9 
3.8 

3.1 

4.2 

2.6 
3.7 

2.6 
3.7 

2.0 
2.3 

0.9 
1.4 

0.3 
0.4 

22.1 
27.2 

1  2 

1  6 

1  8 

5  0 

3  2 

5  3 

6  9 

5  0 

5  2 

3  8 

3  3 

1  5 

43  8 

Yankton  S  Dak 

0.4 

1  4 

1  2 

3  3 

3  1  ' 

4  4 

4  6 

3  7 

2  9 

3  0 

2  2 

0  8 

31  0 

AlTKXDIX     NY).    84. 

Monthly  and  annual  mean  relative  humi'liljf. 

l  in  ptMvni.i^i'*.    <  'mnnliTr  saturation  id  tin*  uxistiny  temperature  at  time  of  observation  Is  assumed  as  100.) 


Station. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Length  of  record. 

Hismarck.  X.  Dak  ..  . 
Fort,  Bulord,  N.  Dak. 
Fi.rt  .  Tottcn.  X.  Dak. 
Fort  Bennett.  S.  Dak. 
Dead  \voixl,  S.  Dak  .. 
Huron  S  Dak 

80 
7!l 
80 
73 
70 
7:: 
70 
76 
71 
84 
86 

81 
79 
82 

7:; 
70 
75 
72 
75 
71 
82 
84 

78 
77 
83 
72 

7(1 
73 
(ill 
73 
70 
7!) 
83 

68 
65 
75 
B7 
70 
66 
56 
(11 
66 
71 
77 

65 
60 
63 
67 
67 
65 
58 
58 
66 
64 
69 

69 
66 
74 
70 
67 
72 
59 
(if, 
71 
71 
73 

<i5 
63 
75 
67 

i;i 
72 
54 
68 

71 
71 

7X 

65 
III 
73 
65 
63 
72 
54 
63 
71 
73 
79 

65 
62 
70 
63 
63 
68 
50 
58 
69 
72 
78 

67 
68 

71 
65 
65 
67 

55 

63 

66 

72 
77 

76 
77 
80 
72 
67 
69 
63 
66 
69 
80 
79 

78 
79 
82 
74 
70 
71 
63 
76 
72 
83 
83 

71 
70 
76 
69 
67 
70' 
60 
66 

li!) 
75 
7!) 

Scj.1..  1874-Dec.,    1891. 
1879-1X91. 
June,  IXSI-.Ian..     IXs!». 
Oct.,     IXXO-Nov.,    1XX5. 

1878-1887. 

Julv,    1881-  Dec..    1X!I1. 
1888-1891. 

Dec..     IXX.V.Imie.    1X!M. 

Apr.,   lX78-Dce.,  1891. 
1881-1891. 
1881-1891. 

l.'apid  City,  S.  Dak.. 

Fort  Stilly.  8.  Dak... 
Vankton,  8.  Dak  
Moorheud,  .Minn  
St.  Vincent,  Minn  .  .  . 

Means 

77 

77 

75 

67 

64 

69 

67 

67 

65 

67 

73 

76 

64 

S.  Ex.  157- 


-25 


193 


APPENDIX  No.  85. 
Percentages  of  mean  cloudiness. 

[Total  cloudiness,  100;  absence  of  clouds,  zero  (0).] 


Station. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

S,-|,t. 

<>,-(. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Length  of  record. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  ..  . 
Buford,  Fort,  N.  Dak. 
Deadwood,  S.  Dak  .  . 
Huron  S.  Dak  

42 
52 
41 
44 
•15 
51 
12 
41 
37 
42 

48 
52 
45 
46 
51 
52 
44 
48 
15 
48 

53 

57 
48 
55 
54 
48 
46 
52 
52 
.-,2 

52 
54 
52 
50 
50 
50 
48 
49 
53 
49 

52 
54 
49 
48 
50 
52 
46 
49 
44 
53 

48 
55 
44 
47 
52 
65 
47 
50 
49 
48 

42 
48 
35 
43 
46 
39 
45 
41 
41 
42 

37 
40 
32 
41 
41 
46 
40 
38 
39 
41 

38 
44 
35 
39 
45 
48 
46 
33 
39 
40 

47 
:.i 
38 
49 
55 
56 
55 
38 
49 
43 

48 
51 
40 
45 
53 
56 
52 
33 
15 
.11 

50 
52 
45 
50 
52 
56 
45 
48 
48 
48 

47 
52 
41 
45 
49 
51 
46 
43 
44 
40 

Oct.,   1874-IV,..   1891. 
Feb.,  1879-Dec.,  1891. 
Jan.,   1878-Dec.,  1887. 
July,  1881-Dec.,   1891. 
1881-1891. 
1873-1880. 
1881-1891. 
Dec.,   1885-Jnue,  18!>1. 
June,  1884-Dec.,  188*. 
Apr.,  1873-Dec.,  1891. 

Moorhead,  Minn  
Peinbiua,  N.  Dak  
St.  Vincent,  Minn  .  .  . 
Sully,  Fort,  S.  Dak.. 
TottVn,  Fort,  N.  Dak. 
Yankton,  S.  Dak  .... 

Mt'iins 

44 

48 

52 

51 

50 

50 

42 

40 

41 

48 

47 

49 

46 

APPENDIX  No.  86. 
Percentages  of  clear  weather  (sunshine),  expressed  as  the  complement  of  mean 


Station. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

M:ir. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An- 
nual. 

Length  of  record. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  .  .  . 
Buford,  Fort,  N.  Dak. 
Deadwood,  S.  Dak  .  . 
Huron  S.  Dak 

58 
48 
59 
56 

52 
48 
55 
54 

47 
43 
52 
45 

48 
46 
48 
50 

48 
46 
51 
52 

52 
45 
56 
53 

58 
52 
85 
"57 

63 
60 
68 
59 

62 
56 
65 
61 

53 
46 
62 
51 

52 
49 
•iO 
55 

50 
48 
55 
50 

53 
48 
59 
55 

Oct.,   1874-]>cr.,    ISill. 
Feb.,   1879-Dec.,   18!)l. 
Jan.,   1878-Dec.,   18*7. 
July,  1881-Dec.,   1S91. 

Moorhead,  Minn  
Pembina,  N.  Dak  
St.  Vincent,  Minn  .  .  . 
Sully,  Fort,  8.  Dak  .. 
Totten.Fort,  N.Dak. 
Yankton,  S.  Hak  

55 
49 
58 
•59 
63 
58 

49 
48 
56 
52 
55 
52 

46 
52 
54 
48 

48 
48 

50 

50 
52 
51 
47 
51 

50 
48 
54 
51 
56 
47 

48 
45 
53 
50 
51 
52 

r,i 
61 
56 
59 
59 
58 

59 
54 
60 
62 
61 
59 

55 
52 
54 
67 
61 
60 

45 
44 
45 
62 
51 
57 

47 
44 
48 
67 
55 
56 

48 
44 
55 
52 
52 
52 

51 
49 
54 
57 
56 
54 

1881-1891, 

1873-188(1. 
1881-1891. 
Dec.,    1885-Jmir,  1X91. 
Juno,  1SS  1-1  ).•<-,.,   1888. 
Apr.,   1873-Dec.,  1891. 

Means 

56 

52 

48 

49 

50 

-50 

58 

fiO 

59 

52 

53 

51 

54 

194 


Arrrcxmx  Xo.  87. 


Average  Jtonrlt/  Telocity  of  fJir  wind,  in  miles  per  hour;  computed  from  the  records  of  self-registering 

instruments-    Nineyeavs,  1883-1891. 


Station. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  .  . 

7 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

g 

g 

9 

9 

e 

Bnfortl,  Fort.  N.  Dak 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

g 

9 

g 

9 

i) 

a 

Huron,  S.  Dak  
Moovlicad.  .Minn. 

10 
10 

10 
10 

10 
11 

12 
13 

11 
12 

11 
11 

9 

g 

9 
9 

11 
11 

11 
10 

10 
10 

10 

10 

10 

St.  Vincent.  M  inn 

(i 

10 

10 

10 

10 

9 

1 

g 

9 

9 

g 

Sully,  Fort,  S.  Dak 

X 

'I 

10 

11 

10 

11 

9 

9 

10 

10 

Q 

Yauktou,  S.  Dak 

S 

9 

9 

10 

10 

g 

1 

g 

g 

Means 

9 

'I 

10 

12 

10 

10 

g 

g 

10 

10 

q 

1A 

APPEXDIX  No.  88. 

Mean  wind  direction,  computed  from  the  eight  cardinal  points,  true  dirrclion,  for  fifteen  years. 

"  Haven's  Tables." 


Station.                                Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  N'  24    W. 

N     7  '  \V 

\     5°  E 

N  34°  K 

N  48°  E 

N  60°  E 

X  r>8°E 

B  11  ford,  Fort,  N.  Dak                             N  71    \V. 

N.  71    \V 

N  30    \V 

N  35°  E 

N  14°  E 

S   8')    K 

X  39°  K 

Dearlwood,  S.  Dak                                 S.  IS    \V 

S    17    \V 

S     2°E 

S    :»2°  E 

S   5-j°  W 

S     9°  W 

N  61°  E 

Moorhead,  Minn  .                                   \  711    \V 

\  Ml    W 

\  1''°  W 

N  24°  E 

X  83    K 

s   liiP  E 

S   51°  K 

St.  Vincent.  Minn                                     N   S5    W. 

\  7!'    \V 

\  til)    \\' 

x  :>o°  w 

\  ;;7  ^  \v 

S  54°  W 

N   s'i    \V 

Sully,  i'ort.  S.  Dak                                    N   :!2J  W. 

\       N     \\' 

X   19°E 

N  26°  E 

S  85°  E 

S  84°  E 

S   56°  E 

Yankton,  S.  Dak         .                            \  57    \Y. 

N  51"  \V 

X  "0°W. 

N    2°  W 

s  s'j°  E 

S  23°  E 

S  31°  E 

Station, 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Year. 

Bismarck  N.  Dak 

\  511   i: 

N  11°  W 

N  13°  W 

N  18°  W 

X  30°"W 

N    4°  E 

H  11  lord  Fort  N.  Dak 

X  57°  E  ' 

N  41°  W 

N  61°  W 

N  88°  W 

X  85    \V 

N  41°  W 

S   .1!)°  K 

X 

N  31°  E 

s  :>»°\v 

N  87°  \V 

S  34°  W 

S   5S     F 

S   58°  W 

N  84°  W 

N  69°  W 

X  81°  W 

N  24°  W 

St  Vincent  Minn 

X.  (id    W 

S   72°  W. 

S  85°  W 

N  69°  W 

N  8(i°  \V 

N  81°  W 

Sully  Fort  S  Dak 

S    li'l"  E 

\    1  [°  !•', 

N  14°  W 

N  32°  W 

N  27°  W 

N  24°  W 

Yankton  S.  Dak 

S.  35-  1. 

S.  64°  W. 

N.  85°  W 

X  55°  W 

N  54°  W 

N  58°  W 

195 


APPENDIX  No.  89. 


Averdf/e  number  of  times  northerly  and  southerly  winds  observed. 

[Northerly  im'lmlcs  XK.  In  X\V.;  southerly  includes  SE.  to  SW.     Observations  made  three  times  daily  iirior  to  July,  1S8S.  affi-r  which  they 
were  made  twice  daily,  at  8  a.  m.  and  8  p.  in.,  -rvrnty  tir'th  meridian  time.] 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Station. 

N.    S. 

X.    S. 

N.    s. 

X.     S. 

X.     S. 

N.    S. 

N.    S. 

X.     S. 

Bismarck  N  Dak                                .    

43    14 

44     15 

43     20 

41     23 

41     24 

33    26 

35    25 

37    24 

Hutbril  Fort  N   Da  k                                       

29    20 

31     19 

37     19 

36     19 

35    24 

29    24 

31     20 

33    20 

IVmliina.  X.  Dak  

37    34 
41    20 

37    28 
37     16 

13     31 

3i  ;    ":', 

44     23 
33     19 

42    34 

33    27 

37    34 
26    26 

30     38 
30     27 

31'     35 
27    33 

Totten  Fort  N  Dak                                               .... 

46    25 

•12     25 

11      31 

43    30 

45     27 

29    41 

40    31 

33    37 

Bennett  Fort  8  Dak 

43    18 

43     17 

III     ''I 

42    29 

39     37 

30    46 

33    37 

36    42 

Di'a<lwoo<l   S   1  >ak              

27    46 

26    39 

32    38 

30    38 

32     30 

30    38 

30    40 

2!'     35 

Huron    S   Uak                                 

44    30 

39    26 

17    27 

40    32 

13     32 

28    42 

31    40 

32    41 

Kniiiil  Citv,  S.  Dak  
Sn  11  v.  Fort  .  S.  Da  k  
Yankton  S  Dak                                 

33     12 
34      9 

42    24 

27     14 
30    13 
39    22 

33     IS 
39     17 
•11     23 

32    19 

;;;,    21 

40     31 

32     22 
37     23 
34    34 

31    23 

28    29 
28    39 

20    24 
25    24 
26    39 

18     23 

24      24 
25     37 

28    28 

28    18 

33     14 

21      22 

18    30 

20     22 

25     "7 

19     30 

35     19 

211     20 

35     24 

34      21! 

37    26 

28     31 

23     35 

23     36 

311     33 

37    29 

II      30 

::s    3d 

42    30 

3D     37 

34      31 

32     31 

Moorhead,  Minn            

1  1     29 

40    28 

1  1    "t; 

4  1      32 

42    32 

31      11 

31      :!:; 

33     37 

Mr:ins                     

37    24 

35     22 

40   :;t 

37     26 

37    29 

29     33 

30     32 

29     32 

Station. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nor. 

Dec. 

l.cn^lli   nl'  rrrord  (in- 
clusive). 

N.  S. 

X.  S. 

X.  S. 

X.      S. 

37  21 
34  18 
36  33 
27  28 
32  33 
31  32 
31  30 
31  38 
26  16 
27  17 
29  32 
17  32 
26  30 
27  31 
30  36 

39  21 
32  23 
40  31 
40  19 
40  31 
46  29 
31  26 
35  37 
23  16 
28  IX 
37  31 
29  23 
32  28 
34  35 
32  37 

40  20 
26  24 

39  31 
40  21 
37  30 
46  24 
26  34 
31  i  31' 
29  12 
30  1  1 
(II  25 
I'll  22 
30  23 
37  32 
35  33 

43  16 

27  22 
41  36 

3S  17 
44  23 
49  19 
31  30 
II  31 
26  14 
36  14 
42  26 
22  27 
31  24 
3S  32 

36  33 

>,|,i..   1X74-1  >••'•.,    1891. 
.Inn..     1879-Prc.,    1891. 
.Ian.,    1873-Ati}?.,   1880. 
Feb.,     1879-1-Vl'i.,  '1883. 
Jni..'.   IXSl-Dcc.,    1888. 
Sept.,  1880-Xov.,   1885. 
Jan.,     1S78-IW.,    1887. 
.Inly.     18Sl-Dcc  .     1891. 
.la,,'..     issX-Drr.,     ]891. 
Dec.,    ixs5-])e.c.,    1891. 
Apr.,    1873-Dec.,    1891. 
July.     IXXD-poc.,    1891. 
Sept.,   1XX5-Dcc.,     1891. 
Sept.,  1880-Dcc.,    1891. 
Jan..    1881-Dec.,    1891. 

Biit'onl  Fort  X  Dak 

lYinhina   X.  Dak            

T.<t  I  rn   Fort    N   Dak 

Bennett   Fort  S  Dak 

1  ii  ;i'i  wncxl    S.  Dak                              

Huron.  S.  l):ik  
Rapid  (  'it  v  S.  1  >ak  

Sully.  Forl.S.  D:ik  
Yankton   S  Dak 

V;i  leu  tine.  XVhr    

Means        .  

30  28 

34  27 

35  25 

36  24 

196 


APPENDIX  No.  90. 
Maximum  anil  average  wind  velocities,  in  miles  per  hour,  with  the  attendant  prevailing  directions. 


BISMARCK,  N.   H,\K. 


Year. 

Jau. 

Feb. 

Mar! 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1885  .  . 

29  NW 

30  NW 

48  NW 

36  S 

38  S 

43  E 

1886  

27  NW 

39  NE 

37  N  W 

4v>  N 

31  F 

**8  NE 

1887  .... 

30  NW 

40  \\v 

44  NW 

40  N  F 

40  N 

'-!i|  S 

1888 

54  NW 

51  NW 

50  NW 

48  NW 

48  NW 

48  N 

1889  

48  NW 

5(i  \ 

48  N\V 

70  W 

.|"  S 

Iti  ^ 

J890  

36  W 

64  N\V 

51  NW 

50  NW 

60  NW 

•V  SK 

1891  

•48  \W 

•18  NW 

36  NW 

48  N  W 

49  SE 

•">  1  N  F 

Mt-alls    . 

39  NW 

47  NW 

45  NW 

JX  V'lv 

13  S  N  W 

44  S  NF 

* 
Year. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1885... 

29  NW. 

30  NW 

29  N 

32  NW 

24  N 

47  NW 

1886  

28  \W 

48  N 

40  NW 

33  NW 

53  NW 

45  NW 

1887  

37  N 

36  W 

36  X  W 

48  NW 

5')  \  W 

44  NW 

1888  

47  \W 

;!•'  N  W 

37  NW 

50  NW 

48  NW 

42  NW 

1889  

MI;  s 

41  NW 

46  N 

:iii  NW 

48  \\V 

40  NW 

1890  

48  E. 

46  NW 

4''  NW 

51'  W 

48  N 

58  NW 

1891  

48  NE 

38  NW 

40  SE 

54  N  W 

50  NW 

42  NW 

Means  

38  N'ly 

39  NW. 

39  NW 

44  NW 

47  NW 

45  NW 

FORT  BUFORD,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1885  

34  W. 

50  W. 

58  W. 

50  \V 

32  NW 

56  NE. 

1886  

40  NW. 

46  NW. 

52  W. 

36  NW. 

46  W 

36  W 

1887 

47  W 

33  W 

57  \v 

43  NW 

46  NW 

52  NW 

1888  . 

48  NW 

Hi  W 

46  NW 

48  \\V 

36  E 

46  W 

1889  .  . 

38  NW 

5''  NW 

35  NW 

66  NW 

36  SF 

36  NW 

1890  

36  W 

7''  NW 

60  NW 

44  NW 

54  NW 

56  NW 

1891  

38  NW. 

•0  NW. 

48  NW. 

42  NW. 

34  NE. 

48  NW. 

Means  ... 

40  NW 

48  N  W 

51  NW 

47  NW 

41  N'ly 

47  NW 

Year. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  ' 

1885  . 

50  W 

:;••  E 

32  SW 

32  N  W 

33  W 

60  W 

1886  .  . 

48  W 

40  W 

48  W 

;;o  \w 

52  NW 

50  W 

1887      . 

IN  NW 

48  NF. 

:r>  NW 

50  NW 

60  NW 

50  NW 

1888  . 

54  NW. 

30  N  W 

•I1'  NW 

60  NW 

36  N"  W 

42  NW 

1889  .                      .   . 

38  N. 

18  NW. 

48  N  W 

42  N  W 

40  NW 

37  NW. 

1890  

40  NW. 

46  N. 

34  NW 

60  W 

42  NW 

60  NW. 

1891  

36  N. 

42  NW. 

36  N. 

36  N  W 

46  W 

36  SW. 

45  N'ly 

41  N'ly 

39  N'ly 

44  NW 

44  NW 

48  NW 

197 


198 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATUBES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Maximum  and  average  wind  velocities,  in  miles  per  hour,  etc. — Continued. 

• 

FORT  TOTTEN,  N.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1885                                       .           

45  W. 

41  W. 

52  W. 

54  NW. 

41  NW. 

46  SE 

1886 

43  S. 

56  NW. 

40  SW. 

42  SE. 

42  W. 

40  E. 

1887  

60  NW. 

48  S. 

64  NW. 

42  S. 

52  S. 

54  NW. 

1888                                                 

52  S. 

50  S. 

58  X. 

54  NW. 

40  S. 

60  E 

1889 

36N.NW. 

47  N'ly. 

49  S. 

54  N'ly. 

48  NW. 

44  S. 

50E 

« 

Year. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1885  

53  NE. 

37  SE. 

40  NW. 

40  SW. 

36  SE. 

48  NW. 

1886              

32  NW. 

52  NW. 

48  NW. 

45  NW. 

64  NW. 

50  SW. 

1887     

60  W. 

54  W. 

50  W. 

50  NW. 

45  NW. 

42  NW. 

1888            

48  SE. 

36  SE. 

46  NW. 

48  NW. 

46  NW. 

38  NW. 

48  N'ly. 

45  SE. 

46  NW. 

46  NW. 

48  NW 

44  NW 

HURON,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1885.. 

27  S. 

28  NW. 

37  NW. 

33  ST.. 

34  SW. 

42  SE. 

1886  

34  NW. 

38  NW. 

44  NW. 

38  NW. 

27  SW. 

30  SW. 

1887  

30  NW. 

33  NW. 

40  NW. 

45  SW. 

49  NW. 

39  NW. 

1888    

60  NW. 

47  NW. 

45  NW. 

84  SW. 

36  NW. 

45  SE. 

1889         

42  NW. 

60  NW. 

38  NW. 

60  NW. 

48  SE. 

39  S. 

1890            

38  SE. 

45  NW. 

45  NW. 

40  S. 

50  N. 

60  N. 

1891          .     

36  N. 

48  N. 

35  NE. 

42  NW. 

50  S. 

56  SE. 

Means  ....     ... 

38  NW. 

43  NW. 

41  NW. 

45  S'ly. 

42  S'ly. 

44  S'ly 

Year. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1885               

39  NW. 

25  NW. 

31  SE. 

37  S. 

38  NE. 

39  NW 

1886 

32  S. 

40  NE. 

34  SE. 

34  SW. 

42N\V. 

31  NW 

1887  

66  SE. 

39  SE. 

42  SE. 

38  NW. 

54  NW. 

48  N. 

1888  

40  NE. 

47  SW. 

38  NW. 

40  NW. 

SOW. 

32  NW. 

1889  

45  SE. 

42  S. 

42  S. 

33  SE. 

36  NW. 

44  NW. 

1890  

36  S. 

42  NW. 

38  NW. 

42  NW. 

34  NW. 

48  NW. 

1891   

44  NW. 

44  NW. 

63  SE. 

66  SE. 

46  SE. 

46  NW. 

Means  ...  .  

43  S'ly. 

40  N'ly. 

41  S'ly. 

41  S'ly. 

40  NW. 

41  NW. 

RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1885'  .. 

22  SW. 

15  E. 

16  NE. 

18  NE. 

20  SW. 

25  SW 

18861    

33  SW. 

21  SW. 

26  SW 

26  SW. 

16  SW. 

17  NE. 

1887'    

34  SW. 

32  SW. 

23  NE 

24  SW. 

34  S 

1888  

29  N. 

42  W. 

36  N 

46  SW. 

38  N 

44  SW. 

1889  . 

42  N. 

52  N. 

36  NW 

48  N  NW 

36  W.  SE. 

36  N 

1890  

48  W. 

48  NE. 

42  NW. 

60  N 

38  N 

59  SW 

1891  

36  NW. 

42  NW. 

42  NW. 

39  NW 

36  SW. 

44  SW 

35  SW. 

36  N'ly 

33  N'ly 

37  N'ly 

30  S'ly 

37  S'ly 

1  Oburvatione  made  at  Dcadwood. 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


199 


Maximum  average  and  icind  velocities,  in  miles  per  hour,  etc. — Continued. 
RAPID  CITY,  S.  DAK.— Continued. 


Year. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.* 

l*8o  ' 

18  SW. 

20  S  \V 

16  N  I  : 

16  \  K 

•'1  SW 

30  W 

1886' 

23  SW. 

17  S 

18  S 

21  S\V 

14  SW 

23  SW 

1887  ' 

32  W. 

24  S. 

24  S\V 

30  NW 

05  "\\\r 

^0  SVV 

1888 

36  SW. 

48  S. 

48  N\V 

40  N 

40  N 

42  X 

1889 

60  N. 

36  N. 

48  NW 

46  W 

36  NW 

47  SW 

1890 

36  SE. 

60  SW. 

35  S. 

38  NW 

36  NW 

42  N 

1891      

57  NW. 

36  W. 

38  NW. 

42  W. 

47  NW 

48  SW 

Meal  1,-*  

37  S'ly. 

34  S'ly. 

32  N'ly 

33  N'ly 

32  N'ly 

36  SW 

•  ' 

1  Observations  made  at  Deadwood. 
FORT  SULLY,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1885 

38  \W  ' 

36  NW  > 

48  NW  ' 

42  S  l 

40  N  ' 

44  W  ' 

1886 

44  N 

44  \  W 

44  NW 

44  SE 

37  SW 

39  SE 

1887 

51  NW 

44  NW 

52  N  W 

48  NW 

56  NE 

42  S  E 

1#88 

51  W 

41  W 

36  N  W 

47  \  W 

45  E 

50  W 

1889 

•1.".  NW 

66  NW 

41  NE 

60  \  W 

36  W  NE 

34  NE 

1890 

36  NW 

43  NW 

46  NW 

54  NE 

52  N 

•     gg  w 

1861 

46  NW 

52  NW. 

38  N 

47  NW 

58  SW 

50  SF 

Means 

15  NW 

47  NW. 

44  NW 

49  NW 

46  N'ly   ' 

46  W  SE 

Year. 

1  J 
July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1885 

44  NW  ' 

35  SE  ' 

29  N  ' 

40  NW  ' 

44  N  ' 

58  N  ' 

1886 

86  SE 

46  SE 

42  NW 

36  SE 

48  NW 

40  NW 

1887 

47  S 

48  E 

42  W 

44  W 

52  W 

43  W 

1888 

36  NE 

48  NW 

44  NW 

42  W 

36  NW 

36  NW 

1889 

46  NW 

38  W 

50  NW 

31  NW 

36  NW 

42  NW 

1890              .          

42  NW 

56  NW. 

40  NW 

42  NW 

42  NW 

54  NW 

1891            

35  SW  4 

38  W.3 

38  NW  2 

42  W  * 

42  NW  * 

36  NW  • 

Means  

41  N'ly. 

44  W.  SE 

41  NW 

40  "W  NW 

43  NW 

44  NW 

NW. 

* 

1  Observations  at  Fort  Bennett. 


*  Observations  at  Pierre. 


YANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1885  

32  SW. 

27  N. 

33  N. 

41  N 

36  S 

44  SE 

18*<>  

39  NW. 

36  NW. 

38  NW. 

39  SW 

32  NE. 

30  S 

1887 

38  N  W 

•10  NW 

46  NW 

46  S 

40  NW 

28  SE 

1888 

54  N  W 

:;i;  NW 

36  N 

•  IS  S 

;>G  s 

36  NW 

1889  

41  NW 

60  NW 

32  \  W 

48  N  W 

56  S 

52  W 

1890  

31  S 

:i'i  \ 

•18  NW 

48  N  W 

51  S 

70  SE 

1891  

45  NW 

41!  \W 

32  NW 

57  S 

Means  . 

40  NW 

41  NW 

38  NW 

45  S  NW 

42  S 

45  S'lv 

Yr;ir. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1885 

22  NW 

38  NE 

37  E 

28  N  W 

36  NW 

44  NW 

1886 

30  S 

:>•'  s 

32  S 

:i7  s 

37  N 

36  N 

1887  

54  NW 

•15  S 

30  E 

:;:;  s 

44  W 

34  N 

1888  

34  N. 

36  NW 

28  NW. 

:;•'  NW 

26  NW 

25  NW 

1889  

48  NE. 

:!!>  w. 

27  NW 

:ii  NW 

29  NW 

45  N 

1890.. 

47  SW. 

38  SW. 

40  NW. 

39  N  W 

;{')  s 

54  N  W 

1891  

SON. 

42  NE. 

48  SE 

36  SK 

38  NW 

35  NW 

Moans  .. 

41  N'lv. 

38  S.  NE. 

35  NW. 

34  NW. 

36  N'lv. 

39  N'lv. 

200 


CERTAIN  CLIMATIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  TWO  DAKOTAS. 


Mammum  and  average  wind  velocities,  in  miles  per  hour,  etc. — Continued. 

MOORHEAD,  MINX. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Jane. 

1885  

38  S. 

29  N. 

44  N. 

40  NW. 

40  N 

42  SE 

INN;  

38  S. 

44  S. 

38  \ 

•    46  SE. 

44  S 

36  SE 

1887 

I'l  S 

45  SE. 

1  1  S 

I'l  S 

61  SI-' 

4')  S 

1886 

5i>  s 

50  S 

50  S 

5i  SK 

38  SI-' 

60  S 

1889  .  . 

37  N. 

40  S. 

36  NW. 

n;  s 

50  SE 

48  S 

1890 

•1"  S 

48  \ 

50  S 

Hi  S 

44  X  1  ' 

38  SE 

1891 

38  S 

36  SE 

36  SE 

n  ]•; 

36  SF 

44  SE 

-Means                  . 

42  S. 

42  S'lv. 

42  S'ly. 

47  S'lv 

45  S'ly 

4-,  s'lv 

fear. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

1885 

51  N 

40  SE 

•is  s 

r>  s 

32  N 

50  s 

1886 

36  X  \V 

36  S\V 

5(1  ,S 

1  1  S 

48  X  \V 

'il  \\V 

1887 

60  XW 

I"  S 

48  SE 

38  si'', 

I"  \ 

•jx  \\y 

1888 

42  SE 

51  S 

48  S 

•!i;  SK 

'!'!  s 

'-IX  ^ 

1889 

48  S 

•!•'  S 

5(1  S 

Tt  S 

30  N 

•>j   ^J.1 

1890  

75  NW. 

40  S. 

36  SE. 

::i>  W 

;;-,  \\y 

44  \\V 

1891  1 

36  SE 

46  SW. 

54  SW. 

;V  SK 

;;•>  s.E 

42  NW 

A]  <  :i  UN  r  _  ,               ..... 

50  N'lv. 

43  S'ly 

48  S'ly 

40  S'ly 

36  N'lv 

40  NW 

ST.  VINCENT,  MINN. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb.  f 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1889-.. 

40  S. 
33  S. 
44  S. 
48  NW. 
38  NW. 
30  N. 
36  NE. 

29  NW. 

45N\V. 
32  NW. 
48  S. 
38  N. 
40NW. 
35  N. 

42  N. 
39  W. 

•15  tt. 
51  XW. 

::s  \w. 
us  xw. 
36  SE. 

41  XW. 
36  SE. 

::o  s. 

40  S. 
II  S. 
US  SK. 
•Id  SK. 

40  NW. 

ur.  w. 
38  NW. 
42  W. 

11  S. 
40  W. 
44  S. 

32  N. 

2s  S. 
26  S. 
44  S. 
38  S. 
32  S. 
46  S. 

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890 

1891 

38  Nay. 

38  N'ly. 

42  N'ly. 

38  S'ly. 

40  W. 

35  S. 

Year. 

Jaly. 

Aug: 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1885  .  .                   ..... 

32  N. 
27  S. 
36  N. 
29  NW. 
40  W. 
28  SE. 
42  E. 

28  NW. 
39  XW. 
30  S. 
34  NW. 
36  S. 

35  xw. 

42  SK. 

34  W. 
39  NW. 

•IX  S. 

:;i  \w. 

no  s. 

Ill  1  NW. 
41  SE. 

ui;  s. 

no  s. 

41'  XW. 

no  sw. 
ut;  NW. 

30  S. 
43  SE. 

SOS. 
46  W. 
37  NW. 
308. 
40  N. 
36  NW. 
368. 

41  S. 
39  N. 
38  N. 
36  NW.  S. 
36  S. 
36  W. 
48  N. 

1886  

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891  

Meant) 

33  N'ly. 

35  N'ly. 

40  NW. 

35  S'ly. 

36  S. 

39  N'ly. 

APPENDIX  No.  91. 
Monthly  mean  temperature  of  the  dewpoint. 


Station.                   Jan. 

I'Vl.. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

'June'July. 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

9 
9 
9 
21 
14 
16 
7 

3 

17 
11 
3 
17 

22 

12 

Length  of  record. 

l$ism;ircl\    X  Dak  

—  1 
—  2 
0 
9 
2 
5 
—  5 

12 

13 
4 

—1(1 
7 
14 

3 

2 
5 
12 

7 
11 

—  1 

—  6 

14 
8 
—  1 
11 

7 

16 
16 
18 

1!) 
19 
21 
13 

10 

24 
22 
11 
19 

18 

33 
29 
33 
29 
35 
35 
32 

30 

31 
33 
30 
32 
33 

41 
36 
42 
36 
41 
44 
39 

39 

39 
43 
38 
42 
39 

54 
50 
56 
47 
54 
58 
54 

53 

49 
66 

51 
58 

53 

57 
52 
59 
50 
58 
62 
58 

54 
49 
56 
49 
54 
59 
54 

54 

51 
56 
53 
55 
55 

44 

40 
46 
38 
42 
51 
45 

44 

43 
45 
42 
44 
46 

34 
32 
33 
29 
32 
37 
33 

33 

33 
34 

31 
33 
35 

21 
20 
lit 
20 
20 
24 
111 

16 

25 
23 
18 
22 
21 

1882-1891. 
1882-1891. 

1882-1891. 
1888-1891. 
Dec.,  1885-Jnne,  1891.' 
1882-1891. 
1882-1891. 
5            1882-1890. 
(Oct.,    1891-Doc.,  1891. 
Jan.,  1882-Dec.,  1887. 
Jan.,  1882-Nov.,  1885. 
June,  1884-Jan,,  1889. 
Sept.,  1885-Dec.,  1891. 
July,  1889-Dec.,  1891. 

Fort  Hutbrd,  N.  Dak  

Huron,  S.  l);ik  

K;ipi<l  City,S.Dak    

Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak  

Yaiikton,  S.  Dak          

Moorhead,  Miiiu  

St.  Vincent,  Minu     

57 

53 
58 

57 
57 
60 

Fort  Totten,  N.  Dak  
Valentine,  Nebr  

Sioux  City,  Iowa  

Menus  ..  

2 

5 

17 

32 

40 

58 

57 

54 

44 

33 

21 

1  Inclusive. 


APPENDIX  No.  92. 

Normal  absolute  humidity.    Expressed  as  the  weight  of  vapor  in  grains  troy -per  cubic  foot  of  saturated 

air,  computed  from  "  Hazetfu  Tables." 


Station. 


Bismarck,  N.  Dak  ... 
Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak. 

Huron,  S.  Dak 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak  . . 
Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak... 

Yankton,  S.  Dak 

Moorhead,  Minn 

.St.  Vincent,  Minn  — . 

Dead  wood ,  S.  Dak  — 
Fort  Bennett,  S.  Dak 
Fort  Totten,  N.  Dak  . 

Valentine,  Nebr 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 


Means 


Jan. 


Feb. 


0.52 
0.49 
(1.51 
0.81 
0.  59 
0.68 
'0.40 

0.20 

0.96 
0.65 
0.25 
0.74 
1.00 


0.60 


0.62 
0.59 
0.68 
0.92 
0.74 
0.88 
0.52  j 


Mar. 


Apr. 


0.37 

1.00 
0.77 
0.43 

0.88 
0.74 


0.70 


1.09 

1.09 

1.19 

1.24 

1.24 

1.35  i 

0.96  ; 

0.84  ' 

1.54 
1.41 
0.88 
1.24 
1.19 


1.17 


2.21 
1.89 
2.21 
1.89 
2.38 
2.38 
2.13 

1.97 

2.05 
2.  21 
1.97 
2.13 
2.21 


May.       June. 


2.13 


2.97 
2.47 
3.08 
2.47 
2.97 
3.31 
2.76 

2.76 

2.76 
3.19 
2.66 
3.08 
2.76 


2.86 


4.70 
4.09 
5.03 
3.68 
4.70 
5.38 
4.70 

4.54 

4.09 
5.03 
4.70 
4.54 
4.54 


July. 


Aug. 


4.59 


5.20 
4.38  ' 
5.57  j 
4.09 
5. 38 
6.15 
5.38 

5.20 

4.54 
5.38 
5.20 
5.20 
5.76 


5.18 


4.70 
3.95 
5.03 
3.95 
4.70 
5.57 
4.70 

4.70 

4.23 
5.03 
4.54 
4.86 
4.86 


4.86 


Station. 


Bismarck,  N.  Dak  . . . 
Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak  . 

Huron,  S.  Dak 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak  . . 
Fort  Sully,  S.  Dak  . . . 

Yankton,  S.  Dak 

Moorhead,  Minn 

St.  Vincent,  Minn 

Dead  wood,  S.  Dak  — 
Fort  Bennett,  S.  Dak 
Fort.  Totten,  N.  Dak  . 

Valentine.  Nebr 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 


Means 


Sept. 


3.31 

2.86 
3.55 
2.66 
3.08 
4.23 
3.43 

3.31 

3.19 
3.43 
3.08 
3.31 
3.55 


3.30 


Oct. 


2.29 
2.13 
2.21 
1.89 
2.13 
2.56 
2.21 

2.21 

2.21 
2.29 
2.05 
2.21 
2.38 


Nov. 


2.21 


1.35 
1.30 
1.24 
1.30 
1.30 
1.54 
1.24 

1.09 

1.61 
1.48 
1.19 
1.41 
1.35 


1.34 


Dec. 


0.81 
0.81 
0.81 
1.35 
1.00 
1.09 
0.74 

0.62 

1.14 

0.88 
0.62 
1.14 
1.41 


0.% 


Length  of  record. 


Dec., 


Uan., 
JOct., 

Jan., 
Jan., 
June, 
Sept., 
July, 


1882-1891. 

1882-1891. 

1882-1891. 

1888-1891. 

1885-June,  1891.' 

1882-1891. 

1882-1891. 

1882-Dec., 

1891-Dec., 

1882-Dec., 

1882-Nov., 

1884-Jan., 

1885-Dec., 

1889-Dec., 


1890. 
1891. 
1887. 
1885. 
1889. 
1891. 
1891. 


1  Inclusive. 


S.  Ex.  157- 


-26 


201 


APPENDIX  No.  93. 


Table  shoirini/  the  average  yield  per  acre  and  price  per  bushel  of  corn,  irheat,  oats,  and  potatoes,  and 
the  price  jiff  head  of  hornets,  in  ales,  milch  cotes,  oxen  and  other  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs,  for  the  years 
to  1891. 

NORTH  AND  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


Year. 

Average  yield  per  acre. 

Average  price  per  bushel. 

Aver 
Mules. 

ugr  price  per  head. 

Corn. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Po- 
tatoes. 

Corn. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Po- 
tatoes. 

Horses. 

Milch 
cows. 

Oxen 
and 
other 

cattle. 

Sheep. 

HdJJS. 

1882 

Bush. 

25.0 
18.2 
30.0 
28.9 
23.  9 
33.0 
25.  5 
18.0 
13.6 
18.0 
22.5 

Hush. 
15.9 
16.0 
14.5 
12.8 
11.5 
14.3 
it.  7 
9.4 
9.6 
17.8 
15.2 

/;«»/!. 

25.  7 
42.9 
37.  5 
37.  5 
25.  0 
.31.4 
27.2 
18.7 
21.0 
33.5 
32.3 

Hush. 
KXi.  5 
103.  0 
95.  0 
75.0 
65.  0 
105.  0 
80.  0 
54.0 
45.  0 
105.0 
91.0 

$0.51 
.45 
.30 
.28 
.37 
.35 
.33 
.33 
.50 
.40 
.35 

$0.80 
•  .72 
.46 
.63 
.  52 
.52 
.91 
.60 
.70 
.70 
.72 

$0.38 
.28 
.23 
.23 
.30 
.25 
.26 
.27 
.32 
.26 
.25 

$0.38 
.30 
.32 
.42 
.58 
.  i:: 
.35 
.37 
.68 
.20? 
.28< 

(') 
$73.  23 
79.52 
72.35 
77.86 
77.60 
76.21 
78.03 
69.  69 

'66:25 

(') 
$96.  92 
98.  33 
94.56 

10(1.  10 
99.  85 
97.  S9 
91.71 
Sit.  70 

4  86.  50 

(') 

$30.  84 
33.37 
29.1X1 
30.94 
28.00 
21.67 
2x.  00 
19.  32 

4  18.  25 

(') 
$26.  49 
26.69 
26.23 
23.61 
22.31 
21.73 
20.42 
15.  79 

4  15.  91 

$2.98 
2.71 
2.39 
2.24 
2.43 
2.60 
5.  52 
2.  64 

4  3.  16 

(?) 

$8.81 
6.80 

5.  78 

4.98 

5.  42 
5.94 
7.16 
5.01 

45.02 

1883 

1884  

1885  

1886      

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891"  
1891  3  

Means  . 

23.63 

13.02 

29.  98 

82.  65 

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'  Included  in  the  Territories. 


» North  Dakota. 


3  South  Ilakota. 


«  The  Dakotas. 


APPENDIX  No.  94. 

Table  showing  the  average  condition,  in  percentages,  of  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  potatoes,  computed  from 
reports  from  all  counties  where  grown,  by  the  month,  for  the  years  1882  to  1891. 

NORTH  AND  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


Year. 

Corn. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Potatoes. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

June.  July. 

A  111;. 

Sept. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

1882 

92 
78 
101 
102 
101 
95 

93 

X7 
90 
95 
77 
97 
84 
95 
90 
98 
X7 

87 
84 
96 
98 

81 
96 

86 
67 

48 

87 
82 

90 
71 

105 
99 
77 
98 
91 
(it 
55 
70 
80 

(') 
100 
103 

101 

99 
94 
92 
88 
90 
'96 

98 
103 
102 
101 
85 
S7 
98 
62 
94 
98 
97 

99 
97 
96 
100 
62 
88 
91 
57 
88 
99 

98 

108 
103 
96 
96 

71 
89 

78 
63 
68 
91 
99 

(') 
102 
102 
103 
97 
92 
90 
92 
90 
•MN; 

107 

105 
99 

103 

88 

82 
94 
60 
95 
97 
96 

108 
101 

90 

100 
80 

87 
(18 
54 

78 

97 

98 

106 
107 
97 
99 
75 
89 
90 
60 
72 
95 
95 

106 
96 

102 
100 
100 
98 

78 
77 
97 
99 
98 

108 
97 
95 
92 
90 
98 
ill 
80 
81 
100 

too 

107 
107 
95 

91 
65 

93 
90 
82 
60 

97 
98 

102 
99 

88 
78 
60 
90 
83 
83 
44 
98 
93 

1883  

1884 

1XX5   

1XX6  

1887 

1888 

75 
89 
96 

91 
90 

1889 

1880 

1X91  -  

1891  ;1  

Means  - 

92 

90 

82 

82 

96 

93 

88 

87 

96 

93  i   89 

89 

95 

94 

89 

82 

1  Included  in  tue  Territories. 
202 


» .North  Dakota. 


1  South  Dakota. 


*  The  Dakotas. 


APPENDIX  No.  95. 


Mean  percentage  of  clear  weather  (sunshine),  expressed  as  the  complement  of  the  percentage  of  cloudi- 
ness.    Computed  from  records  at  all  stations. 


[Annual  Keport  Meteorological  Service,  Dominion  of  Canada.] 
MANITOBA^ 


Yrar. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sc.pt. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1872         

M 

49 

53 

41 

35 

57 

47 

69 

39 

53 

29 

53 

49 

1873         

IL' 

38 

55 

59 

44 

61 

56 

65 

39 

45 

38 

55 

50 

1874        

ia 

49 

64 

66 

58 

54 

66 

56 

67 

71 

47 

48 

58 

1875  

76 

64 

55 

43 

55 

53 

64 

60 

53 

39 

47 

46 

55 

1876   ... 

58 

63 

53 

60 

51 

56 

62 

52 

56 

45 

37 

56 

54 

1877         

62 

69 

64 

62 

39 

36 

65 

66 

60 

50 

44 

41 

55 

1878     

55 

34 

47 

43 

47 

59 

59 

65 

44 

"33 

58 

25 

•17 

1879 

51' 

50 

'55 

49 

43 

42 

55 

53 

62 

3X 

36 

55 

49 

1880 

51 

54 

58 

55 

38 

54 

57 

49 

42 

33 

46 

50 

49 

1881 

70 

.  36 

61 

52 

49 

42 

60 

59 

37 

42 

33 

61 

60 

1882 

46 

50 

47 

55 

53 

52 

51 

69 

63 

39 

40 

45 

51 

1883 

57 

69 

60 

51 

50 

53 

54 

50 

59 

35 

41 

69 

53 

1884 

66 

59 

68 

53 

65 

53 

52 

57 

46 

42 

44 

50 

55 

1885 

68 

63 

47 

i:; 

47 

48 

51 

56 

59 

44 

33 

54 

51 

1886  

58 

56 

57 

56 

52 

57 

62 

60 

53 

52 

61 

61 

57 

1887  

61 

61 

55 

49 

53 

53 

59 

56 

62 

49 

53 

46 

55 

57 

54 

56 

52 

49 

52 

58 

59 

53 

44 

43 

51 

52 

APPENDIX  No.  96. 

Mean  percentage  of  clear  weather  (sunshine),  expressed  as  the  complement  of  the  percentage  of  cloudi- 
ness.    Computed  from  records  at  all  stations. 

[Annual  Keport  Meteorological  Service,  Dominion  i>f  Canada.] 
BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

'Dec. 

Animal. 

1872   

•17 

46 

59 

55 

55 

54 

63 

57 

34 

41 

35 

29 

48 

1873 

38 

43 

34 

30 

46 

44 

45 

45 

63 

(Hi 

37 

35 

44 

1874 

27 

38 

41 

52 

45 

47 

67 

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•10 

45 

34 

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43 

1875 

56 

56 

35 

67 

51 

49 

74 

71 

73 

17 

32 

36 

ril 

1876 

44 

36 

37 

49 

51 

50 

61 

57 

58 

Hi 

10 

31 

47 

1877 

37 

53 

II 

44 

50 

51 

55 

68 

43 

50 

36 

40' 

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1878 

32 

23 

38 

52 

51 

65 

61 

75 

54 

50 

•'7 

45 

48 

1K79  

44 

32 

32 

49 

50 

1880 

21 

52 

36 

55 

26 

52 

46 

53 

35 

44 

52 

29 

42 

1HX1 

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33 

26 

50 

39 

44 

45 

52 

53 

85 

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27 

40 

1882 

33 

24 

68 

58 

66 

43 

46 

37 

1887 

18 

49 

1!> 

26 

34 

88 

58 

64 

43 

40 

35 

24 

37 

Means   . 

37 

40 

36 

48 

45 

50 

58 

59 

51 

46 

36 

33 

45 

203 


APPENDIX  No.  97. 
Mean  percentage  of  cloudiness,  computed  from  records  at  all  stations. 

[Annual  Report  Meteorological  Service,  Dominion  of  Canada.] 
MANITOBA. 


Year. 


1872 
1873 
1874 
187ri 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 


Means 


Jan. 

9 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

46 

51 

47 

59 

65 

43 

43 

31 

61 

47 

71 

47      51 

58 

62 

45 

41 

56 

39 

44 

35 

61 

55 

62 

45      50 

57 

51 

36 

34 

42 

46 

34 

44 

33 

29 

53 

52      42 

24 

36 

45 

57 

45 

47 

36 

40 

47 

61 

53 

54      45 

42 

37 

•17 

40 

49 

11 

38 

48 

44 

55 

63 

44      46 

38 

31 

36 

38 

6] 

i;i 

85 

34 

40 

50 

56 

59      45 

45 

65 

53 

57 

53 

41 

11 

35 

56 

67 

42 

75      53 

48 

50 

45 

51 

57 

58 

45 

47 

38 

62 

64 

45      51 

49 

46 

42 

45 

62 

46 

43 

51 

58 

67 

54 

50 

51 

30 

64 

39 

48 

51 

58 

40 

41 

63 

58 

67 

39 

40 

54 

50 

53 

45 

47 

48 

49 

31 

37 

61 

60 

55 

49 

43 

31 

40 

49 

50 

47 

46 

50 

41 

65 

69 

31 

47 

34 

41 

32 

47 

35 

47 

48 

43 

54 

58 

56 

50 

45 

32 

37 

53 

57 

53 

52 

46 

44 

41 

56 

67 

46 

49 

42 

44 

43 

44 

48 

43 

38 

40 

47 

48 

'  39 

39 

43 

39 

39 

45 

51 

47 

47 

41 

44 

38 

51 

47 

54 

45 

43 

46 

44 

48 

51 

48 

42 

41 

47' 

56 

57 

49 

47 

APPENDIX  No.  98. 
Mean  percentage  of  cloudiness,  computed  from  records  at  all  stations. 

[Annual  Report  Meteorological  Service,  Dominion  ot'Caniwlii.] 
BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1872         

53 

54 

41 

45 

45 

46 

37 

43 

66 

59 

65 

71 

52 

1873 

62 

57 

66 

70 

54 

56 

55 

55 

37 

34 

63 

65 

56 

1874 

73 

62 

59 

48 

55 

53 

33 

54 

60 

55 

66 

71 

57 

1875 

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44 

65 

33 

49 

51 

26 

26 

27 

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68 

64 

46 

1876  

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64 

63 

51 

49 

50 

39 

43 

42 

54 

60 

69 

53 

1877  

63 

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56 

56 

50 

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32 

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64 

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52 

1878 

68 

77 

62 

48 

49 

35 

39 

25 

48 

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73 

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52 

1879 

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68 

68 

51 

50 

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32 

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54 

63 

1887  

82 

51 

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62 

42 

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Means 

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APPEND/X   NO./34. 


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8  Er  .AS./     .52  1 


APPEND/*  NO. 


Precipitation  . 

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Periods 


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APPENDIX  No.  143. 

Xumber  of  areas  of  loir  pressure  traversing  the  region  inclosed  by  the  parallels  of  42°  and  54°  north 
latitude  and  Ihr  meridians  of  95°  and  105°  treat  longitude. 


Year. 

.hiii. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

• 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

1882          

5 

5 

6 

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4 

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10 

3 

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6 

6 

5 

5 

65 

APPENDIX  No.  144. 

Average  number  of  centers  of  low  pressure  passing  within  150  miles  of  the  station.    Five  years,  1887- 

1891. 


Station. 

Jan. 

1Y1>. 

Mar. 

Apr.     May. 

June. 

July. 

2 
3 

I 
3 
3 
4 
3 

Aug.    Kept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Annual. 

Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak 

1 

2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 

2 
2 
1 
1 

2 

2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 

a 

o 
n 

2 
3 

2 
2 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

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3 
1 

2 
2 
3 
3 

1 

1 
2 
3 

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n 

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2 

2 
3 
4 
2 
1 
1 
2 
1. 

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2 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
2 

1 
1 

2 

J 

1 
1 

1 
1 
3 
A 
2 
2 
2 
2 

22 
26 
29 
21 
24 
24 
24 
L'3 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak. 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

Huron  S  Dak              

Rapid  City  S  Dak        

Fort  Sullv  S  Dak       

Yankton  S  Dak 

Means           .  

2 

2 

2 

-    3 

2 

2 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

24 

205 


APPENDIX  No.  145. 
Mean  monthly  actual  barometric  pressure. 

[All  observations  corrected  for  temperature  and  instrumental  error  only.    Fifteen -year  normals  from  "  Hazen's  Tables.' 


Station. 

« 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

I'lisiimrck,  N.  Dak  

28.22 

28.  22 

28.21 

28.15 

28.12 

28.12 

28.17 

28.18 

28.18 

28.18 

28.21 

28.22 

St.  Vincent,  Minn            .              

9.21 

9.22 

9.  19 

9.13 

9.08 

9.04 

9.06 

9.08 

9.09 

9.12 

9.17 

it.  20 

Moorhcad,  Minn  
Fort  Buford,  N.  Dak  
IViitUvood.  S.  Dak  
Huron  8  Dak 

9.07 

7.  !Hi 
r>.  1'5 
8.68 

9.06 
7.98 

5.  26 
8.66 

9.04 
7.96 

r>.  so 
8  64 

8.  96 

7.92 
5.30 
8.56 

8.93 
7.89 
5.33 

8  5-1 

8.90 

7.87 
5.  :!7 
x  .-,:; 

8.95 
7.93 

r>.  n 
8  :>8 

8.97 
7.94 
5.44 
8.59 

8.97 
7.  95 
5.43 
8  61 

8.  !I.X 

7.96 

5.  39 
8  61 

9.08 

7.97 
5.  35 
8  65 

9.  (Hi 
8.  00 
5.  30 

8  68 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak.1  
Yankton  8.  Dak         

6.62 

8.78 

6.56 

8.76 

6.59 

8.72 

6.61 
8.64 

6.  57 
8.  62 

6.53 

8.62 

6.64 

8.  66 

6.65 

8.  68 

6.65 

8.  69 

6.61 
8.71 

6.  66 
8.74 

6.56 
8.77 

Kurt  Sully   S   Dak           

8.35 

s.  :;i 

s.  :n 

8.26 

8.21 

8.21 

8.27 

S.  "9 

8.  HI) 

8.31 

8.34 

8.  36 

Valeiit  iiif   iS'eln1  -'                       .'    .. 

7.30 

7.28 

7.  -'II 

7.26 

7.  "5 

7.23 

7.30 

7.3] 

7.  31 

7.33 

7.32 

7.28 

1  1088-1891. 


'  September,  1886-December,  1891. 


APPENDIX  No.  146. 
Mi-tn>  monthly  rrtlwrtl  Jmrometriu  pressure. 

[All  observations  <  urrerird  ;uid  reduced  to  sea  level.    Fifteen-year  normals  from  "  Ha/.en's  Tables."] 


Station. 

Jan. 

fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

An-;. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak  

30.  1!) 

30.  16 

30.10 

29.  97 

29.  89 

29.86 

29.90 

29.92 

29.9r, 

30.  00 

30.  (IS 

30.  11 

St.  Vincent,  Minn  

0.18 

0.18 

0.12 

0.01' 

9.  91 

9.89 

9.91 

9.93 

9.95 

0.00 

0.09 

II.  15 

Moorlirad.  Minn  

0.17 

0.  15 

0.10 

9.98 

9.93 

9.87 

9.91 

9.94 

9.96 

(UK) 

0.08 

0.15 

Tort   Hnloicl.  N.  Dak  

0.17 

0.17 

0.08 

9.97 

9.  S!l 

9.84 

9.88 

9.90 

9.95 

0.01 

0.08 

0.17 

1  lead  \\  1,  s.  1  >ak  

0.  IX 

0.17 

0.10 

0.  01 

9.93 

9.88 

9.91 

9.  91 

9.99 

0.01 

0.  11 

(I.  IS 

Huron.  S.  Dak   

0.21 

0.17 

0.10 

9.98 

9.98 

9.90 

9.  91 

9.  95 

0.00 

0.03 

0.11 

0.  19 

Rapid  City,  s.  DaU.1  

0.  19 

0.12 

0.09 

0.00 

9.93 

9.  82 

9,89 

9.92 

9.97 

0.01 

0.14 

0.  05 

Vanklon,  S.  Dak  

0.  20 

0.16 

0.09 

9.  117 

9.92 

9.  90 

9.93 

9.  95 

9.  98 

0.  03 

0.  11 

0.17 

Fort,  Sully.  S.  Dak  

0.20 

0.17 

0.  09 

9.  99 

9,89 

'1  86 

9.91  ' 

9.  91 

9.99 

0.  03 

0.  11 

0.  17 

Valentine,  Nebr.2  

0.  18 

0.14 

0.10 

9.99 

9.93 

9.86 

9.93 

9.96 

9.  99 

0.06 

0.  12 

0.  11 

206 


'  1888-1891. 


2  September,  1885-Decembcr,  1891. 


TracKs  ofJJreas  ofLowPressure.  (Storm  Centers.) 

January. 

SYears.  7887-189 J. 


ros'       mr~       to<?'        ros'       '04'       103'        >oz"        rot"       100"        99' 


ye'  9S'          94'  93°  &£"  Sf'  9O' 


8  Ex    /•>  /      62  1 


*  74-8. 

TracKs  ofJlreas  ofLowPressure.  (Storm  Centers) 

february. 

^1887-" 


tog'       ror'       roe'       ms        104'       io>         roz°       ror'      roa*       99'        fa'       97*      ff'        9f'       9+'        93'        02'        sf       ao* 


TracKs  ofJlreas  of  LowPressure.  (Storm  Centers.) 


KM'       mr'       iOf'        ns         >o*'       ms'        101'       rat"      toe"        99'        j>»'        97'       ss'        9f       st'        93'        92'        sr°        90 


8  Br  /f?     62  I 


-X- 


?  75O. 


TracJCs  ofJJreas  of  LowPressure.  (Storm  Centers.) 

J^lpril. 


/<?»"       tor'       tof'       tos        ro*         103"       /«•       fat'      toe'       99'        fa'       97*       9e'        s>f'       94'        93°        jiz'        sr°       so' 


ri  Ez    /.•:;/..    63  1 


r 


45 


5£: 


oafl 

0 


^F 


/«5"/. 


TracKs  ofJlreas  ofLowPressure.  (Storm  Centers) 

May. 


5  Years  /887  -  1891. 


100*        99'        99*        S7         ye'        9f'       3*'        93"        ya'        Sf'        ao' 


•4r 


^ 

La/ 


«7V?  752 . 

TracKs  ofJlreas  of LowPressure.  (Storm  Centers.) 

June. 

5  Years.  7887-7891. 


rat'       too'        99" 


»«••     ^*f        94'        93'        02'        sr°        so 


•^irpoVg 


TracKs  oft/Ireas  of LowPressure.  (Storm  Centers.) 


fffT'        roe"        ros*       fo* °        fos*        foz"        rot "       too"        99'         S3*        97*       $e*         &$*       94*         93*         &g"         «/ •         &o" 


^ —*• 


TracKs  of  Areas  of  Low  Pressure .  (Storm.  Centers) 


las'       far'       >o<r"       >oe'       >»4°       roa         roe"       #»*      100'       99'        »**        97°      se'        »f'       9**        93°        sz          s>'       so* 


=4 


'  755. 


TracKs  of  Areas  of  LowPressure.  (Storm  Centers) 


5  Year*.  7887-  7891. 


toe'       tor'       roe'       las'       >o*°       ras         roz' 


93'        .99°        yy        se'        9f'       9*'        93'        .92"        s/°        so' 


f<y  t      ov  i 


"£ 


^ 


TracKs  of^reas  ofLowPressure.  (Storm  Centers] 

October*, 


5  Years.  7887-  7891.^ 


i 


^ 


<; 


4: 


TracKs  ofJlreas  of  LowPressitre. (Storm 


5  Year*.  7887 -/891. 


8  Ex    tSLT     52  1 


•^ 


r 


>  7S8. 

TracKs  of  Areas  ofLowPressure.  (Storm  Centers.) 

J/ecexnoer*. 

5  Year*.  7887  -  7897. 


'        1OO°         99'          33'          97"        fe' 


8  St...../:?./      52  1 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  S1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


OCT  25  1933 

.  '•• 

29Wb^ 

"'J^SUHW 

-7 

MAR  081988 

l'lnr\  w  O  WOO 

igigi      ' 

B8 

LD  21-100m-7,'39(402s) 

YE  00862 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


&C98+ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


